YALE in LONDON – SUMMER 2013 British Studies 189 Churches: Christopher Wren to Basil Spence
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YALE IN LONDON – SUMMER 2013 British Studies 189 Churches: Christopher Wren to Basil Spence THE CHURCHES OF LONDON: ARCHITECTURAL IMAGINATION AND ECCLESIASTICAL FORM Karla Britton Yale School of Architecture Email: [email protected] Class Time: Tuesday, Thursday 10-12:15 or as scheduled, Paul Mellon Center, or in situ Office Hours: By Appointment Yale-in-London Program, June 10-July 19, 2013 Course Description The historical trajectories of British architecture may be seen as inseparable from the evolution of London’s churches. From the grand visions of Wren through the surprising forms of Hawksmoor, Gibbs, Soane, Lutyens, Scott, Nash, and others, the ingenuity of these buildings, combined with their responsiveness to their urban environment, continue to intrigue architects today. Examining the ecclesiastical architecture of London beginning with Christopher Wren, this course critically addresses how prominent British architects sought to communicate the mythical and transcendent through structure and material, while also taking into account the nature of the site, a vision of the concept of the city, the church building’s relationship to social reform, ethics, and aesthetics. The course also examines how church architecture shaped British architectural thought in the work of historians such as Pevsner, Summerson, Rykwert, and Banham. The class will include numerous visits in situ in London, as well as trips to Canterbury, Liverpool, and Coventry. Taking full advantage of the sites of London, this seminar will address the significance of London churches for recent architects, urbanists, and scholars. ______________________________________________________________________________________ CLASS REQUIREMENTS Deliverables: Weekly reflection papers on the material covered in class and site visits. Full participation and discussion is required in classroom and on field trips. Due: at mid-term, a short 3-5 page paper with annotated bibliography and 10 annotated images on a specific church building and its relationship to its site. Due: at course end, a ten-page research paper with original source material, bibliography and 20 annotated images. The topic will be decided in discussion with the instructor. COURSE READINGS The PMC Library has some important primary references. In addition, I would ask that you purchase three books: Margaret Whinney, Wren (Thames & Hudson, 1971) Simon Bradley and Nikolaus Pevsner, London: The City Churches (Penguin Books, 1998) John Summerson, Architecture in Britain, 1530-1830 (Yale, 1989) Other readings will be posted on the V2 classes server. Other helpful resources for this class include: Christopher Hibbert, London’s Churches (Queen Anne Press, London, 1988) Elizabeth and Wayland Young, London’s Churches (Grafton Books, 1986) Gerald Cobb, London City Churches (Batsford Ltd., London, revised edition, 1989) Terry Friedman, The Eighteenth-Century Church in Britain (PMC and Yale, 2011) Joseph Rykwert, Church Building (Hawthorne Books, 1966) Giles Worsley, Inigo Jones and the European Classicist Tradition (PMC and Yale, 2007) Louise Campbell, Coventry Cathedral: Art and Architecture in Post-War Britain (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996) Vaughan Hart, Nicholas Hawksmoor: Rebuilding Ancient Wonders (PMC and Yale, 2002) Steen Eiler Rasmussen, London: The Unique City (MIT Press, revised edition, 1982) June 11 The View from St Paul’s: The Cathedral in the City --the cathedral and the social and cultural framework of the city --St. Paul’s impact on the urban planning of London --the cathedral’s impact on urban experience and sensory responses to the city Field Trip: St. Paul’s Cathedral Readings: Dana Arnold, “The View from St. Paul’s,” in Re-presenting the Metropolis: Architecture, Urban Experience and Social Life in London 1900-1840 (Aldershot, UK, 2000), pp. 1-25. Margaret Whinney, “The Planning of St. Paul’s” and “The Building of St. Paul’s,” in Wren, pp. 81-133. June 13 Reading the City and its Buildings (Seminar Room) Readings: Lewis Mumford, “Introduction” The Culture of Cities (London, 1938), pp. 3-12 Roland Barthes, “The Semiotics of the City” in Architecture Culture, 1945-68, ed. by Joan Ockman (New York, 1993), pp. 412-418. Steen Eiler Rasmussen, “Chapter 1: Basic Observations” in Experiencing Architecture (Cambridge, MA, 1959), pp. 9-35. Joseph Rykwert, “Introduction,” Church Building (New York, 1966), pp. 7-21. Recommended: Steen Eiler Rasmussen, “Introduction” and “Chapter 1,” London: The Unique City (Cambridge, MA, 1934), pp. 9-23. Nikolaus Pevsner and Simon Bradley, “Introduction,” London: The City Churches (London, 1998), pp. 15- 47. June 18 The Mind of Christopher Wren (1632-1723): The City and its Churches --The Great Fire as the “watershed” in 17thc London: Christopher Wren’s plan; plans by John Evelyn, Richard Newcourt, Robert Hooke --The extent and variety of Wren’s works: variety, experimentation and evolution of the centrally planned church: St. Bride’s Fleet Street (1671-78); St. Mary-Le-Bow (1680); St. James’s Picadilly (1676) --Exterior architecture: towers and spires --Wren’s Successors: James Gibbs (1682-1754): St. Martin’s in the Fields (1721-26); Wren’s St. Clement Danes (1682) with steeple by Gibbs (1719); Thomas Archer’s St. Paul’s Deptford (1712-30) --Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo’s Wren’s City Churches (1883) --The legacy of Wren and contemporary London Class Visit: 10:00-12:15 Christ Church, Spitalfields; 17:45 St. Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside Readings: Terry Friedman, “Churchscapes,” The Eighteenth Century Church in Britain (New Haven, 2011), pp. 3-21. Christopher Hibbert, “The Churches of Christopher Wren,” London’s Churches (London, 1988), pp. 49-79. Margaret Whinney, “The City’s Churches,” Wren, pp. 45-71. June 19 Class Visit to Westminster Abbey (with BRST 188) June 20 A Sign of Something New: Hawksmoor’s Churches Field Trip: 10:00-12:15 Hawksmoor’s St. Mary Woolnoth (1716-27) and Wren’s St. Stephens Wolbrook (1679), City of London --Nicholas Hawksmoor: “The Tower, The Temple, and the Tomb” --Hawksmoor’s six great London churches and London’s skyline --Comparison of Wren with Hawksmoor --Royal Academy of Arts 2012 Exhibition, “Nicholas Hawksmoor: Architect of the Imagination” in celebration of the 350th anniversary of the architect --Hawksmoor and the literary imagination: Hogarth, Dickens, T.S. Eliot, Ackroyd; Iain Sinclair’s Lud Heat (1975) psychogeographical theory and “Nicholas Hawksmoor, the Churches” Readings: John Summerson, “English Baroque: Hawksmoor, Vanbrugh, Archer” in Architecture in Britain, 1530- 1830, (New York, reprinted 1989), pp. 271-295. Vaughan Hart, “’A Steeple in the forme of a pillar’: The Memorial Towers on the London Churches” and “‘The better they will suit our . Situation’: The Ornamentation of the London Churches,” in Nicholas Hawksmoor (New Haven, 2002), pp. 131-162 and 167-187. June 21 The Soane Museum Field Trip: Sir John Soane’s Museum (with special attention to “spirituality” and domestic space, e.g. the Monk’s Parlour and Monk’s Cell) Short Paper is Due. June 25 The Classical Impulse: Jones, Dance and Soane Field Trip: Lincoln’s Inn Fields and Chapel --Inigo Jones, The Queen’s Chapel (1627); St. Paul’s Covent Garden (1633); Chapel at Lincoln’s Inn (1623) --George Dance the Younger, All Hallows London Wall (1767) --Sir John Soane, Holy Trinity, Marylebone (1824-28) Reading: Geoffrey Scott, The Architecture of Humanism: A Study in the History of Taste, Introduction (New York, 1969), pp. 14-23. Pierre de la Ruffinière du Prey, John Soane: The Making of an Architect, Introduction and Conclusion (Chicago, 1982), pp. xxi-xxiv and 317-323. John Summerson, Architecture in Britain, 1530-1830, “Inigo Jones and His Times (1610-60),” Chapters 7 and 8 (London, 1953), pp. 113-141. Reference: Sir John Soane, The Royal Academy Lectures, ed. by David Watkin (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000). June 27 The Shape of English Christianity: from Monastic Origins to Established Church Day Trip: ST AUGUSTINE’S ABBEY; THE CATHEDRAL OF CANTERBURY --The ancient monastic origins and distinctive nature of English Christianity: Ecclesia anglicana and the “non-conformists” --The tradition of pilgrimage --The wounds of religious conflict --Gothic architecture and the religious imagination Readings: Jonathan Keates and Angelo Hornak, Canterbury Cathedral, “The Building of the Cathedral to 1200,” “The Cathedral Priory of Christ Church,” “Saint Thomas Becket” (London, 1994), pp. 8-45. English Heritage, St. Augustine’s Abbey (1997), pp. 1-15. Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Chapters 23-33 (731: Penguin edition, 1955), pp. 66- 92. Terry Friedman, “ Gothic in Transition” and “A New Spirit: ‘Truest Gothic Taste’”, in The 18th Century Church in Britain, pp. 212-263. References: Paul Crossley, “Medieval Architecture and Meaning: The Limits of Iconography” in The Burlington Magazine Vol. 130, no. 1019 (Feb. 1988) pp. 116-121. Michael Camille, “In the Margins of the Monastery” Image on the Edge (Reaktion Books, 1992) pp. 56-77. July 2 Taming the Crowd: Nash and the Romantic Classicism of Regency London --John Nash, All Souls, Langham Place (1824) --Regency Park, London --Guest Lecture: Geoffrey Tyack, Director of Stanford-in-Oxford program [to be arranged] Reading: Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, “Great Britain” (New Haven, 1958), pp. 97-120. Christopher Hibbert, “Memorials of the Regency,” in London: The Biography of a City (London, 1969), pp. 125-142. John Summerson, “John Nash,” in Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects