DOCSLIB.ORG

Marie Prior, 'The Medieval Bridge in the Georgian City: London Bridge C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marie Prior, 'The Medieval Bridge in the Georgian City: London Bridge C Marie Prior, ‘The Medieval Bridge in the Georgian City: London Bridge c.1730–1762’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XVIII, 2010, pp. 77–90 TEXT © THE AUTHORS 2010 THE MEDIEVAL BRIDGE IN THE GEORGIAN CITY: LONDON BRIDGE c. – MARIE PRIOR The remodelling of London Bridge in – London has been largely ignored. This is especially transformed the City’s famous street over water into a surprising considering the scale of changes wrought unified work of architecture. This article argues that upon the bridge during the s and s, and in the new visual scheme – an eclectic mix of classical and particular the stylistically intriguing aesthetic Gothic features – was a product of two phenomena: imposed during the remodelling of to . the anxieties of the Corporation of London concerning Orchestrated by the Corporation of London – the the growth of Westminster, and the perception of body with stewardship over the bridge – and London Bridge not only as medieval, but as specifically overseen by the architects George Dance the Elder Gothic. In doing so, this article seeks to emphasise the and Sir Robert Taylor, the remodelling transformed significance of this now-vanished building to the the most famous bridge in Georgian England from the Georgian metropolis, and to highlight the holistic overcrowded, dramatic, and frequently dangerous nature of developments along the urban Thames. inhabited structure that most of us will associate with the name London Bridge, to a far simpler building in ondon Bridge is one of the most famous which classical and Gothic elements combined to Lvanished structures in England. Begun during form a unique new visual scheme. It is the purpose the final decade of the twelfth century, it served as of this article to investigate these radical changes, and London’s only permanent Thames crossing until the to explore the motivations behind this intriguing completion of Charles Labelye’s Westminster Bridge early use of a revived Gothic vocabulary. In doing so, in , and endured until its demolition between this study will reveal that London Bridge was not and , following the completion of John only a significant aspect of the architectural Rennie’s replacement. The romantic image of the landscape of the Georgian City of London, but that inhabited bridge has intrigued scholars and laymen the intimate relationship which existed between the alike for centuries, and the bones of its history have bridge and its guardian body was a driving force for been laid bare in a succession of studies and changes to the bridge’s physical fabric, while monographs. It is easy to see why it has exerted perceptions of the bridge as essentially medieval such a pull on the collective imagination; it was influenced the aesthetic direction of those changes. clustered with a remarkable diversity of buildings for Never a simple river crossing, London Bridge the major part of its long existence and, at almost was a topographically complex and dynamic ft. in length, it presented a spectacular focus for aggregation of parts. In order meaningfully to the Thames riverscape. explore the events of the mid century, it is first Despite this, London Bridge has attracted essential to establish the major characteristics of the remarkably little attention from art historians, and bridge during the preceding decades. This will its place within the architectural history of Georgian necessitate the use of images, but only to provide a THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XVIII THE MEDIEVAL BRIDGE IN THE GEORGIAN CITY : LONDON BRIDGE C . ‒ Fig. Samuel and Nathanial Buck, ‘Panorama of London and Westminster: the City of London ’, detail of London Bridge, . City of London, London Metropolitan Archives, Guildhall Library Print Collection, cat. no. q . frame of reference, as it is outside the scope of this This tends not to be reflected in contemporary study to approach the immense and intriguing images. Instead, the impressive scale of the bridge subject of London Bridge in art, or the problematic and its principal landmarks provide the focus. This issue of the relative accuracy of any particular is most evident in Samuel and Nathaniel Buck’s depiction. Beginning with its most basic elements, panorama of London of (Fig. ), the largest and London Bridge was composed of a gently canted most detailed image of the mid-century bridge to carriageway over a series of low arches, supported by survive. Starting at the City end, the Waterworks wide piers. The core fabric dated to the turn of the are the first identifiable feature, nestled between the thirteenth century, while the pointed forms of most west side of the bridge and the City shore. Founded of the arches were almost certainly the result of later in in order to supply water to parts of the City, medieval reinforcements. Although bulky, the piers and periodically expanded until , the required protection from the scour of the tides, Waterworks were both a blessing and a curse. They necessitating the construction and augmentation of contributed a small yet steady revenue to the Bridge massive timber starlings, which resembled extended House Estates, while their expansion hastened the cutwaters. Images indicate that the crowns of the deterioration of the masonry and starlings. South of arches were concealed by the lowest storeys of the the Waterworks, a block of regularised buildings bridge buildings (Fig. ), the majority of which almost certainly represents ‘The Piazzas’. This were timber framed, and given over to commercial colloquial Italianate title was given to two sets of five and domestic uses. Most dated from , having terraces, one either side of the carriageway, designed been constructed ‘in a new and regular manner’ as by George Dance the Elder and completed in . part of a package of improvements, but by the These replaced a section of dilapidated housing, and middle of the eighteenth century these ‘new and were distinguished by a colonnade fronting regular’ buildings had themselves attracted criticism commercial premises. Other key landmarks include for their state of disrepair. St Thomas’ Chapel (not featured on the Bucks’ THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XVIII THE MEDIEVAL BRIDGE IN THE GEORGIAN CITY : LONDON BRIDGE C . ‒ panorama due to the perspective adopted), Nonesuch London, the Borough of Southwark, the West House, and the Stonegate. Located on a pier off the Country Bargemen, the Company of Watermen, and east side of the carriageway, St Thomas Chapel had the inhabitants of London Bridge; in short, those been founded shortly after the bridge itself, and who benefited from the commercial uses of the river remodelled during the fourteenth century. Dissolved and the unique nature of London’s only permanent in the wake of the Reformation, it had long been crossing. When, in the mid s, the decision was turned to secular use, and retained only a small made to site the new bridge as close as possible to portion of its superstructure in the early eighteenth the Houses of Parliament, the corporation protested century. Situated on the pier between the seventh again, citing the danger it posed to ‘several Rights, and eighth arches from the Southwark shore (at the properties, privileges and Franchises of this City’. southern end of the third block of bridge buildings These responses can be read as a symptom of depicted), Nonesuch House comprised a ground anxieties produced by the relatively recent rise of floor in stone with three further timber storeys, and Westminster as a locale of fashionable living, and the four domed timber-framed towers. Constructed in consequent decline in aristocratic associations for – as a replacement for the Drawbridge Gate, London Bridge and the Square Mile; anxieties it appears to have still presented a distinctive aesthetic which were almost certainly compounded by the until the remodelling. The Stonegate was a masonry atmosphere of potentiality and optimism generated gatehouse located very close to the Southwark shore by the project for the new bridge. Indeed, it is clear (the narrow building to the left of the three houses that – even before the commencement of the works – with steep gables in the bottom right of the image), the prospect of a new bridge at Westminster brought and had been widened in . about a reassessment of the condition and suitability The inhabited bridge thus presented an of London Bridge. impressive spectacle, but this was not to last. Indeed, In , two years before work began at the fashionable new Piazzas were in use less than Westminster, Nicholas Hawksmoor produced a twenty years before they, along with all other pamphlet entitled A Short Historical Account of buildings on London Bridge, were destroyed. The London-Bridge; With a Proposition for a new Stone- relatively sudden shift from new building work to the Bridge at Westminster: As also an account of some complete clearance of the carriageway implies the remarkable stone-bridges abroad, and what the best existence of a significant catalyst, and that catalyst authors have said and directed concerning the methods was almost certainly Westminster Bridge. Until the of building them . As much a product of patriotic third decade of the eighteenth century, London enthusiasm for the new bridge as it was of concerns Bridge had enjoyed an unchallenged monopoly on about the old, Hawksmoor’s account constitutes the road traffic crossing the Thames. The Lambeth first in-depth published study of London Bridge. Ferry had served Westminster, but ferries were no Unlike earlier accounts, which tend to take the form challenge to the bridge, which itself had become a of anecdotal social histories, Hawksmoor provides significant commercial thoroughfare due to the sheer a more technical survey. The historical account is volume of traffic funnelled across it. The herald of limited to a brief discussion of the construction of change came in , when a group of interested the stone bridge, and is itself merely a foundation for individuals made their first petition to parliament in Hawksmoor’s argument concerning the unsuitable support of a bridge at Westminster; the following nature of London Bridge to the contemporary year, the first petition was raised against it.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • London Metropolitan Archives London Bridge Cla
    LONDON METROPOLITAN ARCHIVES Page 1 LONDON BRIDGE CLA/022 Reference Description Dates FINANCE General CLA/022/01/01/001 Approaches: Sale accounts of building 1825 - 36 materials & fixtures, including occasionally plant and machinery, of premises demolished for London Bridge and its Approaches, being the printed Sale Catalogues annotated with prices fetched In same box as London Bridge Committee Misc. Papers 70 booklets CLA/022/01/01/002 Notices to quit (copies) under London Bridge & 1824 - 32 Approaches Acts CLA/022/01/01/003 An account of the houses without the Gate on c 1750 London Bridge with the names of the lessees and occupiers and the rent, land tax, poor rate, church rate, rector's tithes and purchase price. Former reference: Misc.Ms 176.7 CLA/022/01/01/004 Account of monies received by the 1756 - 1763 Chamberlain to improve, widen and enlarge passage over and through London Bridge Former reference: Misc.Ms. 34.16 CLA/022/01/01/005 LONDON Bridge; IMPROVEMENT: Accounts 2 Jul 1756 - 9 of receipts and payments under Act of 29 Geo. May 1767 2. 1 volume CLA/022/01/01/006 Receipts and payments of the Chamberlain in 1756 - 63 pursuance of the Act to Improve, widen and enlarge passage over and through London Bridge 1 volume CLA/022/01/01/007 Warrant book, of orders of the Committee for 6 Jul 1756 - 21 widening and improving London Bridge on the Jul 1768 Chamberlain for the payment of accounts. 1 volume LONDON METROPOLITAN ARCHIVES Page 2 LONDON BRIDGE CLA/022 Reference Description Dates CLA/022/01/01/009 Accounts of craft passing through London Mids 1756 - Bridge, showing their number (identity), owner Xmas 1756, and place of abode, tonnage and sums due.
    [Show full text]
  • The Architecture of Sir Ernest George and His Partners, C. 1860-1922
    The Architecture of Sir Ernest George and His Partners, C. 1860-1922 Volume II Hilary Joyce Grainger Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Ph. D. The University of Leeds Department of Fine Art January 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Notes to Chapters 1- 10 432 Bibliography 487 Catalogue of Executed Works 513 432 Notes to the Text Preface 1 Joseph William Gleeson-White, 'Revival of English Domestic Architecture III: The Work of Mr Ernest George', The Studio, 1896 pp. 147-58; 'The Revival of English Domestic Architecture IV: The Work of Mr Ernest George', The Studio, 1896 pp. 27-33 and 'The Revival of English Domestic Architecture V: The Work of Messrs George and Peto', The Studio, 1896 pp. 204-15. 2 Immediately after the dissolution of partnership with Harold Peto on 31 October 1892, George entered partnership with Alfred Yeates, and so at the time of Gleeson-White's articles, the partnership was only four years old. 3 Gleeson-White, 'The Revival of English Architecture III', op. cit., p. 147. 4 Ibid. 5 Sir ReginaldýBlomfield, Richard Norman Shaw, RA, Architect, 1831-1912: A Study (London, 1940). 6 Andrew Saint, Richard Norman Shaw (London, 1976). 7 Harold Faulkner, 'The Creator of 'Modern Queen Anne': The Architecture of Norman Shaw', Country Life, 15 March 1941 pp. 232-35, p. 232. 8 Saint, op. cit., p. 274. 9 Hermann Muthesius, Das Englische Haus (Berlin 1904-05), 3 vols. 10 Hermann Muthesius, Die Englische Bankunst Der Gerenwart (Leipzig. 1900). 11 Hermann Muthesius, The English House, edited by Dennis Sharp, translated by Janet Seligman London, 1979) p.
    [Show full text]
  • ENGLISH 'B' Class: XI Topic: Upon Westminster Bridge Date
    ST. LAWRENCE HIGH SCHOOL A JESUIT CHRISTIAN MINORITY INSTITUTION STUDY MATERIAL 2 Sub: ENGLISH ‘B’ Class: XI Topic: Upon Westminster Bridge Date: 23.06.2020 About The Poet: William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an important poet of the Romantic Age in England and ranks as one of the greatest lyric poets in the history of English literature. His famous work ‘Lyrical Ballads’, which he worked on along with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped usher in the Romantic Movement in English Literature. He was an early leader of Romanticism, a literary movement that celebrated nature and concentrated on human emotions, in English poetry. Wordsworth introduced a new style of poetry using language that appealed to ordinary people. His poems often portrayed his love of nature as well as his inner thoughts and feelings. ‘The Prelude’, an autobiographical poem of his early years, is considered by many to be his masterpiece. Wordsworth was England's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850. Summary Of The Poem: The first eight lines praise the beauty of London in the early morning light, as the poet stands on Westminster Bridge admiring the surrounding buildings. Wordsworth finds London a glorious sight in the early morning light, because the city has not yet woken up and these industrial processes and governmental activities have not yet begun. London is instead at one with nature. Indeed, the sun shines as beautifully on these structures as it does on the natural world. London seems to lie still, plunged into a calm state that is akin to a pleasant sleep.
    [Show full text]
  • Road Modernisation Plan the Biggest Road Investment Programme for a Generation
    London’s Road Modernisation Plan The biggest road investment programme for a generation Paul, Cindy, Toyin, Ikenna, Rakhi, Transport for London Foreword London is the engine of the British economy, This is a continual challenge in a city with a road and it is set to grow by almost two million network that was never designed to cater for people by 2031. That’s the equivalent of so much traffi c. We need to respond to these absorbing the populations of Birmingham changes and ensure our road network, and the and Leeds. It also means that an extra fi ve way we manage it, is fi t for a world city in the million daily trips, on top of the 26 million 21st century. trips that already happen every day, will take place by 2030. That is why we have planned an unprecedented programme of road improvements. Our Road This population growth is fuelling a boom Modernisation Plan is an integrated response to in property investment and development the way London is changing and growing, looking resulting in more homes, shops, public spaces to create better places, better cycling routes, and workplaces. At the same time, Londoners safer streets and more reliable journeys. It will and businesses have growing expectations help London cope with a growing population and of the quality of the streets where they live create hundreds of thousands of new jobs and and work. All of this affects the way our homes so we can remain one of the most vibrant, roads operate. accessible and competitive cities in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Central London Bus and Walking Map Key Bus Routes in Central London
    General A3 Leaflet v2 23/07/2015 10:49 Page 1 Transport for London Central London bus and walking map Key bus routes in central London Stoke West 139 24 C2 390 43 Hampstead to Hampstead Heath to Parliament to Archway to Newington Ways to pay 23 Hill Fields Friern 73 Westbourne Barnet Newington Kentish Green Dalston Clapton Park Abbey Road Camden Lock Pond Market Town York Way Junction The Zoo Agar Grove Caledonian Buses do not accept cash. Please use Road Mildmay Hackney 38 Camden Park Central your contactless debit or credit card Ladbroke Grove ZSL Camden Town Road SainsburyÕs LordÕs Cricket London Ground Zoo Essex Road or Oyster. Contactless is the same fare Lisson Grove Albany Street for The Zoo Mornington 274 Islington Angel as Oyster. Ladbroke Grove Sherlock London Holmes RegentÕs Park Crescent Canal Museum Museum You can top up your Oyster pay as Westbourne Grove Madame St John KingÕs TussaudÕs Street Bethnal 8 to Bow you go credit or buy Travelcards and Euston Cross SadlerÕs Wells Old Street Church 205 Telecom Theatre Green bus & tram passes at around 4,000 Marylebone Tower 14 Charles Dickens Old Ford Paddington Museum shops across London. For the locations Great Warren Street 10 Barbican Shoreditch 453 74 Baker Street and and Euston Square St Pancras Portland International 59 Centre High Street of these, please visit Gloucester Place Street Edgware Road Moorgate 11 PollockÕs 188 TheobaldÕs 23 tfl.gov.uk/ticketstopfinder Toy Museum 159 Russell Road Marble Museum Goodge Street Square For live travel updates, follow us on Arch British
    [Show full text]
  • Thames Path Walk Section 2 North Bank Albert Bridge to Tower Bridge
    Thames Path Walk With the Thames on the right, set off along the Chelsea Embankment past Section 2 north bank the plaque to Victorian engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette, who also created the Victoria and Albert Embankments. His plan reclaimed land from the Albert Bridge to Tower Bridge river to accommodate a new road with sewers beneath - until then, sewage had drained straight into the Thames and disease was rife in the city. Carry on past the junction with Royal Hospital Road, to peek into the walled garden of the Chelsea Physic Garden. Version 1 : March 2011 The Chelsea Physic Garden was founded by the Worshipful Society of Start: Albert Bridge (TQ274776) Apothecaries in 1673 to promote the study of botany in relation to medicine, Station: Clippers from Cadogan Pier or bus known at the time as the "psychic" or healing arts. As the second-oldest stops along Chelsea Embankment botanic garden in England, it still fulfils its traditional function of scientific research and plant conservation and undertakes ‘to educate and inform’. Finish: Tower Bridge (TQ336801) Station: Clippers (St Katharine’s Pier), many bus stops, or Tower Hill or Tower Gateway tube Carry on along the embankment passed gracious riverside dwellings that line the route to reach Sir Christopher Wren’s magnificent Royal Hospital Distance: 6 miles (9.5 km) Chelsea with its famous Chelsea Pensioners in their red uniforms. Introduction: Discover central London’s most famous sights along this stretch of the River Thames. The Houses of Parliament, St Paul’s The Royal Hospital Chelsea was founded in 1682 by King Charles II for the Cathedral, Tate Modern and the Tower of London, the Thames Path links 'succour and relief of veterans broken by age and war'.
    [Show full text]
  • Etrvscan • Demonstrating the 7
    DEVELOPMENT OF SERIF-LESS TYPE — TIMELINE SSTUVVW XYWUZa aSWbV ZSa cVUdcW ecYX IUfgh, RYiVcU MSgWV, f jcYXSaSWk Image rights and references: fcbZSUVbUlVWkSWVVc, cVbVSmVa f gVUUVc nfUVn: Røùú, Nøû. 11, 1760. ecYX ZSa Italy Fig: XVWUYc fWn ecSVWn GSYmfWWS BfUUSaUf PScfWVaS. TZV IUfgSfW fcbZSUVbUoa 1. (Left) Leonardo Agostini (1686) Le Gemme Antiche Fiurate. Engraving of a ‘Magic Gem’ of serif-less cVjdUfUSYW Zfn bYXV SWbcVfaSWkgh dWnVc fUUfbpVn ecYX FcVWbZ fcbZSUVbUa letterforms. Tav. Fig.52 [83] CARAERI MAGICI in lapis lazuli. © GIA Library Additional Collections (Gemological Institute of America), in the public domain. fWn gSUVcfch bcSUSba Ye UZV fcUa UZcYdkZYdU UZV 1750a. CgfaaSbfg RYXfW Emf. XX 1. (Right) Leonardo Agostini (1593-1669). Portrait aged 63, frontispiece from Le Gemme Antiche Fiurate, 1686. © GIA fcbZSUVbUdcV fa fW SnVfg qfa iVSWk bZfggVWkVn SW efmYdc Ye rUZV GcVVpo Library Additional Collections (Gemological Institute of America), in the public domain. 2. Dempster, Thomas (1579-1625). Coke, Thomas, Earl of qSUZSW qZfU iVbfXV pWYqW fa UZV GcfVbYlRYXfW nVifUV. Leicester, and Bounarroti, Filippo (1723). De Etruria Regali, III Libri VII, nunc primum editi curante Thomas Coke. Opus postumum. Florentiæ: Cajetanus Tartinius. Written in With some disdain he writes: “My Work ‘On the Magnificence of 1616-19. Liber Tertius, Tabulæ Eugubinæ. (viewer pp.693-702). Tabular I of V. © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, digital.onb.ac.at in the public domain. Architecture of the Romans’ has been finished some time since... it consists 3. (Left) Forlivesi, Padre Giovanni Nicola (Giannicola). From the Convent of San Marco in Corneto. The Augustinian of 100 sheets of letterpress in Italian and Latin and of 50 plates, the IN DCCLVI GIAMBAISTA PIRANESI RELEASED monk’s 14 written bulletins to Anton Francesco Gori with observational drawings and decipherment of Etruscan inscriptions at Tarquinia near Corneto, from 11th May to 4th whole on Atlas paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Masterworks Architecture at the Masterworks: Royal Academy of Arts Neil Bingham
    Masterworks Architecture at the Masterworks: Royal Academy of Arts Neil Bingham Royal Academy of Arts 2 Contents President’s Foreword 000 Edward Middleton Barry ra (1869) 000 Sir Howard Robertson ra (1958) 000 Paul Koralek ra (1991) 000 Preface 000 George Edmund Street ra (1871) 000 Sir Basil Spence ra (1960) 000 Sir Colin St John Wilson ra (1991) 000 Acknowledgements 000 R. Norman Shaw ra (1877) 000 Donald McMorran ra (1962) 000 Sir James Stirling ra (1991) 000 John Loughborough Pearson ra (1880) 000 Marshall Sisson ra (1963) 000 Sir Michael Hopkins ra (1992) 000 Architecture at the Royal Academy of Arts 000 Alfred Waterhouse ra (1885) 000 Raymond Erith ra (1964) 000 Sir Richard MacCormac ra (1993) 000 Sir Thomas Graham Jackson Bt ra (1896) 000 William Holford ra, Baron Holford Sir Nicholas Grimshaw pra (1994) 000 The Architect Royal Academicians and George Aitchison ra (1898) 000 of Kemp Town (1968) 000 Michael Manser ra (1994) 000 Their Diploma Works 000 George Frederick Bodley ra (1902) 000 Sir Frederick Gibberd ra (1969) 000 Eva M. Jiricna ra (1997) 000 Sir William Chambers ra (1768, Foundation Sir Aston Webb ra (1903) 000 Sir Hugh Casson pra (1970) 000 Ian Ritchie ra (1998) 000 Member, artist’s presentation) 000 John Belcher ra (1909) 000 E. Maxwell Fry ra (1972) 000 Will Alsop ra (2000) 000 George Dance ra (1768, Foundation Member, Sir Richard Sheppard ra (1972) 000 Gordon Benson ra (2000) 000 no Diploma Work) 000 Sir Reginald Blomfield ra (1914) 000 H. T. Cadbury-Brown ra (1975) 000 Piers Gough ra (2001) 000 John Gwynn ra (1768, Foundation Member, Sir Ernest George ra (1917) 000 no Diploma Work) 000 Ernest Newton ra (1919) 000 Ernö Goldfinger ra (1975) 000 Sir Peter Cook ra (2003) 000 Thomas Sandby ra (1768, Foundation Member, Sir Edwin Lutyens pra (1920) 000 Sir Philip Powell ra (1977) 000 Zaha Hadid ra (2005) 000 bequest from great-grandson) 000 Sir Giles Gilbert Scott ra (1922) 000 Peter Chamberlin ra (1978) 000 Eric Parry ra (2006) 000 William Tyler ra (1768, Foundation Member, Sir John J.
    [Show full text]
  • Download a Product Brochure
    / 連接 ( ) ( ) Enter your keyword. Tower Bridge Tower Bridge Tower Bridge Carries A100 Tower Bridge Road From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Crosses River Thames For the bridge in Sacramento, California, see Tower Bridge Locale London boroughs: (California). For the station in Co. Cork, Ireland, see Tower – north side: Tower Hamlets Bridge railway station.Tower Bridge (built 1886–1894) is – south side: Southwark acombined bascule and suspension bridge in London. The Maintained by Bridge House Estates bridge crosses the River Thames close to the Tower of Heritage status Grade I listed structure London and has become an iconic symbol of London. Preceded by London Bridge Tower Bridge is one of five London bridges now owned and Followed by Queen Elizabeth II Bridge maintained by the Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust overseen by the City of London Corporation. It is the only Design Bascule bridge one of the Trust's bridges not to connect the City of London Total length 801 feet (244 m) directly to the Southwark bank, the northern landfall being Height 213 feet (65 m) in Tower Hamlets. Longest span 270 feet (82.3 m) Clearance below 8.6 metres (28 ft) (closed) The bridge's present colour scheme dates from 1977, 42.5 metres (139 ft) (open) when it was painted red, white and blue for Queen (mean
    [Show full text]
  • Bloomsbury Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Strategy
    Bloomsbury Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Strategy Adopted 18 April 2011 i) CONTENTS PART 1: CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISAL 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 0 Purpose of the Appraisal ............................................................................................................ 2 Designation................................................................................................................................. 3 2.0 PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT ................................................................................................ 4 3.0 SUMMARY OF SPECIAL INTEREST........................................................................................ 5 Context and Evolution................................................................................................................ 5 Spatial Character and Views ...................................................................................................... 6 Building Typology and Form....................................................................................................... 8 Prevalent and Traditional Building Materials ............................................................................ 10 Characteristic Details................................................................................................................ 10 Landscape and Public Realm..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Primrose Hill Hyde Park Kensington Gardens Green Park Holland Park
    A Y A O D C E E O D N O W D V N 259 Pentonville C E L E A E E E Chalk C11 R L U C11 R D N E R O A E B E D E AV Prison F O R E S T Brondesbury G S N K 274 C E ETO . Farm Brondesbury S. Chalk 168 D CANFIELD GDN C11 46 274.390 FOR E 31 Farm 24 OF 38.56 NGLEFIE D U L . 46.134 274 OA C D RO D CH R A AD 2.11.05 C11 S A 29 VE P 73.341 Q R L O 214.C2 Y K R 4 D P N P N Swiss Cottage G D Road served by bus . F E C11 H n P D 76 A U R A X G Caledonian O 253 A D O D R A g D 31 R A R I D I M H R A A A E N L O A 31 D L W G 476 M a L O A E R A E 19 G F Y A 274 Road & B 271 R A R O O L R K T D. R O 06 27 . R F R O Camden R O R U O 236 R R C W E GREEN O D Y I R Barnsbury R A D Silverlink E R R Other main road or thoroughfare U K Barnsbury X Kingsland Waste D O R Metro I I A O D Y R R Road R 30 E A 24.27 A N W L S C F E A Islington R S 76 O Market 139 O D E O South E V I A O S I K D S 31.168 E H S L N A U R S Town Hall R LGROV 43 A 8 Route operating all day every day HI E T MIDDLE L I E D L TON B AD E 141 A RO P T D L 328 RD.
    [Show full text]
  • YALE in LONDON – SUMMER 2013 British Studies 189 Churches: Christopher Wren to Basil Spence
    YALE IN LONDON – SUMMER 2013 British Studies 189 Churches: Christopher Wren to Basil Spence THE CHURCHES OF LONDON: ARCHITECTURAL IMAGINATION AND ECCLESIASTICAL FORM Karla Britton Yale School of Architecture Email: [email protected] Class Time: Tuesday, Thursday 10-12:15 or as scheduled, Paul Mellon Center, or in situ Office Hours: By Appointment Yale-in-London Program, June 10-July 19, 2013 Course Description The historical trajectories of British architecture may be seen as inseparable from the evolution of London’s churches. From the grand visions of Wren through the surprising forms of Hawksmoor, Gibbs, Soane, Lutyens, Scott, Nash, and others, the ingenuity of these buildings, combined with their responsiveness to their urban environment, continue to intrigue architects today. Examining the ecclesiastical architecture of London beginning with Christopher Wren, this course critically addresses how prominent British architects sought to communicate the mythical and transcendent through structure and material, while also taking into account the nature of the site, a vision of the concept of the city, the church building’s relationship to social reform, ethics, and aesthetics. The course also examines how church architecture shaped British architectural thought in the work of historians such as Pevsner, Summerson, Rykwert, and Banham. The class will include numerous visits in situ in London, as well as trips to Canterbury, Liverpool, and Coventry. Taking full advantage of the sites of London, this seminar will address the significance of London churches for recent architects, urbanists, and scholars. ______________________________________________________________________________________ CLASS REQUIREMENTS Deliverables: Weekly reflection papers on the material covered in class and site visits. Full participation and discussion is required in classroom and on field trips.
    [Show full text]