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Pacific Giant Salamander Pacific Giant Salamander British Columbia’s largest salamander is probably declining due to expanding towns, intensive agriculture, and the effects of logging. Province of British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks population size is not known, and What is their status? would be very difficult to determine. ike most other wildlife in the prov- Human activities, such as the drain- ince, the Pacific Giant Salamander is age of Sumas Lake and land develop- protected from killing or collecting Why are Pacific Giant ment for farming and settlement along L under the Wildlife Act. Using Salamanders at risk? Vedder Mountain and in the Cultus criteria such as the limited extent of its lthough the Pacific Giant Salaman- Lake area, may have reduced the British distribution, its low reproductive rate, der is found along the west coast of Columbia distribution range of the Pa- and the rate of habitat loss, it has been North America from northern Cali- cific Giant Salamander. Other activities, classified by BC Environment as a “spe- Afornia to southern British Co- such as logging, have probably had det- cies at risk” and placed on the Red List - lumbia, it has an extremely limited rimental effects in some areas, particu- the category of greatest concern. Red- range in this province. Its range extends larly where all streamside forest has listed species are those being considered into British Columbia only in the been removed and small creeks are for legal designation as “Threatened” or Chilliwack River watershed and imme- choked with debris. Poor logging prac- “Endangered.” It is designated by the diately adjacent areas, about 100 kilo- tices can result in more variable Committee on the Status of Endangered metres east of streamflows, erosion and siltation Wildlife in Canada () as Vancouver. Its This of stream habitats, removal of “Vulnerable.” total range in salamander streamside cover, and increased The Pacific Giant Salamander has the British Colum- water temperature. These effects most restricted distribution range of bia is about 250 has the most are all detrimental for salaman- any of the 18 species of amphibians that square kilome- restricted ders and for many of the species are native to British Columbia. It is a tres, a meagre they depend on for food. good example of a “peripheral” species 0.03 percent of distribution of A major cause of mortality of – one that is relatively widespread out- the area of the any of British Pacific Giant Salamanders is side of this province but only barely ex- province. The probably predation. Reported tends into it. For genetic reasons, pe- species has been Columbia’s predators in the United States in- ripheral species are considered by BC observed at only amphibian clude garter snakes, River Environment to a few dozen loca- Otters, weasels and Water Poor logging be of provincial tions within that species. Shrews, species that also oc- practices can management range over the cur here. Other likely preda- concern, and past 65 years and does not occur else- tors include Mink, trout, and result in conservation ef- where in Canada. Dolly Varden Char. The natural variable forts for them The distribution range of Pacific Gi- reproductive rate is normally high emphasize habi- ant Salamanders in British Columbia is enough to overcome such losses. streamflows, tat preservation. limited by barriers that include the In good habitat, enough salaman- increased In British Co- Fraser River and adjacent farmlands to ders survive to breeding age to lumbia, this un- the north and west, and by the colder maintain the population, despite erosion and ique large am- and drier inland climate to the east. some losses caused by predation. siltation, and phibian has been Their upper elevational limit, about Extreme climate events, such as recorded along 1050 metres, is probably also set by win- summer drought and resulting the removal of streams of the ter climate. Within their general range desiccation, severe winters, or de- streamside Chilliwack River in the Chilliwack watershed and vicin- bris torrents down streams during drainage from ity, their distribution and abundance is record rainfall, can adversely af- cover. Vedder Crossing limited by the availability of suitable fect salamander habitat. However, to the United stream habitats. Experts feel that the to persist in this area, the salamanders States border and in nearby areas such species is probably declining in abun- have obviously been able to recover as Bridal Veil Creek, and small streams dance due to the effects of development from these periodic natural events. along the west side of Vedder Moun- and industry on streams and on riparian tain. All British Columbia records are (streamside) habitats, which are critical from below 1050 m elevation. Searches for its survival. However, the actual have so far failed to find the species in adjacent areas south of the Fraser River, larva to adult occurs at about five to six Although secretive and seldom seen, such as the Silverhope and Skagit valleys years of age, when the larvae have adults are readily identified by their col- or Sumas Mountain. The Fraser River is reached a size of 15-20 centimetres. ouring. The head, back, and sides have a a major barrier to northward dispersal. However, some larvae continue to grow distinctive marbled or reticulate pattern This salamander is more widely dis- to adult size and become sexually ma- of dark blotches on a light brown or tributed in Washington, Oregon, and ture without losing their gills. This proc- brassy-coloured background. The belly northern California, occurring in suit- ess is called neoteny, and these individu- is a uniform slate or tan colour. The able habitats from the coast inland to als are referred to as neotenes. broad head has a the crest of the Cascade Range. Closely Neoteny is common in this spe- The Pacific shovel-like snout, related species, which were until re- cies in British Columbia. Giant and a fold of skin cently considered to be varieties of the As its name implies, this is a (the gular fold) Pacific Giant Salamander, occur along large salamander; in fact, it is the Salamander across the throat. the central coast of California, on the largest salamander in British Co- can reach The eyes are me- Olympic Peninsula, and in Idaho. lumbia. Adults and neotenes are dium-sized and stout-bodied and may reach 30 centimetres have a brass-flecked What do they look like? cm or more in total length. Like all or more iris and large black ike most salamanders, the Pacific salamanders, this one has four pupil. Adult-sized Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon toes on the front feet, five toes on in length. neotenes have a tenebrosus) has gill-breathing larvae the hind feet, and a tail. The tail, uniform brown col- L that live entirely in water, and ter- about 40 percent of the total length, is ouring on their heads, backs and sides in restrial (land-dwelling) adults. In Brit- laterally compressed (from side to side, contrast to the marbled pattern of trans- ish Columbia, transformation from like an eel) as an aid for swimming. formed adults, and they retain their external gills. Colour varies consider- have cornified (hardened) toes for this Present distribution of the ably throughout the range of this purpose. They frequently dig into sur- Pacific Giant Salamander in Canada and the United States salamander. face material to find food or protective Larvae of the Pacific Giant Salaman- cover. They avoid brightly lit areas and der are streamlined and adapted for life direct sunlight, and prefer damp sur- in flowing water. They have small, fuzzy roundings where their skin will not gills behind their heads and a fin around dry out. the top and bottom of their tails. Young Adults often display aggressive be- larvae have tiny, scattered dark brown haviour toward others of their kind or or black patches on their backs, sides potential predators. They will defend and upper surface of their tails. small caverns against subordinate indi- The Pacific Giant Salamander is the viduals, an indication of territoriality. If only salamander in British Columbia threatened or attacked, adults engage in that normally occurs in fast-flowing biting and tail-thrashing, and generally mountain streams. Salamander larvae, try to look as formidable as possible. adults, or neotenes observed in clear Foul-tasting secretions from glands on mountain streams in the Chilliwack the top of the tail also aid in defence. River area are almost certain to be of This species is said to produce sounds this species. described as “rattles,” “barks,” or “growls,” but researchers in British Co- What makes them unique? lumbia have not observed this here. The he Pacific Giant Salamander is par- tendency to vocalize and to use defen- ticularly elusive, moving about and sive postures varies from place to place, feeding mostly at night, and hiding and little study has been done in British cannibalized by males or eaten by other T by day. It tends to be least active and Columbia. predators, and eats little or nothing her- most hidden in winter, a response to self. At hatching, the larvae are about 3 cold weather. Consequently, little is How do they reproduce? cm long, including the tail, and have a known about the behaviour of this sala- exually mature individuals of the Pa- large yolk sac. The larvae stay in the nest mander in the wild, particularly in Brit- cific Giant Salamander migrate to area and live off their yolk for a further ish Columbia. Almost all research on suitable streams or springs for two to four months, finally beginning to the Pacific Giant Salamander has been Sbreeding, which is believed to occur hunt for small prey when about 4 cm in carried out in the United States.
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