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Agriculture in the Wetlands of Cambodia

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Agriculture in the Wetlands of Cambodia View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics Wetlands Management in Cambodia: Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Policy Perspectives Edited by Magnus Torell Albert M. Salamanca Blake D. Ratner CHAPTER | Topic i Wetlands Management in Cambodia: Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Policy Perspectives Edited by Magnus Torell Albert M. Salamanca Blake D. Ratner 2004 Published by the WorldFish Center PO Box 500 GPO, 10670 Penang, Malaysia Magnus Torell, Albert M. Salamanca and Blake D. Ratner (eds.) 2004. Wetlands Management in Cambodia: Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Policy Perspectives. WorldFish Center Technical Report 64, 55 p. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Wetlands Management in Cambodia: Socioeconomic, ecological, and Policy perspectives / edited by Magnus Torell, Albert M. Salamanca Blade D. Ratner Bibliography: p.40 ISBN 983-2346-26-6 1. Wetland management--Economic aspects--Cambodia. 2. Wetland ecology--Cambodia. I. Torell, Magnus. II. Salamanca, Albert M. III. Ratner, Blake D. 577.6809596 English Editor: N. Puttaraksar Cover photos by: D. Lever, A. Ribier, E. Baran and WorldFish Center photo collection Cover design: Garrick Tan Design and layout: Garrick Tan ISBN 983-2346-26-6 WorldFish Center Contribution No. 1716 Printed by Jutaprint, Penang, Malaysia WorldFish Center is one of the 15 international research centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) that has initiated the public awareness cam paign, Future Harvest. ii WorldFish Center | Wetlands Management in Cambodia: Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Policy Perspectives Contents List of figures and tables vi Acknowledgement vii Foreword viii Meryl J. Williams Introduction ix Magnus Torell, Albert M. Salamanca and Blake D. Ratner Fisheries and Aquaculture in Cambodia’s Wetland Environment ............................................... 1 Kim Sour and Hav Viseth Introduction 1 Geographic setting 1 Current status of fi sheries 1 Role of fi sheries in the national economy and food security 2 Inland capture fi sheries 3 Large-scale fi sheries 3 Medium-scale fi sheries 4 Small-scale fi sheries or family and ricefi eld fi sheries 4 Marine capture fi sheries 5 Regulation, control and management of capture fi shing activities 6 Aquaculture 9 Inland aquaculture 9 Coastal aquaculture 10 Regulation, control and management of aquaculture activities 11 The need for environmental impact assessment 12 Conclusion 13 Biodiversity of Cambodia’s Wetlands .......................................................................................................... 14 Mao Kosal Introduction 14 Freshwater wetlands 14 Threats to freshwater wetlands 15 Loss of ecosystem integrity 15 Reduction of species abundance and diversity 15 Coastal wetlands 15 Biodiversity 15 Threats to biodiversity 16 Conservation approach 16 Recommendations 16 Agriculture in the Wetlands of Cambodia ................................................................................................ 17 Hean Vanhan Introduction 17 Land use 17 Impact of agricultural activities 17 Deforestation 17 CHAPTERContents | Topic iii Coastal areas 17 Expansion of cultivated land 18 Soil erosion and sedimentation 18 Use of pesticides and fertilizers 19 Sustainable Use and Management of Cambodian Wetlands: Social and Institutional Challenges ............................................................. 22 Meas Sophal Introduction 22 Issues to address 22 Population pressure 22 Wetlands inventory and valuation 22 On-site management issues 22 Land ownership and resource rights 22 Strategic zoning 23 Community participation 23 Decentralization 24 Transboundary wetlands conservation and international cooperation 24 Priorities 24 Conclusion 24 Existing Institutional, Legal and Policy Frameworks for Wetlands Management in Cambodia ......................................................... 25 Mam Kosal Introduction 25 Institutional setting for wetlands management 25 Legal and policy frameworks 25 Lessons from the “Participatory Natural Resource Management in the Tonle Sap Region” Project ...................................................................................... 27 Patrick T. Evans and Vann Sophana Introduction 27 Current objectives 28 Results 28 Conclusions 29 The Need for Improved Valuation of Cambodia’s Wetland Fisheries .......................................... 30 Lieng Sopha, Nicolaas van Zalinge and Nao Thuok Introduction 30 Recent catch statistics 30 Food security 30 Employment 30 Economy 30 The Great Lake 31 Fish yield in the Tonle Sap Lake 31 Conclusion 31 Value of Floodplain Fisheries in Kompong Traolach District, Kompong Chhnang Province ............................................................... 32 Ms. Ouch Poeu and Pierre Dubeau Introduction 32 iv WorldFish Center | Wetlands Management in Cambodia: Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Policy Perspectives Study area 32 The selection process 32 The location 32 Village selection 32 Selection of monitors 33 Data collection 33 Summary of results 33 Aquatic biodiversity in Kompong Traolach wetlands 33 Fish 33 Aquatic animals 33 Fish productivity and yields 34 Catch disposal 36 Conclusion 36 Ecotourism in the Wetlands of Cambodia ................................................................................................. 37 Ouk Siphan The present tourism situation 37 Tourism assets 37 Ecotourism and wetlands in Cambodia 37 Ecotourism potential in Cambodia 38 Cambodia’s wetlands 38 Role of ecotourism in wetland protection and management 38 Conclusion and recommendations 39 References 40 Appendix 1 43 Acronyms 45 CHAPTERContents | Topic v List of fi gures and tables List of figures Figure 1. Cambodia’s fi sheries sector (DOF 2000) 2 Figure 2. Inland capture fi sheries production, 1980-99, according to DOF records 3 Figure 3. A freshwater estuary barrage and rectangular trap in Kandal Province 4 Figure 4. Cast net, a medium-scale fi shing gear 4 Figure 5. Cylindrical drum trap, a small-scale fi shing gear 5 Figure 6. Number of marine fi shing boats recorded (DOF 1996-2000) 6 Figure 7. Number of marine fi shers and fi sh processors (DOF 1996-2000) 7 Figure 8. Marine production by species in 1999 (DOF 2000) 7 Figure 9. Marine capture production, 1980-99 (DOF 2000) 8 Figure 10. Degrees attained by staff at the DOF (DOF 2000) 8 Figure 11. Fish culture production, 1984-99 (DOF 1984-2000) 10 Figure 12. Number of crocodiles cultured in Cambodia (DOF 2000) 11 Figure 13. Shrimp culture production, 1993-99 (DOF 2000) 11 Figure 14. Problems in the Boeung Thom system 23 Figure 15. Map of study sites, Kompong Traolach District, Kompong Chhnang Province 33 List of tables Table 1. Fisheries income in Riel between 1998 and 1999 (DOF 2000) 2 Table 2. Fish consumption pattern per capita by region 2 Table 3. Areas of fl oodplains and other water resources (Ahmed et al. 1996) 5 Table 4. Marine fi shing gears used by province in 1999 (DOF 2000) 6 Table 5. Fingerling production, 1984-99 (DOF 1984-2000) 10 Table 6. Deepwater rice area in Cambodia as a percentage of the total area planted, 1949-89 18 Table 7. Fertilizers imported from the former Soviet Union, 1985-92 19 Table 8. Pesticide imported from the former Soviet Union, 1985-92 20 Table 9. Range of annual inland fi sh production (tonnes), 1994-97 (Ahmed et al. 1998; Diep 30 et al. 1998) Table 10. Value of fi sh and other aquatic products in comparison to rice (Gregory et al. 1996) 31 Table 11. A sampling of fi sh species recorded in the study area 34 Table 12. Aquatic animals found in the study area 34 Table 13. Monthly fi sh catch of study participants, by village (kg) 35 Table 14. Daily effort, catch size and CPUE by habitat type 35 Table 15. Catch disposal by village (%) 35 Table 16. Number of hotels, rooms and beds in Cambodia, fi rst semester 2000 37 Table 17. Tourist arrivals to Cambodia, by continent, 1995 to 2000 37 Table 18. National parks and wildlife sanctuaries in Cambodia 38 Table 19. Protected landscapes and multiple use areas of Cambodia 38 vi WorldFish Center | Wetlands Management in Cambodia: Socioeconomic, Ecological, and Policy Perspectives Acknowledgement This volume is one output of an ongoing collaboration that involves a dedicated core working group and a large number of additional partners in Cambodia (a full list may be found in Appendix 1). Special thanks are due in particular to the Department of Fisheries, which has coordinated project activities in Cambodia, and especially to two members of its staff most directly responsible, Srun Lim Song and Kim Sour. In addition, Harvey Demaine, Siriluck Sirisup, and Eric Meusch of the Asian Institute of Technology’s Aqua Outreach Program were essential partners in supporting early project activities in Cambodia. The fi nancial support of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) is also gratefully acknowledged. AcknowledgementCHAPTER | Topic vii Foreword The WorldFish Center is committed to improving the lives of poor people who depend upon living aquatic resources for food and livelihood, a commitment reaffi rmed through our global Fish for All initiative. Making headway in pursuit of this goal requires a strategic focus on regions where the connection between poverty and aquatic resources management is most pronounced, and where opportunities exist to improve diets and raise incomes through better management. The importance of Cambodia’s freshwater fi sheries to the food security and the livelihoods of its rural population is globally exceptional.
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