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Ground-Water Quality in the Santa Ana Watershed, California: Overview and Data Summary

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Ground-Water Quality in the Santa Ana Watershed, California: Overview and Data Summary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Ground-Water Quality in the Santa Ana Watershed, California: Overview and Data Summary Water Resources Investigations Report 02-4243 NATIONAL WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM 1. 3. 2. 4. 9. 6. 7. 5. 8. Cover Photos: 1. San Jacinto Mountains, Sarah Kraja 2. Inland Basin (Santa Ana) Urbanization, Phil Contreras 3. Coastal Basin turbine well, Scott Hamlin 4. Inland Basin (Santa Ana) Urbanization, Phil Contreras 5. Turbine well, Scott Hamlin 6. Flow through chamber - mobile water quality lab, Scott Hamlin 7. Coastal Basin Drilling, Scott Hamlin 8. Sampling manifold - mobile water quality lab, Scott Hamlin 9. Turbine well, Scott Hamlin Ground-Water Quality in the Santa Ana Watershed, California: Overview and Data Summary By Scott N. Hamlin, Kenneth Belitz, Sarah Kraja, and Barbara Dawson U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4243 NATIONAL WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM 5033-13 Sacramento, California 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Placer Hall—Suite 2012 Building 810 Sacramento, CA 95819-6129 Box 25286, Federal Center http://ca.water.usgs.gov/ Denver, CO 80225-0286 FOREWORD Each assessment is guided by a nationally consistent study design and methods of sampling and The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is analysis. The assessments thereby build local committed to serve the Nation with accurate and timely knowledge about water-quality issues and trends in a scientific information that helps enhance and protect particular stream or aquifer while providing an the overall quality of life, and facilitates effective understanding of how and why water quality varies management of water, biological, energy, and mineral regionally and nationally. The consistent, multi-scale resources. (http://www.usgs.gov/). Information on the approach helps to determine if certain types of water- quality of the Nation’s water resources is of critical quality issues are isolated or pervasive, and allows interest to the USGS because it is so integrally linked to direct comparisons of how human activities and natural the long-term availability of water that is clean and safe processes affect water quality and ecological health in for drinking and recreation and that is suitable for the Nation’s diverse geographic and environmental industry, irrigation, and habitat for fish and wildlife. settings. Comprehensive assessments on pesticides, Escalating population growth and increasing demands nutrients, volatile organic compounds, trace metals, for the multiple water uses make water availability, and aquatic ecology are developed at the national scale now measured in terms of quantity and quality, even through comparative analysis of the Study-Unit more critical to the long-term sustainability of our findings. (http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/natsyn.html). communities and ecosystems. The USGS places high value on the The USGS implemented the National Water- communication and dissemination of credible, timely, Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to support and relevant science so that the most recent and national, regional, and local information needs and available knowledge about water resources can be decisions related to water-quality management and applied in management and policy decisions. We hope policy. (http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa). Shaped by and this NAWQA publication will provide you the needed coordinated with ongoing efforts of other Federal, insights and information to meet your needs, and State, and local agencies, the NAWQA Program is thereby foster increased awareness and involvement in designed to answer: What is the condition of our the protection and restoration of our Nation’s waters. Nation’s streams and ground water? How are the The NAWQA Program recognizes that a national conditions changing over time? How do natural assessment by a single program cannot address all features and human activities affect the quality of water-resource issues of interest. External coordination streams and ground water, and where are those effects at all levels is critical for a fully integrated most pronounced? By combining information on water understanding of watersheds and for cost-effective chemistry, physical characteristics, stream habitat, and management, regulation, and conservation of our aquatic life, the NAWQA Program aims to provide Nation’s water resources. The Program, therefore, science-based insights for current and emerging water depends extensively on the advice, cooperation, and issues and priorities. NAWQA results can contribute to information from other Federal, State, interstate, informed decisions that result in practical and effective Tribal, and local agencies, non-government water-resource management and strategies that protect organizations, industry, academia, and other and restore water quality. stakeholder groups. The assistance and suggestions of Since 1991, the NAWQA Program has all are greatly appreciated. implemented interdisciplinary assessments in more than 50 of the Nation’s most important river basins and aquifers, referred to as Study Units. (http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/nawqamap.html). Collectively, these Study Units account for more than 60 percent of the overall water use and population served by public water supply, and are representative of the Nation’s major hydrologic landscapes, priority ecological resources, and agricultural, urban, and natural sources of contamination. Robert M. Hirsch Assocaite Director for Water CONTENTS Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................................... 10 Study Design ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Subunit Surveys .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Flow-Path Studies ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Urban Land-Use Studies ............................................................................................................................. 13 California Aquifer Susceptibility Studies ................................................................................................... 13 Study Methods...................................................................................................................................................... 13 Description of Sampled Wells .................................................................................................................... 13 Sample Collection and Analysis ................................................................................................................. 15 Quality Control............................................................................................................................................ 16 Ground-Water Quality.......................................................................................................................................... 20 Major Ions ................................................................................................................................................... 21 Nutrients and Dissolved Organic Carbon ................................................................................................... 28 Trace Elements and Isotopes....................................................................................................................... 32 Pesticides..................................................................................................................................................... 38 Volatile Organic Compounds...................................................................................................................... 43 Summary .............................................................................................................................................................. 47 Selected References.............................................................................................................................................. 51 Appendixes........................................................................................................................................................... 55 Contents v FIGURES Figure 1. Map showing location of the Santa Ana study unit, subunit
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