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A Study Guide by Bradley Wood © ATOM 2011 © ATOM A STUDY GUIDE BY BRADLEY WOOD http://www.metromagazine.com.au ISBN: 978-1-74295-095-2 http://www.theeducationshop.com.au All the Way. A Screen Australia National Documentary Program produced by November Films in association with the Austra- lian Broadcasting Corporation and !nanced in association with Screen NSW. How Australia discovered that its biggest battle in the Vietnam War was dealing with its best All images by Toby Ralph friend, the USA. unless otherwise stated. SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2011 2 Curriculum Applicability The documentary All the Way is relevant to the following 5. Civics and Citizenship education – the documentary secondary courses of study: explores issues of political activism and the rights and responsibilities of citizens regarding national 1. The Australian Curriculum: History, conscription. Year 10 History – The Globalising World, Migration Experiences (1945 – present) Suggested learning activities in this study guide help students develop the historical skills recommended in the The impact of at least ONE world event or develop- Australian Curriculum: History. ment and its significance for Australia, such as the Vietnam War and Indochinese refugees. Understanding chronology, terms and concepts 2. Stage 5 NSW syllabus Topic 5: Asking historical questions and research Australia in the Vietnam War Era Analysing and using sources 3. Stage 6 NSW Modern History syllabus topics: Understanding perspectives and developing Part II: National Studies – interpretations Option A: Australia 1945–1983 Explanation and communication of historical knowledge Part III: Personalities in the Twentieth Century – and understanding Option 6: Ho Chi Minh 1890–1969 The content of the documentary and the suggested learn- Part IV: International Studies in Peace and Conflict – ing activities also address in the Australian Curriculum: Option C: Conflict in Indochina 1954–1979 General capabilities – Creative thinking and intercultural 4. Politics and International Studies – a useful resource for understanding senior students because of the controversial questions it raises about the politics of Australia’s participation in Cross-curriculum priorities – Asia and Australia’s the Vietnam War and other conflicts in Indochina. engagement with Asia SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2011 3 Synopsis/Overview The documentary All The Way (No- The Vietnam War was the longest war successful independence movements. vember Films, 2011) is based on Paul Australia had ever fought, spanning This left Australia, with its British herit- Ham’s award-winning publication our first official commitment of training age, feeling isolated, abandoned and Vietnam: The Australian War. It exam- troops in 1962 to the withdrawal of our vulnerable. ines Australia’s political motivation in last battalion in late 1971. But it was committing advisers and then troops also a war Australia entered with a The development of the Cold War to a distant conflict, and the entangle- number of self-interested motives, not exaggerated Australia’s alarm, and ments that kept us there. In particular just the intention of saving the people Australia’s participation in the Korean it concentrates on what Ham calls of South Vietnam from invasion. The War and the Malayan Insurgency ’The unravelling of the US-Australian film argues that politically Australia confirmed the rise of communism as alliance at tactical, strategic, diplomat- embraced the war as a means of our principal concern for defence. The ic, political and economic levels during ensuring an American involvement and SEATO Treaty and the ANZUS pact [the Vietnam War]’. In a single hour- interest in our region. During the post- were considered by Australia to be long episode, narrated by Paul Ham, World War Two period former Euro- demonstrations of America’s willing- this little-known aspect of the war is pean colonial powers in the area either ness to accept great responsibilities persuasively told and well examined. withdrew or were expelled by various in the region. However, as this docu- mentary points out, America would interpret its commitments under the treaties as it saw convenient. The Vietnam War was an outgrowth of the Indochina war. The changing level of American support and involve- ment in the region was a reflection of America’s increasing concern with the success of communism. America started with financial assistance to the French in their fight against Vietnam- ese nationalist forces. They escalated their involvement to providing arms, military advice and money to South Vietnam after the French defeat, and finally direct military intervention. The Australian government, which desired the reassurance of future American military help in the uncer- tain Cold War future, sought to indebt America to Australia. What better way to achieve this than for Australia to provide support for America’s military intervention in Vietnam? Initially this assistance consisted of the provision of a team of Australian military advis- ers – known as the AATTV (Australian Army Training Team Vietnam). Then on 29 April 1965, and despite contrary advice from the Department of De- fence, Prime Minister Robert Menzies announced the intensification of Aus- L–R: Ted Serong (Australian War tralia’s support. Australia would now Memorial P01508.001); (Barry commit actual combat troops to the Peterson, private collection) Vietnam conflict. However, as former SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2011 4 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser says course of Australia’s involvement in wouldn’t listen to the French, the Aus- in the documentary, ’You don’t win the war; he was the first Australian in tralians. The American army knew how brownie points with a superpower’. and the last Australian out of Vietnam. to fight a war and it was determined, Abrasive and opinionated, Serong under General Westmoreland, to fight The documentary weighs up the became integral to CIA operations in the war it knew how to fight.’ military drawbacks to Australia of Vietnam, met and advised American engaging in our longest conflict beside presidents on the course of the war Despite reservations, successive an impatient giant willing to take large and ‘… was aware of [Australia’s entry Australian prime ministers maintained casualties, expend enormous firepow- into the war] before anybody in Can- Australia’s commitment, even as com- er and ignore more gradual tactics. In- berra was aware of it …’ munication channels between Austral- terviews with several Vietnam veterans ia and America became increasingly bring this point home and emphasise Archival footage is used to good clogged. The war had a momentum of the operational independence that effect throughout the documentary its own from which politicians found the Australians demanded, eventually as well as extensive location footage it difficult to extricate Australia even being assigned their own province that includes the sites of some of the though they became increasingly dis- (Phuoc Tuy) to pacify. The Australians major battles fought by Australians. pleased that Australia gained nothing would subdue Vietcong influence in People interviewed include veteran from America in terms of better trade Phuoc Tuy in a gradual campaign of American reporter Stanley Karnow and relations. stealthy patrolling, that the Americans US strategist Dr John Nagl, as well as disapprovingly called ‘inactive’, and Australian politicians and soldiers. Public and political unease gradually thwarted North Vietnamese conven- grew, the war dragged on and America tional forces in an engagement at The picture that builds is one of continued to be negligent in its Long Tan. Australia falling into step with Amer- treatment of Australian sensibilities. ica then finding it hard to break the Australian prime ministers were The Australians fought differently to rhythm, even as doubts, unease and publicly embarrassed when America the Americans, using effective jungle tensions grow and diplomatic niceties failed to advise them of critical events warfare techniques developed with the between the two allies become less such as President Johnson’s decision British while fighting communist guer- well observed. Politically the Ameri- not to run for office again. The final rillas in Malaya. Whereas the Ameri- cans were keen to have Australia on straw came in 1971 when President cans relied more on aerial and artillery board in order to give credence to the Nixon moved towards conciliation with superiority to suppress opposition in war as a multi-national action. How- Chinese authorities without informing an area, the Australians would patrol ever, neither politically, economically the Australian government. By the intensely outside their base areas tak- nor militarily was Australia allowed to time Gough Whitlam was elected ing the fight directly to the Vietcong. be a full partner. As Nagl states, ‘There Prime Minister in 1972 the Australian really were a lot of opportunities along withdrawal was already nearly One remarkable Australian, Colonel the way for the United States to learn complete. Francis ‘Ted’ Serong, is shown to from the experience of our Allies. But have had exceptional influence on the we wouldn’t listen to the Brits, we SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2011 5 Before watching the !lm 1. Develop your own glossary of to see but were absent from counterinsurgency methods they terms about the Vietnam War. the list? had developed in Malaya. Consider Complete the following definitions; and include the Australian experi- the first one has already been done 4. What was the 17th parallel and ence of American-type war in the for you. why was Vietnam divided along it? Iron Triangle in your answer. a. Viet Cong – The irregular 5. Examine the timeline and find out: 4. On 7 April 1954, American communist force fighting President Eisenhower said ‘You against the South Vietnamese. a. For how many years did have a row of dominoes set up, Cong is short for Cong-san Australia commit troops to you knock over the first one, and which means communist. Vietnam? what will happen to the last one b. Indochina is the certainty that it will go over c. Cold War b. How many different Australian very quickly.’ d.
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