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The Ecclesiastical Significance of the St ECCLESIASTICAE TH L SIGNIFICANCE TH F EO NINIAN'T S S ISLE TREASURE VERE bTH y Y REV. MONSIGNOR DAVID McROBERTS, S.T.L., F.S.A.SCOT. THE discovery t Ninian'S e n 1958i ,th f so , Isle Treasur raises ha e d many questions which will doubto n , discussee b , vera r ydfo long time befor definitivy ean e answers e foundar n particularI . fundamentae th , l questio e precisth f no e nature th f o e hoard has been discussed right from the start. Is the treasure a collection of ecclesias- tical silver, perhap churce th s h plat somf eo e pre-Norse Celtic monasteryt i s i , Or ? the treasure of some secular household? Or again, is it a mixed lot of silver, partly ecclesiastical, partly secular, perhaps loot burie somy db e raider? fargenerao e S 1,th l verdict seem havo st e bee rejeco nt e exclusivelth t y ecclesiastical charactee th f o r treasure, both becaus itemf eo s included amon e silvegth r pommee (sucth s hd a an l the three cones, which are regarded as attachments of a sword, and the penannular brooches, which are regarded as quite definitely secular ornaments) and because of items whic e lackinhar g (suc s chalicha d patene hoaran eth s ecclesiasticaf i di ) l plate.2 circumstancee Th whicn si hoare founds hth dwa , withi arepre-Norse a nf th a o e church and concealed under a cross-marked stone, seem to indicate a priori that we are dealing with an ecclesiastical treasure. The approximate date of the hoard, about the year 800, would fit in with the assumption that the hoard is ecclesiastical plate, concealed during the Viking raids, which were being carried out, about that time, agains islane th t d monasterie Celtie th f sco church purposy M . thin ei s articlo t s ei suggest tha carefua t l investigatio possible th f no severae th use f o s l categorief o s items founhoare th n di (bowls, brooches, cones, etc. establisho )t woulr fa e o dg th case for accepting the ecclesiastical character of the entire hoard. Taking each group of items separatel shon ca we thayon t ther possibla s ei e interpretation which makes each group fit quite easily into an ecclesiastical context for the whole hoard. THE Six DRINKING BOWLS The most prominent part of the hoard is undoubtedly the collection of eight silver f thesdiscussee bowlso b similae x n ear Si groupa ca . forn s i d ra e man th : other two must be treated separately, because they are distinct in shape and pre- sumabl hemisphericaf o s i usen yi e on : l shape othee hangina th , s i r g bowl. silvex si e r bowlTh s whic similae har shapn ri e differ slightly fro anothee mon n i r sizdecorationd ean . The eace yar h abou inchex si t diametern si , wit hbasa e formed by the indentation of the bottom of the bowl, and they are all decorated with patterns of punched dots. Quite clearly these are six drinking bowls: but, are they ecclesias- tica r secularo l ? Theoreticall coursef o , is t y,i possible that some secular household 1 This article is an abstract of a paper read before a meeting of the Society on I ith December 1961. For a full descriptio t Ninian'S e th f nso Isle Treasure Antiquity,e ,se xxxm, 1959 . 241-68pp , als d magnificene oan ,th t photographs of the various objects in Aberdeen University Studies, No. 141, St Ninian's Isle Treasure. discussioe Se 2 Antiquity,n i loc. cit. 302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, ig6o-6l sent these bowls to be buried in the church in the face of a threatened attack by the sea-raiders. In such an assumption, however, one would look for other unmistakably secular gear in the hoard, such as silver mountings for drinking horns, like the Burghea r Trewhiddldo e examples r harneso , s mounting r coinso s t these bu , ar e quite absent from the hoard and, when we remember that a cross forms part of the decoratio e bowl f som th no alsd f an seo that these bowl e onlgroue ar s yon f po object collectioa n si n where everythin shale w gs l elsa see , eis , capabl ecclesiasn a f eo - tical interpretation, the t becomeni s clear tha seculae th t r interpretatio thesf no x esi FIG. I. Graffit waln o Materf o l Matuta temple, Rome, showing typef so chalice, after Cabrol-Leclercq n (ii), fig. 1894 (copyright Letouzey & An6) drinking vessels raises more problems than it solves. On the other hand, the diffi- culties are all largely solved if we accept that these bowls were buried here because they were part of the equipment of the monastic community of St Ninian's Isle. But if the bowls are ecclesiastical, what was their precise use? It is very unlikely that they were drinking bowls fro e monastimth c refectory: the e obviouslyar y much more important than that. Mad silvef eo skilfulld ran y decorated; their design including, in some instances, the cross; and buried here with other silverware that has a litur- gical connection t seem;i s difficul escapo t t conclusioe eth n that thes silvex esi r bowls were six chalices used by the clerics of the St Ninian's Isle monastery for the euchar- NINIAN'T S E 3 TH 30 S ISLE TREASURE istic liturgy. It is true that these bowls do not have the normal shape that chalices assumed during the Middle Ages but that is not an insuperable difficulty since it is known earl e thatth yn i , centuries typeo tw chalice,f so s wer usen ecalixi e th , shape, with cup, ste basd man e (which becam universae eth l typ medievan ei l Europed an ) thepoculum shape desige th , whicf no base s ordinare hthawa n th d o f o t y drinkinp gcu onld sixthe typeha o seee yth b d chalictw f bow n -ni so o based an t e an e l Th e.ar century eucharistic graffito (fig. i) discovered by Father Hartmann Grisar, in 1894, on the wall of the Mater matuta temple in Rome.1 Thepoculum type of chalice became obsolete in the early Middle Ages, but it did exist and these six silver bowls from St Ninian's Isle, decorated with crosse buried san d among other liturgical equipment, are almost certainly eighth-century examples of this type of chalice. The fact that no patens were discovered with these six bowls in no way invalidates the conclusion that they are chalices because, up to about the ninth century, patens were not in general use with ordinary chalices. The small number of elaborate patens that have survived from the Dark Ages (or which are mentioned in documents) are all of them patenae ministeriales or patens used in conjunction with the large and elaborate ministerial chalices, which were used at Easter and other great festivals to com- municate a large number of the faithful. E HEMISPHERICATH L BOWL e nexTh t consideree bowb o t l alss d i t differsilve f i o o t bu rs fro othere mth y sb being completely hemispherical and by having no base. Since it has no base, it cannot have been used as a chalice and, having no escutcheons for cords or chains, t cannoi regardee b t hangina s da g bowl. o pointTw s emergy consideratioan n i e f thino s hemispherical bowl. Firstly, neithes sincha t ei r bas r arrangementeno hangingr sfo t musi , t have been placen di some kin stanf do hand e attendann helr th da o f n dsi o t whesecone th use n i n I d. place, its design of intersecting circles deliberately emphasises an equal-armed cross patee in the bottom of the bowl, which clearly indicates that the bowl had some liturgical or ecclesiastical use. A bowl, similar in shape to the hemispherical bowl from St Ninian's Isle, was found in a Viking grave at Nordre Kaupang in Norway, in 1951, and is described Aslay b k Liesto Actan i l Archaeological fac e spitn I th t f thaeo t Liestol speake th f so Nordre Kaupang bow hangina s a l g bowl simpls i t i , yhemisphericaa l bowl wito hn traces of any escutcheons. The remarkable feature of the Nordre Kaupang bowl is runie th c inscription which some owne scratches rha sides it n :d o ' I MUNTLAUKU - 'I ' n. [the. ] hand-basi ' . Thi . n. s inscriptio presumabls ni y incomplett i t ebu doe thisf o indicat se typus bowlf e esimilao e eth Th . t Ninian'S r s Isle bowl would then be a hand-basin but would be intended for use in the liturgy and it would be used in conjunction with a ewer (perhaps of earthenware): the basin and the ewer would be held by some assistant, perhaps a deacon, when they were used for the washin handliturgye e th th e miracle-storf n go si Th . t ColumbaS f yo , actins ga Illustrate1 described dan Civiltaa L n di Cattolica, 16 ser. ix (1897) . 721-31pp , . 2 Acta Archaeologica, xxiv (1953) . 163-70pp , . 304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, Ig6o-6l deacon to St Finnbarr in the celebration of the Holy Eucharist, bringing a jug (urceus] f wateo r fro e sprinm th d settin gan t gbesidi e altath e r (wit s contenthit s changed into wine), probably ewee refer th waterf o ro t s , which woul usee db n di conjunction wit hbowa l suc this ha s hemispherical bowl fro t Ninian'mS s Isle.
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