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Home , Alaria (alga), Anurida maritima, Arctonoe vittata, Ascelichthys rhodorus, Balanus nubilus, Brown Irish lord

Marine of Yaquina Head By Ed White December 1995 Minor Updates June 1998 Revised and Updated by Terry Morse, January 2003 Last Revised: 10 November 2004 Introduction

The following is a partial list of and found at Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area. It is divided into lists of Algae, , , and Marine . For information on , please look at one of the excellent lists by Range Bayer. A more complete list of invertebrates was completed by Dr. Sylvia Yamada.

Yaquina Head is a rocky headland located just north of Newport, Oregon. It has nearly two miles of rocky intertidal at low . It is protected from collecting, which provides a refuge for many animals. In 1994, a new intertidal habitat was completed at Yaquina Head, created from a former rock quarry. Called Quarry Cove, this handicapped accessible area is unique in being a man-made environment.

The lists were compiled over a period of six months from March to September 1995. This list should not be considered complete. It probably holds many inaccuracies, as there was not enough time to identify everything positively. Many included in the list were either personally observed and identified, or were listed in archaeological reports from digs at Yaquina Head. Species listed in archaeological reports were identified as “historical” or “archaeological.” One species (Gnathostomula karlingi) was listed in Kozloff's Marine Invertebrates of the as being first described at Yaquina Head in 1971. Unfortunately, I have not found this tiny elusive worm.

Each list contains information as to where each species would probably be found. The Spray Zone consists of areas that typically only get from waves on the highest or during storms. Here some small snails and can be found. The High Tide Zone is below this. It is the area within a few feet of the average high tide line. The Mid Tide Zone comes next; it often has and Gooseneck . The Low Tide Zone is the part that is covered with water most of the time. It is populated by such creatures as the Sunflower Star and the Gumboot . Another environment I have listed is the pelagic, the surrounding Yaquina Head. Deep waters can be defined as waters more than sixty feet deep. Tidepools are areas of water left behind by a receding tide.

I have broken up Yaquina Head into several different parts. Quarry Cove (QC) is the newly constructed habitat and the areas immediately around it. The Marine Gardens (MG) is the tidepools accessible from the staircase near the lighthouse. Fisherman's Path (FP) is on the south

1 side of the headland with a difficult path leading to this exposed location. This area should be avoided by the general public due to the danger of sneaker waves. I have been hit twice by waves there.

When tidepooling at Yaquina Head please remember that the environment here is very fragile. Watch your step. It is against the law to take animals. It is also a good idea to watch the waves and the tides. There are several places at Yaquina Head where you could get stranded.

Reviser's Note: Only a few species have been added to Ed White's 1995 list. Most of the revision involves updating the scientific names of the species and adding higher-level classification information to show relationships between species, particularly among the bony . All scientific names and higher-level groupings have been checked against the Integrated Taxonomic Information System of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (http://www.itis.usda.gov/), except for the subkingdoms of , which were gleaned from ITIS and from other sources on the web. The only species I was not able to locate in the ITIS database is Gnathostomula karlingi ( Gnathostomulida), mentioned above by Ed. – TM Contents Location Key

Marine Mammals

Fish

Marine List for Yaquina Head

Invertebrate List for Yaquina Head

References

Location Key MG = Marine Gardens (Cobble QC = Quarry Cove FP = Fisherman's Path ) Subtidal = below lowest Pelagic = open tides

2 Marine Mammals Whales, Porpoises: Order Cetacea Scientific Common Name Status Location(s) Notes Name Eschrichtius Migratory, Summer Gray Whale Pelagic robustus Resident Megaptera Humpback Whale Migratory Pelagic Possible novaeangliae Possible Eubalaena historical Right Whale Migratory Pelagic glacialis wintering areas in Oregon Orca (Killer Whale) Orcinus orca Transient Pelagic Phocoena Harbor Porpoise Transient Pelagic phocoena Phocoenoides Dall's Porpoise Transient Pelagic dalli Common offshore; less Balaenoptera conspicuous than Minke Whale Resident Pelagic acutorostrata Gray Whales, hence probably under-reported Seals, Sea Lions: Order Carnivora

Scientific Common Name Status Location(s) Notes Name Eumetopias Pelagic, Historical haul Steller Transient jubatus Seal Island out Zalophus Pelagic, Sea Lion Transient californianus Seal Island Callorhinus Northern Seal Historical Pelagic Archaeological ursinus Pelagic, Northern Elephant Mirounga injured pup Transient Seal angustirostris on beach June 1998

3 Scientific Common Name Status Location(s) Notes Name Seal Island, Phoca vitulina Resident MG, QC Other Marine Mammals

Scientific Common Name Status Location(s) Notes Name Locally extinct Enhydra lutris Historical Pelagic since 1906 Hydrodamalis Steller's Sea Cow Possible historical Extinct gigas

4 Fish Common Name Scientific Name Area(s) Found Notes , Skates Class Chondrichthyes Egg cases wash up on Big Skate Raja binoculata Deep waters beach Long-nosed Skate Raja rhina Washed up Spotted Ratfish Hydrolagus collieli Deep waters Caught at QC 1997

Superclass Ray-finned Fish : Class , Sardines, Order Anchovies , Family Clupeidae Seasonal shallow Clupea harengus Archaeological water

Smoothheads, Order Smelts Smelts Family Osmeridae Shallow water, Surf Smelt pretiosus QC tidepools

Pikes, , Order Salmoniformes Trout Salmon, Trout Family Oncorhynchus Steelhead Accidental tidepool QC gairdneri Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Accidental tidepool QC

Cods, Rattails, Order Eelpouts Codfishes Family Archaeological, Hake Merluccius productus Deep water nocturnal Archaeological, Pacific Tomcod proximus QC nocturnal

5 Common Name Scientific Name Area(s) Found Notes Sticklebacks, Order Seahorses Sticklebacks Family Gasterosteidae Threespine Gasterosteus aculeatus Tidepools QC Stickleback

Scorpionfishes, Order Rockfishes Rockfish Family Scorpaenidae Shallow water, Copper Rockfish Sebastes caurinus deep water Shallow water, Black Rockfish Sebastes melanops deep water

Family Greenlings Shallow water, Ophiodon elongatus deep water Greenling Shallow water MG decagrammus Hexagrammos Rock Greenling Shallow water QC lagocephalus Whitespotted Hexagrammos stelleri Shallow water Greenling

Sculpins Family Buffalo bison Shallow water Archaeological spinosus Shallow water Hemilepidotus Shallow water FP hemilepidotus Scorpaenicthys Cabezon Shallow water QC, MG marmoratus Staghorn Sculpin Leptocottus armatus Tidepools QC maculosus Tidepools QC, MG Rosylip Sculpin Ascelichthys rhodorus Tidepools QC, MG Oligocottus snyderi Tidepools QC, MG Mosshead Sculpin globiceps Tidepools MG

Snailfish Family Tidepool florae Shallow water QC, MG

6 Common Name Scientific Name Area(s) Found Notes Perch-like Fishes Order Sandlances Family Ammodytidae Shallow water, Sandlance Ammodytes hexapterus tidepools

Surfperch Family Embiotocidae Redtail Amphisticus rhodoterus Shallow water Striped Surfperch lateralis Shallow water

Pricklebacks Family Stichaeidae Anoplarchus Tidepools, under High Cockscomb QC, MG purpurescens rocks Tidepools, under Snake Prickleback Lumpenus sagitta MG rocks Tidepools, under Rock Prickleback Xiphister mucosus QC rocks

Gunnels Family Tidepools, under Apodichthys flavidus QC, MG rocks

Clingfish Family Tidepools, under maeandricus QC, MG rocks

Order Pleuronectiformes Left-eyed, Right- Families , eyed Flounders Citharichthys Speckled Sanddab Shallow water QC stigmaeus Hippoglossus Pacific Halibut Deep water stenolepis Psettichthys Sand Sole Shallow water QC melanostictus Starry Flounder Platichthys stellatus Shallow water English Sole Parophrys vetulus Shallow water QC Butter Sole Isopsetta isolepis Shallow water

7 Common Name Scientific Name Area(s) Found Notes Pleuronichthys C-O Sole Shallow water QC coenosus

Sunfishes, Order Pufferfishes Ocean Sunfishes Family Molidae Ocean Sunfish Mola mola Pelagic Seasonal visitor

8 Marine Plant List for Yaquina Head (See Footnote) Plantae: Subkingdom Chromista Nonvascular Plants Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Notes Bacillariophyta First to settle in Quarry Colonial diatoms Fragilia sp. Everywhere Cove Subkingdom Algae Algae Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Notes Class Chlorophycaeae Enteromorpha Sea Hair Enteromorpha Everywhere intestinalis Enteromorpha Enteromorpha linza Quarry Cove Ulva fenestrata Everywhere Green Sea Moss Cladophora sp. High, mid zone Acrosiphonia Sea Rope Low tide zone mertensi Dead Man's Finger Codium fragile Low tide zone Black Codium setchellii Caves, Green ? On surfgrass

Class Phaeophycaeae High, mid tide Tar Spot Ralfsia pacifica zones Scytosiphon Whip Tube Low tide zone lomentaria Whip tube Scytosiphon dotyi High tide zone Fir Needle Analipus japonicus High, mid tide zone Sargassum Sargassum muticum Quarry Cove Little Rockweed Pelvetiopsis limitata High tide zone Rockweed Fucus gardneri High tide zone

9 Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Notes Sea Leathesia difformis Mid tide zone Wide Desmarentia Desmerestia ligulata Mid, low tide zone Petalonia Petalonia fascia Low zone Postelsia High wave Sea Palm palmaeformis exposure Sea Cabbage Hedophyllum sessile Low zone Pterygophora Pom-pon Low zone californica Seersucker Costaria costata Low Wing Kelp Low Feather Boa Kelp Egregia menziesii Low Split Kelp Laminaria setchellii Low Laminaria Sugar Kelp Low saccharina Small Kelp Laminaria sinclairii Low Washed up on beach Perennial Kelp sp. often Bull Kelp Offshore luetkeanus

Class Rhodophycaeae Polysiphona Polysiphonia sp. Low zone Callithamnion Callithamnion sp. Low zone Microcladia Microcladia borealis Low zone Odonthalia Odonthalia floccosa Low zone Halosaccion Sea Sack Mid, low zone glandiforme Plocamium Plocamium Low zone cartilagineum Palmaria palmata Dulse Low zone mollis Black Pine Rhodemela larix Low zone Nail Brush Endocladia muricata Mid zone Mastocarpus Sea Tongue Mid, high zones Has “sea tar” phase papillatus Turkish Towel Gigartina exasperata Mid, low zone Iodine Kelp Prionitis lanceolata Mid zone Mermaid's Cup Consantinea simplex Low zone Fall/Winter Nori Porphyra sp. High zone

10 Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Notes Spring/Summer Nori Porphyra sp. High zone Epiphytic Nori Porphyra sp. On surfgrass Iridescent Iridaea splendens Low zone Iridescent Seaweed Iridaea cornucopiae High zone Low zone, with Woody Kelp Gymnogongrus sp. sand. Lithothamnium sp. Mid, low zone Branched Coralline Corallina sp. Mid, low zone Algae Bead Coral Calliarthron sp. Mid, low zone Surfgrass coralline algae Melobesia mediocris Low zone Epiphyte on surfgrass Subkingdom Tracheobionta Vascular Plants Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Notes True vascular plants Sea Grasses Family (i.e., not algae), but not true grasses Eelgrass marina Sand bottoms Surfgrass Low zone, on rocks Surfgrass Surge channels * The higher level of the plant kingdom is not well-resolved (http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0860417.html). Names for the subkingdoms vary, and there is doubtless disagreement as to the number and arrangement of subkingdoms. Subkingdom designations are included to indicate the broad, general relationships of the lower groupings. – TM This is only a partial list of marine plants at Yaquina Head. Many more species were seen but not identified due to lack of time. There are over 400 species of algae on the Oregon Coast.

11 List for Yaquina Head Phylum Porifera Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Spongin Class Sponges Demospongiae Purple, Pink Low, Haliclona permollis Shade, caves All, QC Sponge Mid Yellow Boring celata Shade, caves All Low Sponge Crumb of Bread Halichondria Shade, caves All Low Sponge panicea Ophlitaspongia Red Sponge Shade, caves All Low pennata Washed Tan Sponge Geodia mesotriaena Low up

Calcareous Class Pharetronida Sponges Vase Sponge Leucilla nuttingi Shade, caves All Subtidal Phylum Cnidarians Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Hydroids Class Hydrozoa Ostrich Plume Aglaophenia sp. Caves FP Low Washed Sertularia Sertularia sp. Caves FP Low up

12 Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes By-The-Wind Open Velella velella Pelagic MG, QC Sailor ocean

Jellyfish Class Scyphozoa Open Moon Aurelia aurita Pelagic All ocean Lion's Mane Open Cyanea capillata Pelagic All Jelly ocean Unid. ? Algae QC Low Scyphozoan Bell Jelly ? Pelagic QC Low

Anemones Class Proliferating Surfgrass, Low, prolifera MG, QC Anemone rocks mid Aggregating Anthopleura Rocks All Mid Anemone elegantissima Giant Green Anthopleura Rocks, Mid, All, QC Anemone xanthogrammica crevices low Red and Green Under rocks, Urticina felina QC, FP Low Anemone caves Sea Raspberry Alcyonium sp. Caves FP Low Scarlet Under rocks, Tealia coriacea QC, FP Low Anemone caves Burrowing Anthopleura In deep pools MG Low Anemone artemisia

13 Phylum Gnathostomulida Worms Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Species first described at Gnathostomula Surfgrass Gnathostomula MG Low Yaquina karlingi Head 1971 (Riedl, 1971) Phylum Platyhelminthes Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes MG, QC, Brown Notoplana sp. Under rocks Low FP Phylum Nemerteans Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Ribbon Worms Orange Ribbon Tubulanus beds MG, FP Low Worm polymorphus Grey Ribbon Amphiporus Mussel beds All Mid Worm formidabilis Brown Ribbon Paranemertes Mussel beds All Mid Worm peregrina Photo- Two-spotted Amphiporus graphed MG Low Ribbon Worm bimaculatus 29 March 2003

14 Phylum Annelida Segmented Worms Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Class Polychaeta Worms Calcareous Tube On rocks All Mid Worm Small Tube On rocks, sp. ? Low Worms shells Feather Duster Schizobronchia Caves FP Low Worm insignis Parchment tubes Eudistylia sp. Rocks QC Low Hairy Gilled Rocks, sand, Mid, Thelepus crispus QC Worm gravel low Basket-top Tube Mid to Pista elongata Rocks MG Worm Subtidal Mid, Scaleworm Harmothoe imbricata Mussel beds MG low Commensal Limpets, vittata All Low Scaleworm Mussel beds, Mussel Worm vexillosa All Mid rocks Sand, under Mid, Sand Worm Neanthes brandti QC rocks low Lugworm Abarenicola sp. In sand QC, MG Low Phylum Worms Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes QC, MG, Peanut Worm Golfingia procera Crevices Low FP Crevices, Sea Pear pyroides MG, FP Low holes

15 Phylum Ectoprocta Bryozoans Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Flustrellidra Eelgrass, Hairy bryozoan MG Subtidal corniculata algae Coral bryozoan Heteropora magna? Rock FP Low Dendrobeania Leafy bryozoan Rock FP Low lichenoides? White Algae, Membranipora Encrusting eelgrass, All Low membranacea Bryozoan surfgrass Brown Encrusting ? Rock All Low Bryozoan Phylum Molluscs Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Bivalves Class California Mytilus californianus Rock All Mid Mussel Bay Mussel Mytilus trossulus Rock QC Mid Rock Hinnites giganteus Rock MG Subtidal Cockle Clinocardium nuttali Sand MG, QC Low Washed Sea Bottle Clam Mytilimeria nuttali MG Subtidal up Northwest Ugly Entodesma saxicola Rocks MG Low Clam Mid, Piddock Penitiella penita Rocks All low QC, Razor Clam Siliqua patula Sand Low Butter Clam Saxidomus giganteus Sand, rocks MG Low Littleneck Clam Protothaca staminea Rocks MG, QC Low Japanese Tapes philippinarum Rocks MG Low Littleneck Clam Sand Clam Macoma sp. Sand QC Low

16 Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Class Chitons Polyplacophora All but Mossy Chiton Mopalia muscosa Rocks Mid QC All but Hairy Chiton Mopalia lignosa Rocks Mid QC All but Lined Chiton Tonicella lineata Rocks Low QC Cryptochiton stelleri Rocks MG Low Black Leather All but tunicata Rocks Mid Chiton QC “Tall” Chiton Ischnochiton sp. ? Rocks FP Low

Octopus, Squid Class Cephalopoda Deep water, Uncom­ Giant Pacific Enteroctopus dofIeini tidepools, mon in subtidal tidepools

Snails, Slugs Class Subclass Prosobranchia Abalones, Order Keyhole Archaeogastropoda Limpets Crevices, Keyhole aspera All Low caves

Order Limpets Patellogastropoda White Cap Acmaea Rocks MG Low Limpet Shield Limpet Lottia pelta Rocks All Mid Plate Limpet scutum Rocks All Mid Finger Limpet Lottia digitalis Rocks All High Masked Limpet Notoacmaea persona Rocks All Mid “Small finger- Mid, Lottia strigatella Rocks All limpet like” high

17 Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Order Snails Leafy Ceratostoma Rocks All Low Hornmouth foliatum Mid, Purple Whelk Nucella lamellosa Rocks All low Ribbed Whelk Nucella emarginata Rocks All Mid Channeled Mussel beds, All Mid Whelk rocks Mid, Dire Whelk Searlesia dira Rocks MG low Wrinkled Dove Amphissa Mussel beds, All Low Snail columbiana rocks Purple Olive Olivella biplicata Sand Beaches Low Snail Bases of Wentletrap Opalia chacei MG Mid anemones On snails, Slipper Shell Crepidula sp. MG Low limpets Black Turban funebralis Rocks All Mid Snail Blue Top Snail ligatum Rocks All Low Checkered Littorina scutulata Rocks All High Periwinkle Chink Snail Lacuna marmorata Algae All Low

Subclass Order Nudibranchs Nudibranchia Monterey Sea Archidoris Rocks All Low Lemon montereyensis Sea Lemon Anisodoris nobllis Rocks All Low Sea Clown catalinae Rocks All Low Frosted Sand QC, MG Low Opalescent Hermissenda Sand, rocks, All Low Nudibranch crassicornis algae

18 Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Sea Mouse Aeolidea papillosa Rocks MG Low Diaulula Ringed Doris Rocks All Low sandiegensis Red Sponge Rostanga pulchra Red sponge MG Low Nudibranch Yellow Edged Cadlina Rocks QC, MG Low Cadlina luteomarginata -eating Onchidoris Rocks QC Low Nudibranch bilamellata Phylum Arthropoda Joint-footed Animals Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Subphylum Crustacea Barnacles Subclass Cirripedia Gray Barnacle Chthamalus dalli Rocks All Spray Acorn Barnacle glandula Rocks All High Thatched Semibalanus Mid, Rocks All Barnacle cariosus low Giant Barnacle Balanus nubilus Rocks FP Subtidal Gooseneck Pollicipes polymerus Rocks All Mid Barnacle “Subtidal” Balanus crenatus Rocks All Subtidal Barnacle

Class : Amphipods, Orders , Isopods ? Small pools All Spray Kelp Flea ? Beach All Spray Green amphipod ? Algae All Mid Black amphipod ? Algae All Mid Rockweed High, Idotea wosnesenskii Algae, rocks All Isopod mid Eelgrass, Green Isopod Idotea montereyensis All Low algae Eelgrass, Isopod Idotea urotoma All Low algae Rocks Louse Ligia pallasii Rocks All Spray Gribble sp. MG Low

19 Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Multicolored Exosphaeroma Mussel beds MG Mid Pill Bug amplicauda Gnorimosphaeroma Pill Bug In crevices QC Mid oregonense Parasitic Isopod ? QC Subtidal

Mysids Order Unid. Mysid ? All pools QC Low

Shrimp, Order Infraorder Caridea Broken Back Heptacarpus All pools, All Low Shrimp pugettensis algae Opossum Lissocrangon Sand QC Low Shrimp stylirostris

Hermit Crabs, Infraorder King Crabs Neotrypaea Ghost Shrimp Sand, mud QC Low californiensis Mole analoga Sand QC Low Hairy Hermit Rocks, algae All Mid Crab hirsutiusculus Grainyhand Pagurus Rocks, algae All Mid granosimanus Blue-Clawed Rocks, algae MG Low Hermit Crab Flat Porcelain Petrolisthes cinctipes Mussel beds All Mid Crab Flattop Porcelain Petrolisthes Mussel beds All Mid Crab eriomerus Thick Clawed Pachycheles rudis Mussel beds FP Mid Porcelain Crab Yellow-Bellied Oedignathus intermis Crevices FP Low Crab

20 Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Infraorder “True” Crabs Brachyura Blue Clawed Lophopanopeus Crevices MG Low Crab bellus Sharp Nosed Scyra acutifrons Algae QC Low Crab Graceful Kelp Pugettia gracilis Algae All Low Crab Northern Kelp Pugettia producta Algae All Low Crab Purple Shore Mid, Hemigrapsus nudus Under rocks All Crab high Yellow Shore Hemigrapsus Mid, Under rocks QC Crab oregonensis high Lined Shore Pachygrapsus Under rocks All High Crab crassipes Mid. Cancer magister Sand All Low Subtidal Rock Cancer branneri Kelp QC Subtidal Crab Pacific Rock Cancer antennarius Rock All Low Crab Mid, Hairy Rock Crab Cancer oregonensis Rock All low Red Rock Crab Cancer productus Rock All Low

Insects and Subphylum Their Allies Hexapoda Order Collembola Tidepool Seashore maritima surface film, MG under rocks

Insects Class Insecta Order Diptera Crane Limonia marmorata Algae, rocks All Spray Kelp Fly Coelopa vanduzeei Dead algae All Spray

21 Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Class Arachnida: Mites Subclass Acarina Red Mite Neomolgus littoralis Rocks All Spray Phylum Echinodermata Spiny-skinned Animals Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Sea Urchins Class Echinoidea Purple Sea Strongylocentrotus Mid, Rocks All Urchin purpuratus low Strongylocentrotus Low, Red Rocks MG franciscanus subtidal Green Sea Strongylocentrotus Low, Under rocks FP Urchin droebachiensis subtidal

Class Sea Cucumbers Holothuroidea White Sea Eupentacta Low, Mussel beds All Cucumber quinquesemita mid Red Sea Crevices MG, FP Low Cucumber California Sea Parastichopus Low, Pools MG Cucumber californicus subtidal

Stars Class Stelleroidea Subclass Brittle Stars Ophiuroidea Daisy Brittle Ophiopholus aculata Sand, kelp All Low Star Amphipholis Sand, kelp All Low squamata

22 Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Sea Stars Subclass Asteroidea Order Forcipulatida Six-Armed Star Rock All Mid Pink Sea Star Pisaster brevispinus Sand QC Low Common Sea Rocks All Mid Star Pycnopodia Sunflower Star Sand, rocks All Low helianthoides Mottled Sea Star Evasterias troschelli Rocks FP Mid Order Spinulosida Sun Star stimpsoni Sand, rocks MG Subtidal Rocks, All but Blood Star Henricia sp. A Low sponge QC Lambert Blood Star Henricia sp. B Rocks MG Low 200 0, plate C-25 Phylum Chordata (Humans are chordates) Common Name Scientific Name Environment Locations Zone Notes Subphyllum Tunicata Stalked Sea Styela montereyensis Rocks All Low Squirt Sea Pork Aplidium sp. Rocks All Low “Clam Sea Archidistoma Sea bottle MG Subtidal Squirt” psammion clam “Small red sea Crevices, ? FP Low squirts” caves

References

Kozloff, Eugene. 1996. Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Lambert, Philip. 2000. Sea Stars of British Columbia, Southeast , and . Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.

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