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SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARD SEVEN TERM I Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 [PfrSTORY 1, THE NORTH INDIAN KINGDOMS - THE RAJPUTS The history of every country The populartheoriesare, is long and complex. Hence to understand history in a very easy i) They are the descendants of and convenient manner, the Lord Rama (Surya vamsa) or historians have divided it into Lord Krishna (Chandra vamsa) different periods such as the or the Herowho sprang from the Ancient Period, the Medieval sacrificial fire (Agni Kulatheory), Periodand the Modern Period. The period of history, that you ii) They belong to the ancient are about to learn is the Medieval Kshatriyafamilies, period of Indian History. This period lies between the 8th and the 18th iii) They areforeigners. centuryA.D. and isclassifiedas The Early period (8lh-12lh Medieval There were nearly 36 Rajput' century A.O.) and the Later clans. The majorclanswere Medieval period (1S*1*"! 81h century) The PratiharasofAvanti. In the forthcoming chapters you will be learning about the historical ThePalas of Bengal. events that took place during this The Chauhans of Delhi and Ajmer period in both North and South . The Tomars of Delhi This chapter deals with the Rajputs The Rathorsof Kanauj who belonged to the early medievalperiod. The Guhilasor Sisodiyas of Mewar The RajputPeriod The Chandellas of Bundelkhand (647A.D-1200A.D.) The Paramarasof Malwa The Ancient Indian history The Senasof Bengal to end the came an with The Solankis of Gujarat. rule of Harsha and Pulakesin II. _ j From the death of Harsha to the 12th Strugglefor Supremacy century, the destiny of India was mostly in the hands of various During the Rajput period there Rajputdynasties. were nearly 36 Rajput clans ruling over North India. Afew of themwere the Pratiharas, Palas, Chauhans, Scholars have different theories Tomars, Chandelas and Paramaras. about the origin of the Rajputs. There was no strong central

204 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 authority. The Rajputslacked unityand Declineofthe Pratiharas struggled with one another. They Rajyapala was the last Pratihara also neglected the frontiers of India king. During his period the vast and gave way for the Muslims to empire was reduced to Kanauj. The invade Indiaat a later period. Pratihara power began to decline after Mahmud of attacked The Pratiharas 8th-!1th Century A.D. the kingdom in 1018 A.D. After the The Pratiharaswere also known decline of the Prathiharas their as Gurjara Pratiharas as they feudatories Palas, Tomars, belongedto the Gurjara race. Chauhans, Rathors, Chandellas, They ruled over northern and Guhilas and Paramaras became western India from the 8th to the 11th independent rulers. centuryA.D. The Palas (8th -12th CenturyA.D.) Nagabhatta I (725-740.A.D.) There was complete anarchy in was the founder of the Pratihara Bengal between 750-760A.D. The dynasty with Kanauj as his capital. chieftains of Bengal selected He defeated the Arabs of Sind. He Gopala as the King of Bengal and also captured Kathiawar, Malwa, Bihar in order to put an end to Gujarat and several parts of the anarchy. Rajputana. Gopala (765-769.A.D.) soon Among his successors, restored order and founded the Pala Vatsaraja and Nagabhatta II played dynasty. Gopala extended his power a vital role in consolidating the over Magadha and the Pala dynasty empire. Mihirabhoja was the most ruled over northern and eastern powerful Pratihara king. During his India. period, the empire extended from Dharmapala (769-815 A.D.) the Kashmir to Narmada and from son of Gopala, succeeded him. He Kathiawar to Bihar. He was able to brought Kanauj, Bengal and Bihar stop the Muslim invasion under under his control and became the Junaid of Sind. Mahendrapala (885- master of Northern India after 908 A.D.) son of Mihirabhoja, was defeating the Pratiharas. He was a also a powerful ruler. He extended staunch Buddhist and founded his control over Magadha and north several monasteries and the famous Bengal. Vikramasila University. He also renovatedthe Nalanda University. / \ Pratiharas-A bulwark Dharmapala's son Devapala The Pratiharas stood as a (815-855 A.D.) who succeeded him bulwark of India's defence against kept the Pala territories intact. He the aggression of the Muslims from also captured Assam and Orissa. the days of Junaid of Sind His successors were weak. During the reign of (998- (725.A.D.) to that of Mahmud of 1038.A.D.) the Palas became Ghazni._ V / powerfulagain.

205 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 The Pala dynasty started Rathorsof Kanauj declining after the death of (1090-1194A.D.) Mahipala. The last Pala king was There was a lot of confusion Govinda Pala. By the middle of the after the decline of the Pratiharas. 12th century the Pala kingdom gave Ultimately, the Rathors established way to the risingpower ofthe Senas. themselves on the throne of Kanauj Tripartite Strugglefor Kanauj from 1090 to 1194 A.D. Jaichand was the last great ruler of this The Pratiharas of Central India, dynasty. Hewas killed inthe battleof the Palas of Bengal and the Chandwar in 1194A.D. by Rashtrakutas of Deccan wanted to MuhammadofGhori. establish their supremacy over Kanauj and the fertile Gangetic The Chandellas of Bundelkhand Valley. Their Tripartite struggle The Chandellas of Bundelkhand lasted nearly 200 years and established themselves in the 9th weakened all of them and enabled century. The Chandella Chief the Turks to overthrow them. Yasovarman had his capital at Mahoba. TheTomars of Delhi The Tomars were the feudatories of the Pratiharas. They roseto power andfounded the city of Delhi in 736 A.D. In 1043 A.D., Mahipala Tomar captured Thaneshwar, Hansiand Nagarkot. The Tomars became the feudatories of the Chauhans when Kanderiya Mahadeva Temple Delhi was captured by them in middle ofthe 12th century. Kalinjar was their important fort. The Chandellas built a number of The Chauhans of DelhiandAjmer beautiful temples at Khajuraho, the The Chauhans who were the most famous being the Kandariya feudatories of the Pratiharas Mahadeva Temple (1050 A.D.). declared their independence in the Qutb-ud-din Aibak defeated, 1101 century atAjmer. Inthe early part Paramal the last Chandella ruler in of the 12th century they captured 1203A.D. Ujjainfrom the Paramaras of Malwa The Guhllas or Slsodlyas of and Delhi from the Tomars. Thus Mewar they shifted their capital to Delhi. The Rajput ruler Bapa Rawat The most important ruler of this was the founder of the Guhila or the dynasty was PrithvtrajChauhan. Sisodiya dynasty with its capital at Chittor During the period of Rana Ratan Singh of Mewar, Ala-ud-din

206 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 khilji invaded his territory and Government defeated him in 1307 A.D. Rana The Rajput government was Ratan Singh's wife Queen Padmini feudal in character. Each kingdom performed Jauhar. The Sisodiya was divided into a large number of rulers- Rana Sangha and: Maharana Jagirs held by the Jagirdars. The Pratap gave a tough fight to the Jagidars collected revenue from the Mughal rulersof India. allocated villages and gave a share The Paramaras of Malwa of it to the king. They also offered militaryassistanceto their kings. The Paramaras were also the feudatories of Pratiharas. They Contributionofthe Rajputs asserted their independence in the The Rajputs have contributed 10th century and their capital was at remarkably to the development of Dhara. Raja Bhoja (1018-1069) was language, literature, art and the most famous ruler of this period. architecture of India. He constructed a beautiful lake Languageand Literature (More than 250 sq. miles) near Bhopal. He set up a college at Dhara for the During the Rajput period, study of Sanskrit Literature. The regional languages like Marathi, reign of the Paramaras came to an Gujarati and Bengali were well end with the invasion of Ala-ud-din developed. The Bhakti saints and Khilji. the folk singers played a major role in the development of regional Natureofthe Rajputs languages. The Rajputswere great warriors r and chivalrous by nature. They believed in protecting the women and the weak. The women preferred death to dishonour. They were educated and were highly honoured in society. They took part in public life and wars. Child marriage and polygamy were in practice. Women Lingaraja Temple performed Sati and Jauhar to protect themselves from the hands Some of the literaryworks of this of the enemies and to avoid period are Kalhana's Rajatarangini, dishonour. Jayadeva's Gita Govindam and Religion Somadeva's Kathasaritasagar. Chand Bardai, the court poet of The Rajputs staunch were Prithviraj Chauhan, wrote Prithviraj followers of Hinduism. They also Raso in which he refers to the Buddhism and Jainism. patronized military exploits of Prithviraj was their that the It during period Chauhan. Bhaskara Charya wrote BhaktiCult started. Siddhanta Shinomani, a book on

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North Indian Kingdoms

/•Naland Chandellas Paramarai BundelkhaiVd

ionark

Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal

Indian Ocean

208 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 astronomy. Rajasekhara was the Bhubaneshwar,the Sun Temple at court poet of Mahendrapala and Konark and the Dilwara Temple at Mahipala. MountAbu are the fine specimens of r temple architecture of the Rajputs.

Sun Temple - Konark best works were His known Dilwara Temple Karpuramanjari and Bala Ramayana. The Khajuraho temples attract Art andArchitecture tourists from India and abroad. The Mural paintings and Miniature Palaces at Jaipur and Udaipur and paintings became popular during the forts at Jaisalmar, Chittor, this period. Mandu, Jodhpur and Gwalior are fine examples of Rajput architecture. Endof the RajputPower During the Rajput period there was no strong military power in India to keep the warring princes in check and to co-ordinate their activities against foreign invasions.This Udaipur Palace political situation enabled the Turks The Khajuraho group of to establishtheir control over India. temples, the Lingaraja Temple at

Sati :Self-immolationofawidow on herhusband'sfuneral pyre. Jauhar:Amass suicide ofwomen inorder to escapedefilementatthe handsofforeign victors. The Rajput Literature - Gita Govindam: 'Song of the cowherd' Rajatarangini -'River of Kings', Kathasaritasagara-Oceanoftales'. Khajuraho temples: The Khajuraho temples were built by the Chandellas between the 10th and 12th centuriesA.D.They are regarded as divine poetry on stone.These temples were actually lost as they were overrun bya nearbyjungle tillthe early ig"1centuryandwere found .Thereare around 30 temples inthe area in and around Bundelkhand.The exterior and the interior of these temples haveveryfine sculptures

209 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 EXERCISE I)Choosethe correct answer. I.The Middle Period or the medieval period extended from the _ century. a) 8th -18th b) 1-8th c)18th-Present 2.The founder of the Pratiharadynasty was_ . a) Mahendrapala b) Mihirabhoja c) Nagabhatta I 3. Dharmapalafounded the famous Universityat_ . a)Nalanda b)Taxila c)Vikramasila 4. The most important ruler of the Chauhan dynasty was Chauhan a)Jayapala b)Mahipala c)Prithviraj 5.The capital of the Paramaraswas at_ . a) Delhi b)Malwa c)Dhara II)Fillinthe blanks. 1. The Pratiharaswere also knownas_ . 2. Gopala extended his power over_ .

3. The Nalanda Universitywas renovated by _ ÿ 4. Raja Bhojaconstructed a beautiful lake near_ 5. Bhaskaracharyawrote SiddhantaShiromani, a bookon_ . Ill) Matchthe following. 1. Khajuraho Temples - MountAbu 2. Chand Bardai - Chandellas 3. Rajasekara - Prithviraj Raso 4. SunTemple - Karpuramanjari 5. DilwaraTemple - Konark IV) Answer the following questions briefly. 1. How isthe Medieval Period of Indian Historyclassified? 2. Nameanyfour RajputClanswhich ruledover North India. 3. Write a note onthe nature of the Rajputs. 4. What was the contribution of the Chandellas to temple architecture? 5. Who was the founder of Guhila dynasty? Where was its capital? V)Answer indetail. 1. Write a detailed account of the Pratiharas. 2. What were the contributions of the Rajputs invarious fields?

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FormativeAssessment

I. Rearrange the jumbled words: 1.Founderof the Guhiladynasty -WABAPARAL 2.Chandellachief - RYAANOSVAM 3. Last Pratihara king -ALPAYAARJ 4. Last Chandella ruler -MPLARAA 5. Mostfamous Paramara ruler -JAHABAORJ

II. WHO AM I ? 1. I renovated the Nalanda University - Who am I? 2. I constructed a beautiful lake near Bhopal -Who am I? 3. Iwas the last great ruler of Rathor dynasty - Who am I? 4. Iwrote the book Rajatarangini - Who am I? 5. I am the son of Mihira Bhoja - Who am I?

III. Cross Word: 1 6

7 8

2

3

4

5

Across: 1. The last Pala ruler. 2. The ruler who strengthened the Pala dynasty. 3. The Prathihara ruler who extended his kingdom upto the Magadha Empire. 4. The ruler who consolidated the Prathihara Empire. 5. The most powerful ruler of the Prathiharas. Down: 6. The founder of the Vikramasila University. 7. The son of Dharmapala. 8. The founder of the Pala dynasty.

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IV. Mind Mapping : Write a paragraph on the Prathiharas using the given hints.

Location y > period Important rulers Race Prathiharas Invasions

Decline reasons Contributions

Group Activity: Write the names of all the rulers belonging to different clans on the board or on the flash cards. 2. Draw the following tabular column on the board. 3. Dividethe class into groups and ask a child from each group to pick a name of the ruler,andfill it inthe relevantcolumn.

Prathiharas Palas Tomars Chauhans Rathors Chandelas Guhilas Paramaras

VI. Things to do: 1. Mark the following places on the outline map of India. Ajmer, Nalanda, Kanauj, Bundelkhand, Indraprastha. 2. Enact a skit on the theme - 'United we stand and divided we fall' keeping in mind the political conditions during the Rajput Period.

212 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 2. THE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN

The southern part of India is Early Western Chalukyas. called the Deccan or the Pulakesin II (610-642 A.D.) was the Dakshinapatha. The Deccan was greatest ruler of this dynasty. He separated from Northern India by defeated Gangas, Malavas and the Vindhya and Satpura Gurjaras. He successfully opposed mountains, the Narmada and Tapti Harsha's attack in the north and and the dense forests. Hence, the defeated him in637A.D. Inthe south southern region was not affected he was constantly struggling with much bythe historical happenings in the Pallavas. Pulakesin II defeated North India. The medieval period the Pallava King Mahendravarma I witnessed the rise of the Chalukyas after which he crossed the Cauvery andthe Rashtrakutas inthe Deccan. and made friendly alliances with the With the decline of the Chalukyas Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas. In their feudatories namely the 642.A.D., Narasimhavarman I Hoysalas, Kakatiyas and Yadavas invaded the Chalukya kingdom. asserted their independence. This Pulakesin II lost his life during the period also saw the extension of the war. Delhi Sultanate namely the Khiljis Vikramaditya-I, Vijayaditya and and the Tughluqs into South India. Vikramaditya-ll were the other The Chalukyas important rulers of this dynasty. (6th -12th centuryA.D.) They had to struggle with the The Chalukyaswere a dominant Pallavas and the Rashtrakutas. power in the Deccan.Their period is Dantidurga, founder of the divided as follows: the Early Rashtrakuta Empire overthrew Western Chalukyas - 6,h-8,h century Kirtivarman-ll, the last of the A.D., the Later Western Chalukyas Chalukya Kings of Badami. The 10th-12th century A.D. and the Chalukyas were not very significant for well over two centuries. Eastern Chalukyas-7th-12th century.A.D. Later Western Chalukyas of Kalyani(10* -12th centuryA.D) Early Western Chalukyas (6th"# The Chalukyas rose to power centuryA.D.) again at Kalyani during the second The Chalukyas rose to power in half of the 10th Century and Karnataka in the 6th century A.D. continued to rule till the end of the Their capital was Vatapi, (modern 12th Century A.D. Tailapa II (973- Badami)in the Bijapur district. The 997 A.D) the founder of this dynasty Chalukya power had a humble brought the Rashtrakuta rule to an beginning under Jayasimha and end. The important rulers of Ramaraya. Pulakesin-I (543- this dynasty were Someshwara-ll, 566.A.D) was the realfounder ofthe Jayasimha-ll and Vikramaditya-VI. 213 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783

Deccan Kingdoms

YADAVA| Ellol fathigumpha iTIYAS AKUTAS Waranaa

)ian Sea richi Bay of Bengal yMamallapuram Dwgrasamu

Indian Ocean

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Someswara IV was the last ruler of The Virupaksha temple is built on this dynasty. the model of the Kailasanatha EasternChalukyasofVengi temple at Kancheepuram. (7u,-12lhcenturyA.D) Telugu literature developed Vishnu Vardhana, a brother of duringthis period. Pulakesin-ll, was the founder of the Eastern Chalukya Empire of Vengi. The Eastern Chalukyas outlived the main Badami dynasty by many generations. They had matrimonial alliance with the later Imperial Cholas.

One of their descendants Temple at Aihole namely Kulothunga Chola (1071- 1122 A.D.) was enthroned as a Chola ruler. He merged the Chalukya kingdom with the Chola Empire and started the Chalukya- Cholalineof rulers.

Contributionsofthe Chalukyas The Chalukya kings were the followers of Hinduism. They also patronized Jainism. Ravikirti, the Pattadakal group of Temples court poet of Pulakesin-ll who composed the Aihole Inscription The Rashtrakutas was a Jain. The Chalukyas were (8th -10* centuryA.D.) great patrons of architecture. They The period of the Rashtrakuta had builtaround 70 Vishnu temples ascendancy (753-975A.D.) in Aihole. Hence Aihole has been constitutes perhaps the most called the 'Cradle of Indian Temple brilliant chapter in the history of the architecture". Other important Deccan.The Rashtrakutaswere the temples of this period are the descendants of the Rathors of the Virupaksha temple at Pattadakal North. Kannada was the mother and the group of temples at Badami. tongueofthe Rashtrakutas. Pattadakal: It was a historical place known even tothe ancient Greeks and Romans.There The term "Rashtrakutas" are as many as 10 temples at Pattadakal means designated officers-in- belongingto the Chalukya rulers. charge of territorial divisions called The Virupaksha temple: This temple was built Rashtras. The members of the by Lokamahadevi.the queen of Vikramaditya 11.In front of the Hall of the Priests or Antarala familywere district officers underthe there is a pillared Mandapam or a meeting early Chalukyas of Badami. placefor the people.

215 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 The greatness of the power became invincible during his Rashtrakutas started with time. Dantidurga. He occupied Ellora in Govinda-ll (792-814A.D.) was 742 AD and became a feudatory of succeeded by his fourteen year old Kirtivarman of Badami. He captured son Amoghavarsha-I (814- Maharastra, Gujarat and most of the 880 A.D). His cousin Karka districts of central and northern defeated Vijayaditya-ll of Vengi and Madhya Pradesh. He subjugated the Ganga ruler Rajamalla-I. the Cholas of Srisailam country Krishna ! (936-968 A.D.) was the (Kurnool) and then besieged Kanchi next famous ruler. He defeated the in 750 A.D. He entered into Cholas at Takkolam and captured matrimonial alliance with Tanjore. He went as far as Nandivarman II Pallavamalla of Rameshwaram. Karka-ll (972- Kanchiand gave hisdaughter Reva in 973.A.D.), the last ruler of the marriage to him.After strengthening Rashtrakutas was defeated by his power, Dantidurga attacked his Tailapa-ll, the Chalukya ruler of suzerain Kirtivarman-ll and Kalyani.This marked the downfall of proclaimed himself the paramount the Rashtrakutas. ruler of the Deccan in 753A.D. Rashtrakuta territory extended Significance ofthe Rashtrakutas around Nasik in the Northern The Rashtrakuta rulers inflicted Deccanwith Malkhedas itscapital. severe defeats on many north Dantidurga died in 756A.D. and Indian rulersand changed the whole was succeeded by his uncle course of the history of north Krishna-I (756-775 A.D.). He made India.They subjugated the Silharas as his feudatory. He also Palas,Pratiharas,Eastern invaded Gangavadi. Govinda-ll Chalukyas,and Cholas and (775- 780A.D.), the son of Krishna I advanced asfar as Rameswaram. invaded the kingdom of Vengi and Ellora:The Ellora caves were entered into alliances with excavated during the reign of the the rulers of Gangavadi, Kanchi, by Vengi and Malwa Chalukyas and later the Rashtrakuta Kings.Hindu .Buddhist Dhurva (780-792 A.D.) who and Jain deities are found in these succeeded Govinda-ll, was an able cave temples. The Kailasanatha ruler. He annexed Malwa and made temple found here is the world' s Chakrayudha of Kanauj to accept largest temple hewn out of a single his overlordship. He defeated the block of rock and is the most Pallava ruler Dantivarman. The king imposing. of Ceylon also accepted his suzerainty. He defeated Contributions Vijayaditya-llof Vengi and supported The Rashtrakutas were great Bhima, the half brother of patrons of art and architecture. Vijayaditya-ll. Thus the Rashtrakuta Krishna-I built the magnificent 216 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Kailasanatha temple at Ellora. The Turkish garrison. He fell a victim to Elephanta caves near Mumbaiwere the of Madurai in 1342A.D. completed by the Rashtrakutas. His son Ballala continued his Amoghavarsha was a great patron struggle with the Muslims. With his of literature. He wrote death the Hoysala Kingdom came to Marga inthe Kannada language. His end. teacher Jinasena wrote Contributions Parsavaudaya, a biography of Parsava. The Hoysalas paved the way for the rise of Mysore into a big The Hoysalasof Dwarasamudra Kingdom. The Hoysalas were great -14,h (11th CenturyA.D.) partons of art, architecture and The Hoysalas were originally literature. They constructed a feudatories of the later Western number of temples at Chalukyas of Kalyani. Vinayaditya Dwarasamudra and Belur. Scenes (1006 -1022A.D.) carved out a petty from Ramayana and Mahabharata principality of Mysore and ruled over were depicted in those temples. it with Sosavir as his capital. Hoysalas encouraged Karmada Vishnuvardhana was the first literature. Nayachandra, Kanti, distinguished ruler of Vinayaditya's Raghavanka and Nemichandra family. He shifted his capital to were the greatwriters ofthis period. Dwarasamudra. He captured The KakatiyasofWarangal GangavadifromKulothunga Chola. (12,h -14th CenturyA.D.) Gangavadi served as a buffer The Kakatiyas were the state between the Chalukyas and feudatories of the Later Western the Chola Empire. The next Chalukyas of Kalyani. Prola-ll (1110 important ruler /ira Ballala-ll (1173- -1158 A.D.) the Kakatiya ruler 1220 A.D.) defeated Billama V of captured the territory between the the Yadava Dynasty. He asserted Krishna and the Godavari from the the independenceof the Hoysalas. Chalukyas and ruled over it with Narasimhan-ll (1220-1235A.D.) Hanumakonda as his capital. His lost the territory between Krishna son Prataparudra-I (1158- and Tungabhadra to Singhana, a 1196.A.D.) shifted the capital to Yadava ruler. But he defeated Warangal. The next remarkable Maravarman Sundara Pandya and ruler was Ganapathi (1199- restored Rajaraja-lll to the Chola 1261.A.D.). He captured territories throne and he erected the pillar of upto Kanchi from the Cholas. He victory at Rameshwaram. invaded Kalinga and Western Ballala I! (1291-1342 A.D) was Andhra. Ganapati was succeeded the last great ruler of this dynasty. In by his daughter Rudram (1261- 1310A.D. he was defeated by Malik 1291.A.D.). Peace and prosperity Kafur. He struggled hard against the prevailed in the country during her reign.

217 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 She abdicated the throne in THEYADAVAS OFDEVAGIRI favour of her grandson (12ÿ-14* CenturyA.D.) Prataparudhra-ll (1291-1326 A.D.). The Yadavas of Devagiri During his rule Malik Kafur invaded claimed their descent from the epic Warangal in 1309A.D. After offering hero Lord Krishna. They were a stiff resistance, Prataparudra-ll known as Sevunas because they yielded and paid him an immense ruled over Sevuna, the region from booty. Nasik to Devagiri(Daulatabad). Ulugh Khan, the son of Ghias- Their ancestors were the vassals of ud-din Tughluq captured Warangal the Rashtrakutas and the Later in 1323A.D. and sent Prataparudra Western Chalukyasof Kalyani. IIto Delhi. Mis successors continued BhjUama-V (1175-1190A.D.) the their struggle with the rulers of the Yadava ruler took advantage of the Tughluq dynasty. In 1327A.D. declining powerof the LaterWestern Mohammad-bin-Tughluq captured Chalukyas of Kalyani, defeated Warangal. Vinayakadeva the last Someswara-IV and declared his nominal ruler of this dynasty was put independence. He also came into to death by Muhammad Shah I, the conflict with Vira Balalla-ll (1173- Bahmani in 1362 A.D. After 1220A.D.),a Hoysala ruler. In the his death, the Kakatiya dynasty battle of Lakkundi, Bhillama V lost came to anend. hislife. BhillamaV was succeeded byhis The famous Kohinoor Diamond son Jaitrapala (1191-1210 A.D.) He which was unearthed in Kollur on defeated Kalachuris, Gurjaras and the banks of the Krishna river Kakatiyas. Jaitrapala was belongedto the Kakatiyas._ succeeded by his son Singhana (1210-1247A.D.) who defeated Contributions Mahadeva, a Kakatiya ruler. The Kakatiyas encouraged Singhana was the most literature, art and architecture. The distinguished ruler of this dynasty. thousand Pillar temple at He defeated Vira Ballala-ll the Hanumakonda stands as an Hoysala ruler and extended his everlasting contribution of the dominion beyond the River Krishna. Kakatiyas. He invaded Gujarat many times and annexed Kolhapur which belonged to Silharadynasty. Singhana was succeeded by his grandson Krishna (1247-1260 A.D). He was succeeded by his brother Mahadeva (1260-1271 A.D) who annexed north Konkan and put an The Thousand Pffiar tempfe at Hanumakonda end to the Silhara dynasty. He also

218 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 defeated the Kakatiyas and the Contribution of theYadavas Hoysalas. TheDevagiri was builtduring Ramachandra Deva (1271- the reign of the Yadavas. It was one 1309A.D.) was the last great ruler of of the strongest forts in India. The this dynasty. Ala-ud-din-Khilji Delhi Sultans later added a Juma defeated him and made him as a Masjid and Chand Minar inside it. vassal of the Delhi Sultanate. The Yadavas also patronized the Sankara Deva (1309 - 1312 A.D.) study of science and astronomy. the son and successor of Endof the DeccanKingdoms Ramachandra Deva failed to pay hisarrears. So, Malik Kafurdefeated The constant struggle among and killed him in 1312 A.D. the rulers of the Deccan kingdoms Harapala, brother-in-law of Sankara weakened their rule. Further the Deva raised the flag against the attacks on them by the Sultans of Khiljis. Mubarak, son of Ala-ud-din Delhi ever since the rule of Ala-ud- Khilji defeated and killed Harapala. din Khilji ledto their decline. Thus the Yadava dynasty came to an end. The Elephanta Caves : The Elephanta Caves were hewn out of rocks by the Rashtrakuta Kings. They are located on a small island near Mumbai.The Portuguese named it so as they discovered a huge elephant sculpture here. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and contains many sculptures of gods and goddesses.

EXERCISE I)Choosethe best answer. 1.The Virupaksha temple is built on the model of the _ temple. a) Kailasanatha b) Brihadeeswara c) Hoysaleswara 2.The Rashtrakuta power became invincible during the time of

a) Dandidurga b) Govinda c) Dhurva 3. Vishnuvardhana the Hoysala ruler shifted his capital from Sosavir to

a) Dwarasamudra b)Warangal c)Devagiri 4.The Kakatiya dynasty came to an end with the death of

a)Prataparudra-ll b)Vinayakadeva c)Rudramba

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5.The mostdistinguishedYadhava rulerwas _ . a)Jaitrapala b)Singhana c) Krishna

II) Fillinthe blanks. I.The greatest king of the Early Western Chalukyas was

2. Kulothunga Chola merged the Chalukyan Kingdom with the_ Empire. 3. The descendants ofthe Rathorsof the Northwere the_ . 4. Krishna Ibuiltthe _ temple at Ellora. 5. Ballala IIIwas the lastgreat ruler of_ dynasty.

Ill) Matchthe following. 1. Pulakesin I - Devagiri 2. Virupaksha Temple - Dwara samudra 3. Hoysalas - Warangal 4. Kakatiyas - EarlyWestern Chalukyas 5. Yadavas - Pattadakal

IV) Answer thefollowing questions briefly. 1. What separated Deccanfrom North India? 2. Why dowe saythat the Chalukyaswere great patronsof architecture? 3. Write a short noteon Dhurva,the Rashtrakuta ruler? 4. What doyou know aboutthe architecture ofthe Hoysala period? 5. What ledto the end of Deccan Kingdom?

V)Answerthe following in detail. 1. Given an account of the early western Chalukyas. 2. Givea detailed account of Dantidurga,the Rastrakuta ruler?

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FormativeAssessment

I. Test your memory arid fill in the blanks. 1. The capital of the early western Chalukyas _ at _ p 2. Founder of the Rashtrakuta empire D_n_id_r_a. 3. The court poet of Pulakesin II Ra _ iki __i. 4. The Cradle of Indian temple Architecture A_h__e. 5. One of the strongest forts of Yadavas D_va_i_i fort.

II. Prepare an album on Art, Architecture and paintings belonging to the Deccan Kingdoms.

III. Conduct a debate on "Our Dynasty is the best". Dividethe class intogroups as Chalukyas/ Rashtrakutas/ Hoysalas/ Kakatiyas/ Yadavas. Two students from each group can participate and claim that their dynasty isthe best.

IV. Preparea poster: Preparea posteron any one ofthe Deccan rulerswhom you think isthe best.

V. Group activity: Know more about the topic 1. Write the name of the Ruler/ Book / Author/ monument on small strips of paper. Foldand keepit ina container. 2. Ask a child from each group to come forward, pick a chit and say a few words aboutthe topic.

VI. Things to do: Onthe outline mapof Indiamarkthe following places. Vatapi, Vengi, Kalyani, Dwarasamudra, Malkhed.Aihole, Ellora,Warangal.

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3. THE SOUTH INDIAN KINGDOMS

The ancient Tamizhagam was MAHENDRAVARMAN-I divided into three political units (600-630A.D.) under the Cheras, Cholas and the Mahendravarman-I was the son Pandyas. Their period of existence of Simhavishnu. Conflicts arose is known as the Sangam Age. The between the Chalukyas and the Kalabhraswho rose to power during Pallavas during this period. this period ruled nearly for three He lost the northern parts of the centuries from 300-600 A.D. In this Pallava Kingdom to Pulakesin II. chapter we will study in detail about Though a follower of Jainism, he the Later Pallava dynasty, Imperial embraced Saivism due to Saint Cholas andthe Pandyas. Appar's influence. He was a THE PALLAVAS versatile scholar. Hetook up the titles PoliticalHistory like Chitrakarapuli and Vichitra There is a controversy overtheorigin Chitta for his excellence in building, of the Pallavas. Some of the views painting and music. He constructed are-they were of Persian origin or the cities of Mahendramangalam the feudatories of the Satavahanas and Mahendravadi. or the natives of Tondaimandalam. NARASIMHAVARMAN-I There were two branches of (630-668A.D.) Pallavas namely, the early and later Narasimhavarman-Iwas the first Pallavas. son of Mahendravarman I. He was LATER PALLAVAS(570-903A.D.) known as Mamalla which means a Simhavishnu was the first ruler great wrestler. He assumed the title of the later Pallava dynasty. He Vatapi Kondan for destroying the destroyed the Kalabhras and firmly Chalukya capital Vatapi. Hesent two established the Pallava rule in expeditions to Ceylon, to restore his Tondaimandalam with his capital at friend Manavarman to the throne of Kanchi. Heseized the regionsofthe Ceylon. During his period Hieun Cholas. His kingdom extended from Tsang visited the Pallava capital Andhra Kingdom, Vishnukundin up . Narasimhavarman to the river Cauvery. He assumed was a great builder. The monolithic the title 'Avanisimha' or the "Lion of rathas at Mamallapuram stand the Earth'. testimony to his architectural skill.

O Hieun Tsang: Hieun Tsang visited the Pallava capital Kanchipuram. According to him Kanchi was about 6 miles in circumference. There were more than one hundred Buddhist monasteries and manyJain temples here. Kanchiwas the greatest centre of education inthe south. O Vatsyayana was a panditof Kanchi. Dharmapalawent from Kanchito Nalanda. Dandithe author of "Dandialangaram" a poetfrom North Indialived in Kanchi.

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RAJASIMHA OR Parameswaran-ll NARASIMHAVARMAN- II (728-73 1A. D.),the son of (691-728A.D.) Narasimhavarman - II came to power in 728 A.D. He was defeated Narasimhavarman II,the son of by the Chalukya ruler Parameswaran I was one of the Vikramaditya-ll. Hediedina battle most famous rulers of the Pallavas. with the Gangas. The Simhavishnu His reign was marked by peace and line of rule came to an end with the prosperity. He built several fine death of Parameswaram-ll as his temples including the Kailasanatha son did notsucceed him. Nandivarman-ll Pallavamalla (731-796 A.D.) was the son of Simhavishnu's brother Hiranyavarman. He was chosen by the Pallava ministers, the members of ghatika (college of learning) and the common peopie to succeed Parameswaran-ll. Nandivarman II i was a worshipper of Vishnu. He built the Vaikunta Perumal temple at Kanchi. The great Vaishnava Saint Kailasanatha Temple-Kanchi Thirumangai Alwar was his contemporary. Declineof the Pallavas The successors of Nandi varman -II were not very strong and powerful. They had to face Pandya aggressions. The last Pallava ruler Aparajitha (885-903 A.D.) was defeated by Aditya-I , a Chola ruler. The Pallava rule at Tondaimandalam thus came to an A Pallava Coin end with hisdownfall. temple at Kanchi, the Administrationof the Pallavas at Mamallapuram and the The Pallavas had a well Talagirisvara temple at Panamalai. organized system of administration. The famous Sanskrit scholar The Pallava region was divided into Dandin, author of Dandialankaram four divisions namely the Rashtras (Sanskrit Grammar work) spent or Mandalams, Vishayas or many years in his court. Trade Kottams, Nadus and Urs. The King relations was established even with was the head of the Central China. administration.

223 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 He was assisted by Ministers seen in four styles. The first style and Secretaries. There were civil was the Rockcut temple which was and criminal courts. introduced by Mahendravarman I. This style of temples were The village was the lowest unitof excavated at places like administration. The Uravai or the Mahendravadi, Mammandur, villageAssemblies were in charge of Dalavanur, Thiruchirappali, the village Administration. Various Siyamangalam, Thirukazhukundram, variyams played an important role in etc. taking care of the needs in the villages. There were 20 variams like The second style is represented the Erivariyam, Thottavariyam, and by the Monolithic rathas and Kovilvariametc. mandapas found at Mamaliapuram. The third style is the structural Variyams were Executive committees. temple in the Rajasimha style. Eg. ÿ_ J Kailsanatha temple at Kanchi, the Contributionsof the Pallavas Shore temple at Mamaliapuram,etc. Literature The last style is also the Structural The Pallavaswere great patrons temples continued by the later of learning. Mahendravamnan-l Pallavas.Eg. Vaikundaperumal wrote Mattavilasa Prahasana and temple, the Muktheeswara temple, Bhagavadviugam. Bharavi wrote etc. Kiratharjunyam. Avantl Sundari The Pallava rulers also paid Kathasana was written by Dandin. considerable attention to the fine The works of Alwars and arts like music and painting. Nayanmars belong to this period. Mahendravarman assumed the title Nandi Kaiambhagam and of Sankirtanajati for hismastery in Perundevanar's Bharatavenba music. Exquisite paintings of the were the other books which Pallavas are found in the belongedtothis period. Kailasanatha temple at Kanchi. Pallavaartandarchitecture The Chotas The Pallava rulers began The Cholas were an antique the Dravidian style of temple ruling family. References to the architecture. Itsdevelopment can be Cholas are made in the Mahabharata, the inscriptions of Asoka and the works of Megastheneseand Ptolemy. Aqe, Durina- the Sanoam "w' 3 the'' Cholas ruled Tiruchi and Tanjore region. Their capital was Uraiyur. Tiger was their emblem. Their greatest ruler Karikala built Kallanai Monolithic Rathas- Mamaliapuram acrossthe river Cauvery nearTrichy.

224 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 The Chola rule declined as they Rajaraja-I (985-1014A.D.) became feudatories of the rulers of Rajaraja-I was the most Uraiyur. powerful ruler of the Chola Empire. LaterCholas or Imperial Cholas He was a great conqueror. He defeated the Cheras, Pandyas and The Cholas who emerged to the Chalukyas. He defeated power in the middle of the ninth Mahinda-V of Ceylon and built a century were known as later Cholas Siva temple at Anuradhapuram. He or ImperialCholas.They were called even conquered Maldives. Thus the as Imperial Cholas because their power of Cholas extended beyond kingdomextendedto a major portion South India. of south India, Srilanka and Kadaram (including Sumatra and Rajaraja I defeated the Chera Malaya). ruler Bhaskaravarman at Kanthalursaalai (Trivandrum) and Vijayalaya (850-871 A.D) laid Sathyasraya, ruler of Kalyani and the foundation for the rise of later restored the throne of Vengi to Cholas. Sakthivarman. He gave his Aditya I (871-907 A.D) son of daughter in marriage to Vijayalaya became the ruler of Vimaladitya, brother of Tondaimandalam as well as Sakthivarman. He captured Cholamandalam. He defeated Gangavadi,Adigaipadi, Nolambadi, Gangas and Kongu country. in the Mysore region and Raichur Parantaka-I, son of Aditya-I Doab. defeated the Pandya ruler and took Rajaraja-I assumed the titles up the title-Maduraikondan. He was Mummudi Chola, Jayamkondan and defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler Sivapadasekara. He was a follower Krishna-Ill in the battle of Takkolam. of Saivism. Devaram was collected Parantakadied in 955A.D. and codified only during his period. r Successors of Parantaka-I > He constructed the Brahadeeswara 1.Gandaraditya 949 -957A.D. Temple at Tanjore in 1010 A.D. He diedin1014A.D. 2.Arinjaya 956- 957A.D. _ Varipotthagam 3. Parantaka-II 956 -973A.D. The Varipotthagam was a book 4.Aditya 956-966A.D. containing all revenue records. 5. Uttama Chola 965-985 A.D. During Rajaraja's reign a revenue v > survey was undertaken in 1001 QThe later Cholas were well- A.D. by Senathipati Kuravan, a revenue officer. versed in maintaining and _ ÿ auditing of accounts. Rajendran-I(1012-1044A.D.) QFree hospitals called 'Aathular salai' were setup at Rajendran further expanded _and many more _places._ and consolidated the empire. \ / 225 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Ammangadevi, the daughter of He captured Idaidurainadu (Raichur Rajendra-I and Rajaraja of Vengi Doab),Vanavasi (Kadamba capital), started the Chalukya Chola line of Kollipakkai (areas in Hyderabad) rulers. He united Vengi Kingdom andMannai Kadakkam (Malkhed). with the Chola Empire. Kulottunga-Idefeatedthe western Chalukyas. He also captured Kalinga. During his reign Srilanka declared its independence. He had very close relationshipwith Srivijaya and sent trade missions to their land in 1077A.D. Kulottunga-I was a great administrator. He measured the Brahadeeswana Temple - Tsnjore lands and regulated land revenue. Heconquered the whole of Ceylon As he removedexcise duties hewas (llamandalam). He also defeated called as 'Sungam Thavirtha Cholan'. He the Pandyas, the Cheras and the patronized great literary scholars like Jeyamkontfan, Western Chalukyas. Rajendran - 1 Pugazhendi defeated Mahipala, ruler of Bengal Ottakkuthar, and and in memoryof hisexpedition, he- Kambar. founded the city 'Gangaikonda Disintegrationofthe Cholas Cholapuram'. His greatest The Chola Empire began to achievement was his conquest of disintegrate due to the rise of Srivijaya, Kadaram and the places feudatories like the Kadavarayas betweenthe Nicobar Islandsandthe and the emergence of the Pandya Malaya Peninsula. He earned the Empire. Rajendra-I11 (1246-1279 titles Gangaikondan, Panditha A.D.) was the last Chola ruler. The Cholan and Kadaram Kondan. The Chola Kingdom was annexed to the Chola Empire reached its zenith of Pandya Empire with the defeat of glory under Rajendra I. Rajendra-lll by Jatavarman Sundarapandya-ll. Immediate successors of Chola Rajenrfra-J The Cholas set up a highly Rajadhiraja I 1018- 1054A.D. efficient system of administration. Rajendra II 1056- 1064A.D. The empire was divided into Rajamahendra 1060- 1063A.D. provinces called Mandalams. The Virarajendra 1063-1070A.D. Mandalamswere further divided into Adirajendra 1067- 1070A.D. Kottams, Districts called Nadu or Kulottunga-I(1071-1122A.D.) Valanadu andVillages called Urs. Kulottunga-I who was born to The Utharamerur inscription of

226 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Parantaka-I gives a detailed the centres of learning. Details account of the village about these learning centres are administration. Each village had a found in the inscriptions at VillageAssembly called UrorSabha, Ennayiram, Thirumukkudal and which looked after the Thirubuvanam. administration ofthe village. Literature The members of the village The development of Tamil literature Assembly were elected by the reached its zenith during the Chola Kudavolai System. The names of period.The two master piecesof this the eligible persons were written on age are the Ramayana composed by Kambar Periyapuranam palm leaves and put into a pot.A boy and the or Thiruttondarpuranam by or a girl would pick up thirty names. Sekizhar. Seevaka Chinthamani The chosen persons were declared was written by Thiruthaka Devar. elected. Nambiandar Nambi compiled There were Variyams such as Panniruthirumurai, a saivite work. Samvatsara Variyam, Eri variyam, Nalayiradivyaprabhandam a Thotta variyam, Pancha variyam, Vishnavite work was compiled by Pon variyam and Puravuvari Nathamuni. Muvarula, Kulothunga variyam to carry out the different Pillai Tamil, Thakayagaparani were functions of the village. It's written byOttakkuthar. Jeyamkondar wrote Kalingathuparani. members were called as Commentators like llampuranar, Variyaperumakkal. The number of Nachinarkiniyar and Variyams and it's members varied Parimelazhagar belonged to this from village tovillage. period. Socio-Economic Conditions Art andArchitecture There were many castes and The Dravidian style of art and sub-castes in the Chola society. The architecture reached its perfection practice of Sati and Devadasi under the Cholas. The chief feature system were prevalent. The women of the Chola Temples is the . were in the habit of saving money More than seventy temples are called 'Sirupadu'. found in the regions between the Lower Krishna and the Gulf of The weaving industry and metal Mannar. Thiruchirappalli, works were developed. Guilds were Srirangam, Tanjore, , prevalent. Commercial contacts Chidambaram, Thiruvannamalai, were established with China, Trivandrum, Suchindram and Udipi Sumatra, Java andArabia. are the chief centers of Chola art. Religionand Education The Chola temples built at an The Chola kings were patrons of early stage were known for their Saivism.They were tolerant towards simplicity. Example: Vijayalaya other religions likeVaishnavism and Choleswaram temple at Buddhism. Temples and Mattswere Narttamalai and Aivar koil temple at kodumbalur. 227 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Gradually the temples became The Cholas are also well known more imposing. The finest for their bronze images. The examples are the Brahadeeswara Nataraja idol in the Nageswara Temple at Tanjore and Siva temple Temple at Kumbakonam is the at Gangaikonda Cholapuram. The largest and the finest . The bronze height of the Vimana of the idol of Arthanareeswarar is another Brahadeeswara temple rises to important specimen of the Chola nearly 216 ft. over the Garbagraha. period. Ithas 13tiers. The Subramanya Paintings temple at Tanjore, Airavatesvara temple at Darasuram and the The Cholas are known for their Kampahareswara or paintings aswell as fine murals Thirubhuvaneswara temple at (paintings done directly on walls). Thirubhuvanam inTanjore which The paintings of the Chola period were built later were more graceful are found at Tanjore, Thirumayam, and less imposing. Kanchi Kailasanatha Temple and NarttamalaiVishnu Temple. OWorld Heritage sites: The Brahadeeswara temple at Tanjore,Siva temple at Musicand Dance Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Music developed into a fine art Airavatesvara temple at Darasuram have underthe Cholas.This development been declared as World Heritage Sites by provided the basis for the later day the UNESCO. Carnatic Music. Bharatanatyam as a fine art also developed during Sculptures this period. Portraits, icons and decorative Impactof ImperialCholas sculptures are the main features of Chola sculptures. The portraits are The Imperial Cholas who ruled full of grace and beauty.The iconsof from 850A.D. to 1279A.D. played a Rajaraja-I are remarkable. The significant role in the Tamil country for about 430 years. They have made an impressive impact on Polity, Tamil literature, Temple architecture, musicand dance.They were the only imperial power who founded an overseas empire and spread the glories of the Tamil culturefar andwide.

ÿ World HeritageDay:TheWorld Heritage Day Nataraja - Bronze Idol is celebrated every year on 18"* April.This sculptures of Shiva, Vishnu, day is intended to make people aware or Brahma, eight armed Durga in the their social and cultural Heritage.lt also Shiva and Vishnu temples are afew instills the value to care and preserve all the examples of Cholasculptures. heritagesites.

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Important places of the Pallava period w

s

•Vat

Pullalur® I ÿ •jMylapore •Kanchipuram Siyamangalam#ÿ •Mamallapuram Tellarti Palanimalai# /

Arabian Sea Trichy Bay of Bengal Tan

Ceylon

Indian Ocean

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Important places of the Chola period

•Kalyani

Kanchi •Utharamerur• Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal

gi Konda Cholapuram

Indian Ocean Ceylon

230 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 The Pandya Empire The Pandya empire extended to The Pandyas occupied the region Tanjore, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore comprising of the modern districts of and Salem. Madurai and Tirunelvelli, part of Decline of the First Pandya Trichy and sometimes even parts of Empire Tranvancore. We come to know of The successors of Srimara the Pandyas from the writings of Srivallabha had to face the Magasthenese, Pliny,the ancientTamil onslaught of the Pallavas and the literary works and the accounts of Cholas. In the 10th and the 11th Hiuen-T-sang and Marco-polo.The centuries the Pandyas made history Pandyas of the can be several attempts to revive their past divided as the Early Pandyas, First glory. The opposition from the Pandya Empireand Second Pandya Pallavas and the Cholas let to the Empire. decline of the First Pandya Empire. The early Pandyas The SecondPandyaEmpire The Early Pandyas belonged to From the 13th century onwards the Sangam Age. A remarkable the Pandyas progressively feature of this period was the detached themselves from the maintenance of a flourishing Tamil Chola rule and reasserted Literary Academy or Sangam at their independence. Inthe civilwar Madurai.The capital of the Pandyas which broke out between was Madurai and their emblem was Vikrama Pandya and Virapandya, fish. With the riseof the kalabhras,the Vikrama Pandya captured power SangamAge declined. with the support of Kulothunga-lll the Chola Emperor. Jatavarman Kulasekara-I (1190- First Pandya Empire 1216 A.D.) succeeded his father The Pandya king Kadungon Vikrama Pandya. He ruled over restored the position of the Pandyas Madurai, Ramanathapuram, in the last quarter of the 6lh Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari. He Century.A.D. by overthrowing the appointed his brother, Maravarman Kalabharas. The dynasty founded Sundara Pandya as hissuccessor. by him is generally referred to as the Maravarman Sundara Pandya-I First Pandya Kingdom (550- (1216-1238 A.D.) defeated 950.A.D.) Kulottunga Chola-lll in 1219A.D. As The most important rulers of this the Hoysalas came to the support of period were Arikesari Maravarman, the Cholas, he restoredthe throne to Ranadhiran, Maravarman the Chola ruler Rajaraja-lll and Rajasimha-I, Varaguna-I and assumed the title 'Sonadu Srimara Srivallabha. Valangiaruliya Sundara Pandya'.

231 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Maravarman Sundara Pandya-ll resulted in the complete decline of (1238-1253 A.D.) recovered from the Pandya Empire the Chola ruler Rajendra-lll some of Administration the territories which he had lost earlier. The Pandya Empire was called as Pandya Mandalam. The Jatavarman Sundara Mandalam was divided into Pandya-I (1253-1268 A.D.) Valanadu and further into Urs. The succeeded Maravarman Sundara King was assisted by the Ariyans Pandya-ll. He extended the empire (Ministers) and the Army Chief. from Nellore and Cuddappah Special officers were appointed to districts in the North to Cape collect taxes and maintainaccounts. Comorin inthe South. Hetook upthe titles Emmandalamum Kondaruliya Localself Government Maharajathiraja, Sri Paramesvaran Village administration was and Ponveintha Perumal. looked after by five Variyams, Jatavarman Sundara namelyAranilaya Variyam, Neernilai Pandya-I's son Maravarman Variyam, Nanaya Variyam, Kulasekaran-I (1268-1308 A.D.) Varithandal Variyam and Needhi enlarged his kingdom. He invaded Variyam. Ceylon and captured Kollam in the Occupation Chera land. He assumed the title Agriculture and Trade were Kollam Konda Pandya. The power the main occupations of the people. of the Pandyas starteddecliningafter The agriculturists were called as him. Boomiputirar. Many slaves were Declineofthe Pandyas employed to carry on different tasks. A war of succession broke out The Pandyas were famous for between Sundara Pandya and Vira pearl diving. The pearls of the Pandya, the sons of Maravarman Pandya empire were famous all Kulasekaran-I. With the help of Ala- over the world. The famous ports of ud-din Khilji's commander Malik the Pandyas were Korkai and Kafur, Sundara Pandya ascended Thondi. the throne. Literature The Tughluqs who succeeded Manickavasagar's composed the Khiljis, extended their hold over Thiruvasagam, Andal's composed South India and declared the Thiruppavai, Nammalvar'scomposed Pandya empire as a part of the Thiruppallandu, Villiputhurar wrote Tughluq Empire. Mahabharatha, Adhiveerarama The decline of Tughluq power Pandya wrote Naidadham, led to the establishment of the Srikaviraya wrote books namely Sultans of Maduraiwhich ultimately Seyur Murugan ula and Rathingiri ula. Thus the Pandyas contributed greatlyto the progressof literature.

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Important places of the Pandya period

Arabian Sea Trichjfc- arijore Bay of Bengal Madurai Thewkasi

[orkai

Kanyakumari Ceylon \D

Indian Ocean

Art and Architecture Srivilliputhur and other places. Pandya The Pandya contribution to art Kulasekara built and architecture is noteworthy. The arthamandapa, manimandapa and special features of the Pandya sannati in every temple of his temple architecture are the empire. Public meetings, social Gopuras, Prakaras, , gatherings, religious keerthans, Garbagrahas and Gateways. recitals and Katha-Natakawere held inthe sabha mandapasof temples. The Pandya period marked a reawakening in the field of rock-cut Sculptures temples. More than 50 rock cut The Pandya sculptures are temples were excavated in the beautiful and ornamental. The Pandya Kingdom at several places sculptures of Somaskandar, Durga, like Kunnakudi, Anaimalai, Ganapathy, Narasimha and Sithannavasal, Thiruparan Nataraja are good specimens of this kundram.Kalugumalai, period. Malaiyadikurichi.Thiruchirappalli, Many sculptures are also found etc., atKalugumalai, Structural temples were Thiruparankundram, constructed by the Pandya rulers at Thirumalaipuram, Narttamalai and Kovilpatty, Tiruppathur, Madurai, Kunnakudi.

233 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Paintings paintings of lotus, bathing elephants Among the fine arts, painting and playingfish are noteworthy. was greatly developed by the The Pandya rulers have thus left Pandyas. The mural paintings of a unique and everlasting impact on Srimaran Srivallabha Pandya of the the Tamil society and South Indian first Pandya period are seen in the history. Sithannavasal cave temples. The Uttaramerur inscriptions: It laid down the qualifications for those who wished to become a member of the Sabha. He must be honest, a land owner from which land revenue is collected, in the age group 35 and 70 years, having a knowledge of the Vedas and well versed in administrative matters. Members of the village if found guilty were punished severely. They could not take part in the elections. Sithanftavasal Cave Temple

The lostwax technique: The lostwax technique was used bythe Chola craftsmen to make bronze statues.First the image was made inwax.Then it was covered in clay and allowed to dry.A tiny hole was made in the clay cover. Next.it was heated and the molten wax was drained out through the hole.Bronze (an alloy of copper and metal)was melted and poured into the clay through the hole.Once the metal was coated and solidified the clay cover was carefully removed andthe imagewas cleanedandpolished.

EXERCISE I) Choosethe correct answer. I.ThePallavas under_ overthrew the Kalabhras and establishedtheir supremacy overThondaimandalam. a) SimhaVishnu b) Mahendravarman I c) Narasimhavarman II 2. Narasimhavarman Iassumedthe title _ . a)Vatapikondan b)Jayankondan c)Kadaramkondan 3.The Kallanaiacross river Cauvery was builtby_ . a) Rajendra I b)Karikala Chola c)Rajaraja Chola 4. Parantaka I,the son ofAditya Idefeated the Pandya ruler and took up the title_ . a) Madurai Kondan b) Mudikondan c)KadaramKondan 5.The Pandya Empirewas called Pandya_ . a)Mandalam b)Valanadu c)Uravai 6.Andal composed_ . a)Devaram b)Thiruppavai c)Ramayanam

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.11) Fillinthe blanks. 1.During the period of Narasimhavarman-I__visited Kanchipuram. 2. Monolithic Rathasarefound at_ . _ was called SungamThavirtha Cholan. 4.3.The Chola kingswere patrons of_ . 5.Thiruvasagam was composed by_ . 6.The paintings of Srivallabha Pandyaare seen inthe _ cave temples. Ill)Matchthefollowing. 1.Uravai - Sanskrit Grammarian 2. ShoreTemple - Ramayana 3. Kambar - Village Assembly 4. BrihadeeswaraTemple - Greekwriter 5. Megasthenese - Tanjore 6. Katyayana - Mamallapuram IV)Answer thefollowing questions briefly. 1.Write a short noteon the origin of the Pallavas. 2. Write a noteonthe administrative divisionsofthe Pallavas. 3. Mentionthe sources of informationabout the Cholas. 4. Which arethe chief centres ofthe Cholaart and architecture? 5.What doyou knowabout Jatavarman Kulasekara Pandya I? 6. Namea few occupations ofthe Pandyas. V) Answer indetail. 1. Discuss the contributions of the Pallavas to art, architecture and fine arts. 2. Explainindetail aboutthe Chola administration. 3. Givean account of the Pandya contribution to temple architecture.

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FormativeAssessment

I. Play and Learn: Onegroup of students can take the name of each king.The other group can take up the titles. Now the rulers can acquire their titles. (The name / title can be written on strips of paper) Rulers (Group - 1 ) Titles (Group - 2)

Simha Vishnu Mamalla Narasimha Varma Madurai Kondan Parantaka Mummudi Chola Raja Raja I Kadaram Kondan Rajendra I Avanisimha Kulothunga I Ponveintha Perumal. Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan Kollam Konda Pandya. Maravarmari Kulasekaran I Sungam Thavirtha Cholan.

II. Design a newspaper dating back to the rule of Pallava / Chola / Pandya.

Headlines Newspaper Format Literary activities Local news Short story Neighbouring Kingdoms Administration Entertainment Sports

111.Find the Author of the given work

Sekizhar Bharavi Dandi Ottakkuthar

Andal Jeyamkondar

Books Authors 1. Dandi alankaram _ 2. Kiratharjunyam _ 3. Periyapuranam _ 4. Thiruppavai _ 5. Kalingathuparani _

6. Muvar Ula _

236 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 IV. Design an invitation card: Subject: Raja Raja I assumed the title 'Mummudi Chola' Details to be included in the card. 1. Date of the function. 2. Venue. 3. Chief Guest. 4. Programme. 5. Felicitation.

V. Things to do: 1. Mark the following places on the outline map of India. Mamallapuram, Tiruchirapalli, Kanchipuram, Tarijore and Madurai.

2. Collect pictures and prepare an album on the art and architecture of the South Indian Kingdoms.

3. Request your school authorities to take you on a study tour to a historical site connectedwith Pallavsor Cholas or Pandyas.

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SOCIAL SCIENCE

STANDARD SEVEN TERM II

135 J HISTORYWebsite:L iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783

1.ARAB AND TURKISH INVASIONS

The rise and growth of Islam has Iqtas or districts. Arab military been regarded as one of the most officers were appointed as heads of important events in World history. the Iqtas. Local Hindu officers were Prophet Muhammad (570-632 A.D) allowed to administer the sub¬ was the founder of Islam. Islamgrew divisions of the districts. The Arabs up in the deserts of Arabia. Its first imposedJizya on non- muslims. converts were the Arabs. The Arabs Endof Muhammad-bin-Qasim made Islam a powerful force in the politics of Asia. The Persians Caliph Sulaiman, succeeded strengthened Islam and the Turks Caliph Walid after his death. Hewas extended it both towards the West an arch enemy of Al-Hajjaj, the and the East and made Islam as one Governor of Iraq. He dismissed of the foremost religions of the Muharrimad-bin Qasim as he was World. the son-in-law of Al-Hajjaj. He sent him as a prisoner to Mesopotamia Arab conquest of Sindand Multan andtortured himto death. 712A.D. Sind and Multan remained as Commercial contacts prevailed part of the Caliph's empire for more between India and Arabia for a long than 150 years. Their power time. There were many causes for gradually declined. the conquest of Sind. The Arabs were attracted by the rich ports of EffectsofArab Conquest Sind and so they wanted to extend The conquest of Sind sowed their political and religious control the seeds for the coming of Islam over it. They were angry with the into India.TheArabs learnt the art of ruler of Sind who failed to check the administration, astronomy, music, pirateswho plunderedthem. painting, medicine and architecture Muhammad-bin-Qasim was from our land. Indian Philosophy, sent by Al-Hajjajj the Governor of numerals and astronomy were Iraq with the permission of Caliph taken to Europe by the Arabs. Walid to conquer Sind. He marched against Dahir the ruler of Sind, -N 'Qasim and his Defence Forces defeated him in the Battle of Rewar Muhammad-bin-Qasim had an and Sind. Healso captured captured army of 25,000 troops including Multan. He got so much of wealth 6000 Syrian horses, 6000 Camels, from Multan that he called Multan 3000 Bactrian Camels, an artillery The Cityof Gold.'. force of 2000 men with five Administrative System catapults andadvanced guards. v Muhammad-bin-Qasim divided Sind and Multan into a number of

136 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Turkish Invasion returned toGhazrii with enormous The Expansionof Turks into India wealth. The Turks got the upper hand Mahmud's important expedition over the Caliphs of Baghdad in the in Hindustan was against the 8th and 9th centuries. They were more Somnath temple in 1025A.D. which aggressive than the Arabs. They was situated on the coast of completed the work begun by the Kathiawar.As the ruler of Kathiawar, Arabs and extended their dominion Raja Bhima Dev, and his followers beyondSind and Multan into India. fled from the place, he easily Heroic Defenceof Women plundered the temple and returned to Ghazni with a rich booty which Rani Bai, the wife of Dahir and exceededtwenty lakhdinars. the other women of Sind put up a heroic defence within the Fort of Estimateof Mahmudof Ghazni Rewar. When their attempt failed was one of they performed Jauhar to save their the greatest Muslim rulers of Asia. chastity and escape from the hands He was a great patron of art and ofthe invaders. letters and he patronised scholars Indianimpact like FirdausiandAlberuni. c-*\ Brahma Siddhanta, a Sanskrit Sir Henry Elliot in his book "The work of Brahma Gupta was History of India" refers to the translated into Arabic. Arabic works seventeen expeditions of mention the names of Indian Muhammad of Ghazni. He says scientists like Bhala, Manaka and that after every expedition Sindbad. Dhana was appointed as a Muhammad returned to Ghazni with chief Medical officer in a hospital at countless wealth and enormous Baghdad. Manaka, physician booty beyondall calculations. a V_ J cured a serious disease of Caliph Harun-al-Rashid. v_ __ / Endof Ghazni's rule inIndia Mahmudof Ghazni Mahmud's successors were the ruler of Ghazni weak. So Ala-ud-din Husain of was succeeded by Ismail. He was Ghori invaded Ghazni, plundered dethroned in 998A.D. by his brother, and burnt it. By 1186A.D. the power the famous Mahmud of Ghazni. He of the House of Ghazni declined and invaded India in 1000 A.D. He was that of Ghori rose up. the first Turkish invader. Mahmud Muhammadof Ghori defeated Jaipala, the ruler of the Hindu Shahi dynasty, Fateh Daud of Muhammad was the third Multan and Anandpala of Nagarkot. important Muslim invader of Healso crushed theChandelas.the Hindustan. He became the ruler of rulers of Mathura, Kanauj and Ghori, a mountainous region Gwalior. After each expedition he situated between Ghazni and Herat.

137 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 _ ÿ Hence, he was popularly known as Tactics of Muhammad Muhammadof Ghori. Muhammad divided his army His invasions into five divisions. Four armies were As an ambitious and sent to attack the Rajput army on all enterprising ruler, he started his sides. The fifth army was kept in attacks on India in 1176 A.D. He reserve.The Rajputs fought with captured Multan and Uch. He great gallantry.When they became subjugated lower Sind in 1182 A.D. exhausted,the fifth army was sent. In 1185A.D., he invaded Punjab and They attacked with vigour and the Rajputs. captured the Fortress of Sialkot. In ÿdefeated _ ÿ 1186A.D. hebesieged Lahore. Rajput Uprisings FirstBattleof Tarain (1191A.D.) Between 1193 and 1198 A.D. In 1189 A.D. Muhammad of there were many Rajput uprisings. Ghori captured the fortress of Qutb-ud-din Aibak put them down Bhatinda and advanced into the and brought many of their territories kingdom of Prithviraj Chauhan, the under his control. Delhi was made Rajput ruler. Prithviraj marched the capital of Muhammad of Ghori's against him with a large force and territory in India. defeated Muhammad of Ghori in the Battleof Chandwar (1194A.D.) Battle of Tarain in 1191 A.D. Prithviraj also recovered Bhatinda, Muhammad of Ghori marched which was earlier occupied by against Jaichandra, the greatest MahmudofGhazni. Rajput ruler of Kanauj who was having a vast part of Indian Territory Second Battleof Tarain under his control. In the Battle of (1192A.D.) Chandwar, Jaichand was struck in Muhammad of Ghori re- the eye by an arrow and he was enforced himself and marched killed by Muhammad of Ghori. The against Prithvirajfor the second time victory at Chandwar helped in 1192 A.D. He gave a crushing Muhammad of Ghori to extend defeat to the combined forces of the further into India. Rajput rulers under Prithviraj at Conquestof Bengaland Bihar Tarain. Prithviraj was imprisoned and later put to death. The Second Muhammad-bin-Baktiyar Khilji, Battle of Tarain marked the one of the commanders of beginning of the Turkish rule in the Muhammad of Ghori, destroyed heartof Hindustanfor the first time in Vikramasila and Nalanda Indian history. Universities in 1202-1203A.D. Muhammad of Ghori appointed He also captured Nadia in Qutb-ud-din Aibak as his Bengaland partsof Bihar. commander.

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Deathof Muhammadof Ghori An Estimate Muhammad of Ghori went back Muhammad of Ghori was to Ghazrii in order to check his considered to be the real founder of Central Asian enemies. While he the Turkish Empire in India because was engaged in evening prayer, he of his various conquests and was assassinated on 25th March annexations of the Rajput territory in 1206A.D., by some Shia rebels and North India. Khokhars.

EXERCISE I)Choosethe best answer. 1.Muhammad-bin-Qasimwas sentto conquer_ . a)Sind b) Delhi c) Ghori 2. Mahmud of Ghazni defeated _ the ruler of Hindu Shahi dynasty. a)Jaichand b)Jaipala c) Rajya Pal 3. Somnath temple was plundered by Mahmud of Ghazni in

a) 1025A.D. b)1027A.D. c)1001A.D. 4. In the First Battle of Tarain Muhammad of Ghori was defeated by

a)Sabuktigin b)Ghiyasuddin c) Prithiviraj 5.The Commander of Muhammadof Ghori was_ . a) Qutb-ud-dinAibak b)Balban c)Nasir-ud-din

II) Fillinthe blanks. 1. Prophet Muhammadwas the founder of_ . 2. Muhammad-bin-Qasim invaded Sind in_ A.D. 3. Inthe Second Battleof Tarain Muhammad of Ghori killed_ . 4. Muhammad-bin-BaktiyarKhilji captured Nadia in _ . 5. Muhammad of Ghori was considered to be the real founder of a _ Empire in India.

139 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Ill)Matchthe following. 1. Al-Hajjaj City of Gold 2. Multan Governor of Iraq 3. Sabuktigin Kathiawar 4. Somnath Temple Scholar 5. Firdausi RulerofGhazni

IV)Answer thefollowing questions briefly. 1. Write a noteon the administrative system ofArabs in Sind? 2. Who dismissed Muhammad-bin- Qasim and Why? 3. Who were the rulers defeated by Mahmud of Ghazni? 4. What were the regions invadedand captured by Muhammadof Ghori? 5. Why was the Battleof Chandwar important inthe historyof India?

V)Answer indetail. 1. Write in detail about theArab conquest of Sind and Multan and its effects on India. 2. Give an account ofthe Firstand Second Battleof Tarain.

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FORMATIVEASSESSMENT \__

1. Group Discussion: Divide the class into groups. Ask each group to discuss the topic. "TheArabs made Islam-a powerfulforce inthe politics ofAsia". Then a childfrom each group can comeforward to share what they discussed. 2. Findmore: Readabout Qasim and his defence forces and the tactics of Muhammad of Ghorigiven inyour lesson. Findout details of the presentday defence forces of India. i. Army ii. Navy iii. Air force iv. Training centers 3. Oratoricalcompetition: Imagine yourself to be Muhammad of Ghori. Your soldiers have lost hope after their defeat in the First battle of Tarain at the hands of Prithviraj Chauhan. How would you instill confidence in them to fight again? • The pupilwho is motivated best wins 4. Debate: Which of the conquests - Arab or Turkish had a lasting impact on medieval History. 5. Preparecharts: The class can be divided into groups. Eachgroup can prepare a chart on thefollowing topics. i. Indianimpacton theArabs ii. Administration iii. Astronomy iv. Music v. Art andArchitecture 6. Things to do: Collect information about the foreigners who invaded India during medieval period.

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2. SULTANATE OF DELHI

The period from 1206 A.D. to put down his enemies and firmly 1526A.D. came to be known as the established his holdover India. Sultanate period. During this period An Estimate the Mamaluk, Khilji,Tughluq, Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled over India. Qutb-ud-din Aibak was a pious With the death of Muhammad of Muslim. His administration was Ghori,his commander Qutb-ud-din- purely based on his military Aibak came to power and founded strength. Local administration was the Mamalukdynasty. entrusted to native officers. He built Quwat-ul-lslam mosque at Ajmer MAMALUK DYNASTY and Dhai DinkaJhonpara mosque at Qutb-ud-dinAibak Delhi. He started the construction of (1206-1210A.D.) Qutb Minar at Delhi. He patronized The rule of Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Hassan Nizami and Fakhre Mudir. the commander of Muhammad of He was called as Lakh Baksh or Ghori marked the beginning of the Giver of Lakhsfor his generosity. He Mamaluk rule and the establishment died in November 1210A.D. after he of Sultanate period in India. He fell from his horsewhile playing polo. assumed powers on sovereign 24th Iltutmish(1211-1236A.D.) June 1206 A.D. He did not issue coins or readthe khutba in his name. Iltutmish was born in the llbari He was the founder of the Turkish tribe of CentralAsia.As a boy hewas dominion in India. sold as a slave to Qutb-ud-dinAibak. t > Aibak made him as his son-in-law. The term Mamaluk was the He killed Aram Shah, the son of Quranic term for a slave. Aibak and became king in 1211A.D. Conquest of Iltutmish Task of SavinghisEmpire Iltutmish was surrounded by Qutb-ud-din's immediatetaskswere enemies on all sides. He put them • to prevent Ala-ud-din down and strengthened his position. Muhammad, the Shah of Khwarizm As Yalduz considered himself to be from occupying Ghazni and Delhi. the successor of Muhammad of • to prevent the Rajputs from Ghori, Iltutmish defeated him and recoveringtheir principalities. put himto death. He drove out Nasir- • to put downAli Mardan Khan ud-din Qubacha, the ruler of Uch ofBengal, Qubacha andYalduz. and Multanfrom Punjab in 1217A.D. In order to save his infant He captured Bhakkar, where Turkish Empire, he made many Qubacha took shelter. Bengal was matrimonial alliances and shifted his also brought under his control. capital to Lahore. He successfully

142 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 MAMALUK DYNASTY J

• Lahore

•Devagiri

Bay of Bengal Arabian sea • Dwarasamudra |Mamaluk Dynasty •Mai

Indian Ocean Srilanka

143 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Iltutmish put down the revolt of Administration the Khilji Maliks of Bengal in 1230 Iltutmish set up Iqtas under A.D. Iltutmish refused to give shelter Iqtadars. The army was maintained to Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni, the by 'A Corps of Forty' or Chahalgan. Shah of Khwarizm who was He was the first Turkish ruler to attacked by Mongols. This pleased introduceArabic coinage. Chengiz Khan and so he did not invade India. In this way Iltutmish Estimate saved Delhi from Mongol invasion. Iltutmish was a successful In Rajputana, Iltutmish recaptured general and administrator. He Ranthambore and Mandor. He completed the work of Aibak. He defeated Udai Singh, the ruler of built up the Turkish Kingdom in Jalor and made him a feudatory. North India. Thangiri, Ajmer, Sambha, Nagur, Kalinjar and Gwalior were captured Coinsof iltutmish by him. The silver tanka of Iltutmish Iltutmish re-established his weighed 175 mgs and had an authority over Badaun, Kanauj, Arabic inscription on it. Iltutmish Benaras and Katchar-the doab also introducedcopperJital. region between the Ganga and the Yamuna. Sultana Raziah(1236-1240A.D.) Raziahwas the first woman ruler of Sultanate period. She defeated and killed Firoz Shah who ascended the throne after the death of Iltutmish. She successfully restored the prestige of the Turkish Kingdom in India. Her rule ended in 1240A.D. because of a conspiracy by the Qufb Minar Turkish nobles. The successors of Raziah were weak and hence Qutb Minar was in honour built Balban roseto powerin 1265A.D. of Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutb-ud-din Baktiyar kakiwho died in Delhi.The Successors of Raziah construction started by Aibak was BahramShah 1240-1242A.D. completed by Iltutmish Alaud-dinMasid 1242-1246A.D. Nasir-ud-dinMahmud 1246-1264A.D. Endof Iftutmish Balban 1265-1287A.D. Iltutmish undertook an expedition against Bamiyan.He Balban(1265-1207A.D.) nominated his daughter Raziah as Balban an llbari Turk became his successor before his death. He the ruler in 1265A.D. after the death fell illand died in 1236AD. of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud.

144 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 He believed in the Divine Right son Mahmud was killed during an Theory of Kingship. He introduced encounter with the Mongols. a form of salutation to the He never recovered from the sorrow king by kissing hisfeet inthe court. and died in 1287A.D.

S S Endofthe Mamaluk Dynasty According to Lanepoole, Balban was succeeded by "Balban, a slave, water carrier, Kaiqubad his grandson who was huntsman, general, statesman and very incompetent. The nobles made Sultan-is one of the most striking Kayumar,the infant son of Kaiqubad figures among the notable men in as ruler. Jalal-ud-din Khilji, the Jhe long lineof Kingsof Delhi". commander of Balban became the regent of the infant king. He killed Internalpolicies Kaiqubad and Kayumar and Balban curtailed and destroyed became the ruler of Delhi. Thus the 'Corps of Forty' by giving them Mamaluk Dynastywas brought to an severe punishments and promoting end and the Khilji Dynasty was juniors to important positions. He founded. introduced a well organised spy KHILJIDYNASTY system. Jalal-ud-din FirozKhilji A separate military department (1290-1296A.D.) called Diwan-i-arz was established. In 1290 A.D. Jalal-ud-din Firoz Many military posts were set up at Khilji ascended the throne of Delhi. Bhojapur, Patiali, Kampil and policy of Jalali.Balban suppressed Tughril Hefollowed the peace after Khan, who declared his he became the ruler. He wanted to independence and recovered rule without bloodshed. Hence, he Bengal. was called as Clemency Jalal-ud- x-* ÿ> din. DivinerightTheory Domestic Policies The ruler was considered as a representativeof Godon earth. Jalal-ud-din suppressed a revolt by Malik Chhajju at Kara. He An Estimateof Balban appointed his nephew and son-in- lawAla-ud-din Khilji as the Governor Balban was a great patron of of Kara. Theft and robbery became learning. He patronized Amir common during his reign. Though a Khusrau who iscalled as the 'Parrot number of thugs and robbers were of India' and Amir Hasan. Balban arrested, Jala-ud-din forgave them was the most successful ruler and even set them free in Bengal. among the slave kings. He arrested and killed Sidi Maula, a Endof Balban religious leader who tried to seize the throne. Balban was shocked when his

145 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 MongolInvasion Malik Kafur helped Sundara Jalal-ud-din defeated and Pandya against his rival Vira arrested the Mongols who tried to Pandya. He reached as far as advance upto Sunam in 1292 A.D. Rameswaram and built a mosque He pardoned them as they sued for there. The kingdoms of the south peace. A few of the Mongols stayed accepted the overlordship ofAla-ud- back in Indiaafter the invasion. din khiljiand agreed to paytribute to him. Endof Jalal-ud-din The MongolInvasion Jalal-ud-din's policy of peace was not liked by the young Khiljis. Ala-ud-din successfully repelled Ala-ud-din Khilji the son-in-law of the Mongol invasion more than a Jalal-ud-din treacherously dozen times. He renovated the murdered him and came to power existing forts and outposts. He after his returnfrom Devagiri. constructed new forts and strongly garrisoned them to strengthen his Ala-ud-din Khilji(1296-1316A.D.) frontiers. Ala-ud-din Khilji ascended the Domestic Policies of Ala-ud-din throne in 1296A.D. He consolidated Khilji his hold over North India and invadedSouth Indiaalso. Ala-ud-din believed in the Divine Right Theory of Kingship. He Conquests inthe North introduced four ordinances to Ala-ud-din Khilji sent a strong prevent frequent rebellions. He army under hisgenerals Ulugh Khan confiscated religious endowments and Nusrat Khan to conquer Gujarat and free grants of lands, and they succeeded in doing so. reorganized the spy system, Ranthamborewas captured and its prohibited social parties and use of ruler Hamir Deva was killed. Chittor, wine. Malwa, Mandu, Ujjain, Dhar, A permanent standing army was Chanderi, Marwar and Jalor were organized by Ala-ud-din. He also captured. introducedthe system of brandingof Conquest inthe South horses and descriptive roll of Ala-ud-din Khilji was the first individual soldiers to prevent Sultan who invaded South India. He corruption. sent his most trustworthy general, The prices of essential Malik Kafur against the rulers of the commodities were fixed which was south. Ramachandra Deva, the less than the usual market rates. Yadava ruler of Devagiri, Black marketing was strictly Prataprudra-ll of Warangal and Vira prohibited. Revenue was collected Ballala-lll, the Hoysala ruler were in kind and not in cash. He posted defeated and madevassals of Delhi. several horsemen and clerks in new posts. The postal system was good

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Empire of Ala-ud-din Khilji

•Lahore Delhi •

• Devagiri •Warangal

Bay of Bengal Arabian sea

•Maqurai

Indian Ocean Srilanka

] Ala-ud-din Khilji's Kingdom

147 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 during his period. He followed a TUGHLUQ DYNASTY harsh policy towards the Hindus. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq Jizya, grazing tax and house tax (1320-1325 A.D.) were imposedon them. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq or Ghazi Malikwas the founder ofthe Tughluq r \ dynasty. From a humble origin he MarketingSystem ascended the throne by his ability Officers like Diwan-i-riyasat and hardwork in 1320A.D. and Shahana-i-mandi were appointed to regularize the market. Domestic and ForeignPolicies All merchants were required to Ghiyas-ud-din restored order in register themselves in the office of his empire. Lot of importance was the Shahana-i-Mandi and sell their given to agriculture, irrigation, goods atfixed rates. judicial, police and postal v_ / arrangements. Warangal, Utkala or Orissa and Bengal were brought An Estimate under his control. He captured and Ala-ud-din was the first to raise a imprisoned the Mongol leaders who standing army, to regularize the invaded North India. markets and to capture regions Endof his rule south of the Vindhyas. He built Alai While attending a reception for Darwaza, fort of Siri and the Palace his victories at Bengal the pavilion of a thousand pillars. He was on which he stood gave way and undoubtedly a great conqueror and Ghiyas-ud-din was crushed to death a noble administrator. Hewas a man in 1325 A.D. The crown prince of determination. Junakhan succeeded him. Endofthe Dynasty Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325-1361A.D.) Ala-ud-din died in 1316A.D.Due to weak successors like Qutb-ud-din PrinceJunakhan took upthe title Mubarak Shah (1316-1320 A.D.) Muhammad-bin-Tughluq in 1325 and Nasir-ud-din Khusrav Shah A.D. when he ascended the throne. (1320A.D.), the Khilji dynasty came He stood for political and to an end. Finally in 1320 A.D. a administrative unity of India. He group of nobles led by Ghazi Malik, capturedWarangal in 1327A.D. the Governor of Punjab, invaded Domestic Policies Delhi and captured the throne. Mohammed-bin-Tughlug raised Ghazi Malik assumed the title of Doab up Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq and founded the taxes in the region to fill empty treasury. To avoid heavy a new lineof rulers at Delhiknownas his people ran away to the Tughluq Dynasty. taxes the the forests.As cultivation was neglected severe famines occurred. He realized his mistake and sanctioned

148 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Empire of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq

N A

Multc

Delhi •#Mathura « Kanauj Gwalior »Banaras

Devagiri

Bay of Bengal Arabian sea

| Rajputana

ÿ Extent of Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq's Empire

Indian Ocean sriianka

149 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 loans and dug canals to overcome An Estimate famine butitwas too late. The domestic policies of Mongolswere often invadingthe Mohammed-bin-Tughluq were good Indian frontiers. Inorder to protect but his operative measures ended in his capital, he transferred his capital a failure. His character of taking from Delhi to Devagiri. He ordered hasty decisions and inoperative both the government officials and policies were responsible for the the common people to shift to declineofthe DelhiSultanate. Devagiri. The people faced untold FirozTughluq(1351-1388A.D.) miseries. Due to practical difficulties he ordered them to return back to Firoz Tughluq, the son of the Delhi. younger brother of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq ascended the throne in Copper currency system was 1351A.D. introduced by the Sultan. The official machinerywas notappointed Administrative Reforms to mint coins. So, people started Firoz Tughluq introduced a lot of minting coins in huge numbers. The reforms which were beneficial to the value of coins fell so low that the people. He cancelled all Taquavi Sultan withdrew the copper token (agricultural) loans granted by currency. Mohammed-bin-Tughluq. He increased the salary of the revenue officers. Unlawful and unjust cesses were abolished. He collected four important taxes such as Kharaj-1/10 of the produce of the land, Khams-1/5 of the warbooty, Jizya-Poll Tax and Zakat-Tax on muslims for specific religious purposes. He gave importance to public works. He excavated many irrigation canals, constructed 50 Coins of Mohammed-bin-Tughluq dams, 150 wells and 100 bridges. He built the towns like Firozabad, Mohammed-bin-Tughluq raised Fatehabad, Jaunpur and Hissar. an army of 3,70,000 men in order to Firoz prohibited all kinds of conquer Tranoxiana, Khurasan and mutilations and torture. The Koranic Iraq. He disbanded them after laws were followed. He imposed realizingthat itwas notpossible. Jizya on the Brahmans. Mohammed-bin-Tughluq's An Employment Bureau, policy of giving huge presents to Marriage Bureau, (Diwani-i-kherat) Tamashirin, the Mongol leader, to and hospitals (Dar-ul-shafa) were avoid a Mongol invasionwas a great established. burdenon hisexchequer.

150 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Diwan-i-lstibqaq was established to Timur's invasion(1398A.D.) give financial help to the poor. The ruler of Samarqand, Timur Liberal grants were given to was attracted bythe fabulous wealth scholars and religious institutions. of Hindustan. He invaded India ForeignPolicy during the period of Nasir Mahmud Tughluq. He crossed the river Indus In 1353A.D. and 1359A.D. Firoz and reached Delhi. The Sultan and besieged Bengal. He captured Jainagar and destroyed the his Prime Minister Mallu Iqbal Jagannath Temple at Puri. He made opposed Timur. Timur defeated the rulers of Nagarkot and Tatta to them and occupied Delhi in 1398 paytributes. A.D. Timur inflicted untold miseries on the people by plundering and An Estimate massacring them. His invasion led Firoz proved his greatness by to the decline of the Tughluq his benevolent reforms and Dynasty. contributed to the material prosperity of his people. The Sultan THE SAYYID DYNASTY (1414-1451A.D.) himself wrote his autobiography The Sayyid dynasty rose to called Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi. He prominence in Delhi with the decline patronized the scholar Zia-ud-din Barani. During his period a number of the Tughluq dynasty. Khizr of Sanskrit books on medicine, Khan( 14 14- 142 1 A.D.) the science and arts were translated Governor of Multan took advantage into Persian. Kutab- Feroz Shahi of the chaotic conditions in India was a book which dealt with after Timur's invasion occupied the Physics. throne of Delhi in 1414 A.D. and founded the Sayyid dynasty Khizr LaterTughluqs . Khan, the founder did not assume Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq Shah II, any royal title. Though he brought Abu Bakr Shah, Nasir-ud-din Punjab, Dilapur and parts of Surat Mohammed Tughluq were the under his control, he lost Jaunpur, of successors Firoz. They were not Malwa, Gujarat, Khandesh, Bengal very strong and powerful. Bythe end and Deccan. He died in 1421 A.D. of the fourteenth century, most of the and was succeeded by his son provinces under them became independent. Punjab and Delhi Mubarak Shah (1421-1434A.D.) He alone remained in the hands of the suppressed the Khokhars and the Tughluqs. local chiefs of the Doab region. His reign is notable for the fact that for Tughluq The Sultans of the the first time Hindu nobles were Dynasty however, continued to rule appointed in the court of Delhi. He upto 1414 A.D. It was during their built a city called "Mubarakbad" on period that the invasion of Timur took place. the banks of the river Jamuna. He was murdered in 1434A.D.

151 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Mubarak's nephew, Muhammad Punjab to Bihar. He built the city of Shah (1434-1445 A.D.) succeeded Agra which became an important him. He put down the ruler of Malwa administrative and cultural center of with the help of Bahlol Lodi the the Lodi's. Heorganized an efficient Governor of Lahore. For the help spy system. He improved rendered by Bahlol Lodi he was agriculture and industry. During his conferred with the title Khan-i- period several Sanskrit books Khanan. Muhammad Shah died in dealing with mathematics, 1445AD. medicine,astronomy and yoga were translated into Persian. Muhammad Shah was succeeded by Ala-ud-din r Shah(1445-1457 A.D.). He was a very feeble ruler. Bahlol Lodi the Governor of Lahore occupied Delhi in 1457A.D. and allowed Ala-ud-din Shah to retire to Badaun where he died in 1478 A.D. The Sayyid Dynasty came to an end in 1457.A.D. LODI DYNASTY A, BahlolLodi{1451-1489 D.) Ibrahim Lodi Tomb The Lodi Dynasty was founded He enjoyed"Shehnai"music. A by Bahlol Lodi. Itwas the last of the reputedwork on musictitled "Lahjat- ruling dynasties of the Sultanate i-Sikandar Shahi was prepared period. He was a shrewd politician during his reign. Hewas an orthodox who clearly realized his limitations. Muslim and put serious restrictions He always took steps to satisfy his on the Hindus. He was the greatest nobles. He conquered Mewat, ruler of the Lodi Dynasty. He died in Samthal, Sakit, Etawa and Gwalior. 1517A.D. Hediedin 1489A.D. Endof LodiDynasty Bahlol Lodi did nottake his seat Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526 A.D.) on the throne but sat on the carpet succeeded Sikandhar Lodi. He was in front of the throne along with his an uncompromising and intolerant nobles in order to get their ruler. Ibrahim Lodi humiliated many recognitionandsupport. _ ÿ of hisnoblesand killedsome of them cruely. Dilwar khanLodi the son of Bahlol's son Sikandar Shahi Daulat khan Lodiwas treatedcruely (1489-1517 A.D.) ascended the by Ibrahim Lodi. In order to take throne under the title of Sikandar revenge on him, Daulat khan Lodi Shah. He extended his empire from invited Babur the ruler of Kabul to

152 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 invade India. Babur accepted his Governors. Iqtas were divided into invitation, invaded India and smaller units called Shiqqs, defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first Parganasand the Villages. battle of Panipat in 1526 A. D. The The head of the Shiqq was Lodi dynasty came to an end with called Shiqqdar. Important officials the defeat of Ibrahim Lodi. of the Pargana were the Amil or Administration under the Delhi Munsif, the treasurer and the Sultanate quanungo. The Sultanate of Delhi which LocalAdministration extended from 1206 A.D. to 1526 The village was the smallest unit A.D., for a periodof about 320 years, of administration. Local hereditary was a Theocratic as well as a officers and the Panchayats in each Military State. Administration was village carried out the village basedon Islamiclaws. administration. The Panchayat looked after education, sanitation, ( \ Ministersto Sultan justice, revenue etc. The Central Wazir Government did not interfere in the Prime Minister and Finance village administration. Minister. RevenueAdministration Diwani-I-Risalt ForeignAffairs Minister. Land revenue was the main Sadr-us-Suddar source of income. So, a lot of Ministerof Islamic Law. importance was given to agriculture Diwan-l-lnsha and irrigation. Trade tax, House tax, Correspondence Minister. Horse tax, Mines tax, etc. were Diwan-I-Ariz some of the taxes collected during Defenceor War Minister. the Sultanate period. Qazi-ul-quzar JudicialAdministration MinisterofJustice. t > The Sultan was the highest CentralAdministration judicial authority. Qazi-ul-quzar was the Chief Judicial officer. There was The Sultan was the head of the a Quazi in every town. Usually empire. He enjoyed vast powers. severe punishments were given to There were six ministers to assist the criminals. him. Many officials were also appointed to take care of the MilitaryAdministration administration. The Sultan was the Commander of the army. The four ProvincialAdministration divisions of the army were the Royal The empire was divided into army, Provincialor Governor's army, several Iqtas. Iqtas were Feudalarmy and War Time army. administered by Iqtadars or

153 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Social lifeof the Sultanate period Siri the new town in Delhi, Dargah of Hazrat Nizam - ud - din The important characteristic of Aulia and the Alai Darwaza the society was the division of belongedto Khilji period. people on the basis of their nationality as foreign Muslims, The rulers of Tughluq period did IndianMuslimsand Hindus. not give importance to ornamentation. Their buildings were Economic conditions of the solid and strong. Some buildings people bear mark of Hindu features. The The people were mainly palace and the tomb of Ghiyas - ud involved in agriculture and industry. -din Tughluq,Adalabad Fort built by Textile industry was the primary Muhammad-bin Tughluq and the industry. Sugar industry, paper cities of Tughluqabad and industry, metal work, stone cutting, Jahanpanah stand testimony to the pearl diving, ivory and sandal works architectural skill of the Tughluq were the other industries of this period. period. The Lodi Garden and Moti /"-"N Masjid in New Delhi and the tomb of Textiles Sikandar Lodiare some examples of Indian textiles was in great Lodiarchitecture. demand in foreign countries. Bengal and Gujarat were famous Literature for their quality fabrics. Cotton, The Delhi Sultans were great woollen and silk of different patrons of learning. Great scholars varieties were produced in large namely Alberuni, Amir Khusrau quantities. The clothes were andZia-ul-Barani adorned their studded with gold, diamonds, court. Many Sanskrit works were pearls,silver and stones. translated into Arabic. A lot of vernacular literature was also CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE DELHI produced during this period. Urdu SULTANATE language originated during the Art andArchitecture Sultanate period. Delhi Sultans had a genius for 'scholars of sultanateÿ architecture. There was a blend of PERIOD Indian and Islamic styles. The three Alberuni an Arabic and well developed styles were -Delhi or Persian Scholar served under Imperial Style, Provincial Style and Mahmud of Ghazni. He learnt and Hindu architectural style. translated two Sanskrit works into Qutubminar, Quwat-ul-lslam Arabic. He was impressed by the mosque, the tombs of Nasir-ud-din Upanishadsand BhagavatGita. In Muhammad and Balban were built his work Tarikh-ul-Hind, bythe Mamaluk rulers. ÿ he;

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/ \ Disintegration of the Delhi referred to the socio-economic Sultanate conditions of India. Amir Khusrau was a great The disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate had begun during the Persian poet. He is said to have Tughluq period. The invasion of written four lakh couplets. Hewas Timur and the incompetent and a great singer and was given the intolerant nature of some of the title 'Parrot of India'. He used a lot Sayyid and Lodi rulers led to the of Hindiwords in hisworks. v_ y crumbling of the Delhi Sultanate.The first to break free from Delhi in the South were the Impactof TurkishConquest rulers of the Vijayanagar and The Turkish conquest of India Bahmani Kingdom. had its impact on various fields. Khandesh, Bengal, Sind, 1)lt paved the way for a Multan, Gujarat, Malwa, Jauripur, centralized politicalorganization. Kashmir, Assam and Orissa also 2)lt restored contacts with the asserted their independence. restofAsia and partsofAfrica. Further the defeat of Ibrahim 3)A permanent army was Lodi in the first Battle of Panipat in established. 1526A.D. by Babur ended the Lodi dynasty and brought the downfall of 4)Trade developed due to the the Delhi Sultanate in India. The uniform legal system, tariff Delhi Sultanatewhich began in 1206 regulationsand currency. A.D. and lasted for about 300 years 5)Persian became the court came to an end with the language and brought uniformity in establishment of Mughal rule in administration. Indiain 1526A.D.

EXERCISE I) Choosethe correct answer. 1.The Mamaluk rulewas founded by_ . a)Balban b) lltutmish c)Qutb-ud-dinAibak 2.The first Turkish ruler to introduce Arabic coinage was

a) lltutmish b)AmirKhusrau c)Amir Hasan 3.The poet known asthe "Parrot of India"was _ . a) AlBeruni b)Kaiqubad c)Amir Khusrau 4. The founder of the Sayyid Dynastywas _ . a) Khizr Khan b) MuhhamadShah c) Daulat khan Lodi

155 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 5. Babur the ruler of Kabul was invited by _ to invade India. a)BahlulLodi b) Ibrahim Lodi c) DaulatkhanLodi II) Fillinthe blanks. 1. Quwat-ul- Islammosque atAjmer was built by _ . 2. The first woman rulerofthe Sultanate period was 3. The founder oftheTughluqdynasty was _ 4. Bahlol Lodioccupied the throne of Delhiin_ 5. Sikhandar Shah Lodienjoyed_ music. Ill) Matchthe following. 1. Qutb-ud-dinAibak Divine RightTheory 2. Balban Muhammad-bin-Tughluq 3. Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji Rulerof Samarqand 4. PrinceJuna khan Lakh Bakor Giver of Lakhs 5. Timur Policyof Peace IV) Answer the following questions briefly. 1. HowdidQutb-ud-dinAibak save his infantTurkish Empire? 2. Howwas Balbanableto destroy the "Corps of Forty"? 3. Write a short noteonAla-ud din Khilji'sarmy. 4. What were the publicworks introduced by FirozTughluq? 5. Givea short account ofTimurs invasion. V) Answer indetail. 1. Howdid IItutmishputdown hisenemies and strengthen his position? 2.Describe in detail the conquests ofAla-ud-din Khilji in North and South India. 3. Give an account ofthe domestic policies of Mohammed-bin-Tughluq. 4. Write indetail about the administration of the DelhiSultanate.

156 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 _FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT_ V / 1. Narrateinclass: The class should be divided into groups. A representative from each group should pose as Qutb-ud-din Aibak and narrate how the Turkish rulewas established by him/her in India. 2. Findout: Find more on the Divine RightTheory of Kingship-the countries and the kingswho followed it. 3. Enact: i. The achievements of Ala-ud-din Khilji, a man of determination who made hisdynasty strong. (Or) ii. The benevolent reforms and greatness of FirozTughlaq. 4. Prepare: Prepare an album (or) a power point presentation on the Art and architecture of the Delhi Sultanate. 5. Learn Urdu words:

Persons Things Father Pencil Mother Pen Brother Notebook Sister Paper Teacher Ink

6. Things to do: Mark the following on the outline map of India. i. Extent of Muhammad - bin -Tughluq's Empire. ii. Places: Multan, Mathura, Kanauj, Gwalior, Delhi, Banaras.

157 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 SOCIAL SCIENCE STANDARD SEVEN TERM III

TEXTBOOK TEAM Chairpersons History & Civics Geography & Economics Dr. Bharathi Manoharan, Dr.P. Arul, Associate professor, Associate Professor, LadyWillington Teachers College, Government Arts College, Triplicane, Chennai- 600005. Kumbakonam,

Reviewers Dr.Thanappan, Dr.B. Gobu, Associate professor, Assistant Professor, PresidencyCollege, Government Arts College, Chennai-600 005. Kumbakonam, Thanjavur District. Tmt.S. Karpagavalli, Thiru. S. Vadivel, Head Mistress, Assistant Professor, Government HighSchool Government Arts College, Sooradimangalam, Kancheepuram. Kumbakonam, Thanjavur District

Authors Thiru J.Arul George Peter, Thiru.P. Shanmugam, Lecturer PGAssistant, DIET, Munanjipatti, Govt Hr. Sec. School, Kangeyam, Tirunelveli District. Tiruppur District - 638701.

Tmt.Usha Narayanan, Thiru.V. Suresh kumar, PG.Assistant, B.T. Assistant, J.G.H.V.Mat.Hr.Sec. School, SBOA Mat. Hr . Sec .School, W.Mambalam. Chennai- 600033. Annanagar West Ext, Chennai - 101.

Thiru. R.Vijayan, Thiru.M. Saravanan, PGAssistant, BTAssistant, Govt. Girls Hr. Sec. School, Govt Hr.Sec.School, Thirucherai, Ami, Thanjavur District - 612 605. Thiruvannamalai District. Tmt.S. Pushpalatha, Mrs. HannahNirmala, PG. Asst. Ecomonics, PG Assistant, Kamala Subramanian Mat. Hr . Sec St.John's Mat. Hr.Sec.School, School, Thanjavur - 613 005 Baba Nagar,Villivakkam, Chennai-49.

Laser Typeset, Layout,Illustrations M.Vijayasarathy, T. Raghu

160 J HISTORYWebsite:L iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 1.THE VIJAYANAGAR AND BAHMANl KINGDOMS

Rise of the Vijayanagar and of Vijayanagar Empire were Bahmani Kingdoms Harihara-J I, Devaraya-1, Devaraya-J I A large number of provincial and Krishnadeva Raya. governors and feudatories, both in KRISHNADEVA RAYA North and South India declared their (1509-1529A.D.) Independence with the Krishnadeva Raya of the Tuluva disintegration of the DelhiSultanate dynasty was the most famous king after the reign of Muhammed-Bin- of the Vijayanagar Empire. Tughluq. Bengal and Multan were the first to break away from Delhi. Gujarat, Malwa, Mewar, Marwarand Kashmiralso became independent. Further to this, Vijayanagar and the Bahmani kingdoms rose to jr prominence in the Deccan and South India. The Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1672A.D.) Harihara and Bukka served under the Hoysala King Vira Ballala III. The founded the city of Vijayanagar on the southern banks of Tungabhadra in 1336 A.D. with the help of Saint Vidaranya and his Krishnadeva Raya brother Sayana when the Hoysalas According to Domingo Paes, a were put down by Muhammad-bin- traveller, Tughluq. Their capital was Hampi. Portuguese "Krishnadeva Vijayanagar empire was ruled by Raya was the most feared and perfect king there could four important dynasties namely the possibly Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and be". Aravidu. CONQUESTS Harihara I became the ruler in Krishnadeva Raya was a great 1336A.D. He captured Mysore and warrior. He conquered Madurai. He was succeeded by Sivasamudram in 1510A.D.,Raichur Bukka-I in 1356 A.D. His empire in 1512A.D.,Orissa and Warangal in extended from the region south of 1523 A.D. and a large part of the the river Tungabhadra upto Deccan. His empire extended from Rameswaram.The important rulers the river Krishna in the north to the river Cauvery in the south and the

161 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Arabian Sea in the west to the The Glories of the Vijayanagar Bay of Bengal in the east. Empire Contributions Administration Krishnadevaraya was an able The Vijayanagar rulers had a administrator. He constructed large well organized administrative tanks and canals for irrigation system. The king was the fountain purposes. He improved the naval headof all powers inthe state. There power as he understood the was a Council of Ministers to assist importance of overseas trade. He the King in the work of maintainedfriendly relationship with administration. the Portuguese and Arab traders The Empire was divided into six and increased the revenue of his Provinces. Each Province was government. under a Governor called Naik. The Krishnadeva Raya was a great Provinces were divided into districts scholar. A group of eight scholars which were further divided into called Ashtadiggajas adorned his smaller units namely Villages. The Village Assembly on court. He was a patron of art and carried the administration of the villages architecture. He built beautiful through its hereditary officers like temples and palaces. The Vijaya accountants, the weightsmen, Empire nagar reached its zenith of watchmen and officers incharge of glory during Krishnadeva Raya's forced labour. The Central period._ administration maintained contact The Ashtadiggajas with the villages through an officer Allasani Peddanna, Nandi called Mahanayakacharya. Thimmana, Tenali Rama, Bhattu TheArmy Murthy, Puna Vira Bhadra, The army consisted of the Dhurjathy, Mallana and Panaji infantry, cavalry and elephantry. The Surana. v_ s commander-in-chief was in charge of the army. BATTLEOFTALIKOTA (1565A.D.) RevenueAdministration The successors of Krishnadeva Land revenue was the main Raya were weak. During the rule of source of income. The land was Ramaraya, the combined forces of carefully surveyed and taxes were Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golconda collected based on the fertility of the and Bidar declared war on soil. Great attention was paid to Vijayanagar. In the battle of Talikota agriculture and the construction of in 1565 A.D. Ramaraya was dams and canals. defeated. He and his people were mercilessly killed. Vijayanagar was Judicial Administration plundered and left in ruins. The king was the supreme judge. The civil cases were decided

162 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 on the basis of Hindu Law. Severe imported were horses, elephants, punishments were inflicted on the copper, coal, mercury, China silk guilty. Fines were collected from and velvets. Goa, Diu, Cochin and thosewho violated the law. Quilon were the important ports PositionofWomen through which active trade was carried on the Western sea coast of Women occupied a high position India. and took an active part in political, social and literary life of the empire. Contribution to Architecture and They were educated and trained in Literature wrestling, in the use of various The rulers of Vijayanagar were weapons of offence and defence, in great patrons of art and learning. music and fine arts. Some of them The Hazara Ramasami temple and received education of high order. Vittalaswamy temple are fine Nuniz writes that the kings had examples of this period. The bronze women astrologers, clerks, image of Krishnadeva Raya is a accountants, guards and wrestlers. masterpiece. Many scholars were Social life patronized by the Vijayanagar rulers. Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and We get a clear picture of the life Kannada literature were developed. of the Vijayanagar people from the Sayana wrote commentaries on writings of the foreign travellers. The Vedas. Krishnadevaraya wrote society was well organized. Child Amuktamalyada in telugu. His marriage, polygamy and sati were Sanskrit works were Usha prevalent. The kings allowed Parinayam and Jambavathi freedom of religion. Kalyanam. Economic conditions Decline of the Empire The empire of Vijayanagar was The rulers of the Aravidu very rich and prosperous. The dynasty were weak and agricultural production was incompetent. Taking advantage of increased by their irrigational their weakness the provincial policies. Numerous industries such governors became independent. as Textiles, mining, metallurgy and perfumery existed. They had The rulers of Bijapur and commercial relations with the Golconda annexed some areas of islands in the Indian Ocean, the Vijayanagar. The Nayaks became Malay Archipelago, Burma, China, free in the south. Thus by 1614A.D. Arabia, Persia, South Africa, Vijayanagar dynasty declined. Abyssinia and Portugal. THE BAHMANI KINGDOM The chief articles exported were (1347-1526A.D.) spices, cereals, cotton, silk, opium, The Bahmani kingdom was the indigo, sea pearls, saffron, ginger, most powerful Muslim kingdom that sugar, coconuts, etc. The articles

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Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms

Ahanv Bidar"r J Waranaal J

Bay of Bengal Arabian sea (Mysore •yellore

Indian Ocean rilanka

Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms

164 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 rose to prominence in the Deccan in provinces of his kingdom to 1347A.D. and lastedtill 1526A.D. Vijayanagar. PoliticalHistory (1422-1435 A.D.) The founder of this dynasty was succeeded Feroz Shah Bahmani. Hasan Gangu Bahmani. He was a He was a cruel and merciless ruler. Turkish officer of Devagiri. He He conquered the kingdom of established the independent Warangal and changed his capital Bahmani kingdom in 1347 A.D. He from Gulbarga to Bidar. He died in captured the entire territories from 1435A.D. Mahur in north-east to Telangana in Muhammad Shah-Ill (1463- the south. He defeated the Hindu 1482 A.D.) was another notable ruler of Warangal and annexed Bahmarii ruler. He became the Kolhapur, Goa, Mandu and Malwa. Sultan at the age of nine in 1463A.D. Thus his kingdom stretched from the Muhammad Gawan became the Arabian sea to the Bay of Bengal regent of the infant ruler. Under his and included the whole of Deccan able guidance the Bahmani upto the river Krishna with its capital kingdom became very powerful. atGulbarga. Muhammad Gawan defeated the Muhammad Shah-I (1358- rulers of Konkan, Sangameshwar, 1377.A.D.), the next ruler was an Orissa and Vijayanagar. During this able general and administrator. He period the Bahmani kingdom defeated Bukka-I the ruler of stretched from one sea shore to the Vijayanagar and Kapaya Nayaks of other and from the river Tapti to the Warangal. riverTungabhadra. Muhammad Shah-ll (1378- - 1397.A.D.) ascended the throne in Muhammad Gawan > 1378A.D. He was peace loving and He was a very wise scholar hence he developed friendly and able administrator. He relations with his neighbours. He improved the administration, built many mosques, madarasas(a organized finances, encouraged placeof learning)and hospitals. public education, reformed the On the death of Muhammad revenue system, disciplined the Shah-ll, Feroz Shah Bahmani army and eleminated corruption. (1397-1422 A.D.) became the ruler. Muhammad Gawan fell a Hewas a great general. Hedefeated victim to the jealousy of Deccan Deva Raya I, the Vijayanagar ruler. muslims. He was falsely accused He recruited a number of Hindus in by them and so was persecuted his services. and sentenced to death in 1481 by Towards the end of his rule, he MuhammadShah III. lost the northern and southern

165 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 The FiveMuslim Dynasties Contribution to Education, Art Muhammad Shah-Ill died in and Architecture 1482.Hissuccessors were weak and The Bahmani Sultans gave the BahmaniKingdom disintegrated great attention to education. They into five kingdoms namely Bijapur, encouraged Arabic and Persian Ahmednagar, Berar, Golconda and learning. Urdualso flourished during Bidar. this period. Numerous mosques, Administration madarasas and libraries were built. The most famous monuments of the The Sultans followed a Feudal Sultans were the Juma masjid at type of administration. The kingdom Gulbarga, the Golconda fort, the was divided into many provinces Golgumbaz at Bijapur and the called Tarafs. Each Taraf was under Madarasasof Muhammad Gawan. a Governor called Tarafdar or Amir. The Governors were powerful and Declineof BahmaniKingdom supplied the king with men and There were many causes for the equipments duringtimes ofwar. downfall of the Bahmani kingdom. The constant wars between the ''Golgumbaz N Bahmani and Vijayanagar rulers, Golgumbaz in Bijapur is called inefficient and weak successors of the whispering gallery. This is so, Muhammad Shah III and rivalry because when one whispers in between the Bahmani rulers and one corner, a lingering echo is foreign nobleswere a few causesfor the downfall of the Bahmani heard inthe opposite corner. ÿ kingdom.

EXERCISE I)Choosethe correct answer. 1.TheVijayanagar Empirewas founded inthe year_ . a) 1337A.D. b)1336A.D. c)1338A.D. 2.The brothers Harihara and Bukka served under the Hoysala King

a)Vira Ballala-lll b)Narasimhan-ll c)Billiama-VI 3.The mostfamous kingof theVijayanagar empire was _ . a) Harihara b) Bukka c) Krishnadeva Raya 4. The Muslim kingdom that rose to prominence inthe Deccan in 1347A.D. was the _ kingdom. a) Slave b)Vijayanagar c) Bahmani

166 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 5. MuhammedGawanwas the Regentof a) MuhammadShah-Ill b) HasanGangu c)Ahmad Shah II) Fillinthe blanks. 1.A group of eight scholars called _ adorned the court of Krishnadeva Raya. 2. The Vijayanagar Empire reached its zenith of glory during the period of

3. Ramarayawas defeated and killed inthe Battle of. 4. The Bahmani Kingdomwas founded by_ 5. The BahmaniSultans encouragedArabic and_ learning. Ill)Matchthe following. 1.Vijayanagar - Bijapur 2. BattleofTalikota - Ushaparinayam 3. Krishnadeva Raya - Gulbarga 4. Juma Masjid - Southern bank of Tungabhadra 5. Golgumbaz - 1565A.D. IV)Answer thefollowing questions briefly. 1. When was theVijayanagar kingdomfounded and bywhom? 2. Who were the important rulersofthe Vijayanagar Empire? 3. Write a short noteonthe Battleof Talikota. 4. When and bywhom was the Bahmani kingdomfounded? 5. Name the five Muslim kingdoms that arose in Deccan at the end of Bahmani rule. V) Answer in detail. 1. Discuss indetail aboutthe glories of the Vijayanagar Empire. 2. Givean account ofthe political historyof the Bahmani Kingdom.

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FORMATIVEASSESSMENT v_ /

1. Makea comparison: Compare the village administration of the Vijayanagar Empirewith the present dayvillage administration system ofTamilnadu.

2. BestTalent Show: Narrate a story to prove the intelligence of Tenali Rama, one of the Ashtadiggajas.

3. Discuss: Domingo Paes says " Krishnadeva Raya was the most feared and perfect king". Discusswhy he said so.

4. Justify: The best place to go on a study tour is -The Vijayanagar Empire or Bahmani Kingdom - Have a group discussion. Let the studentsjudge which group was more concerning andwhy?

5. Focus: Women occupied a high position in the Vijayanagar Empire. Name a few women of today who are ina very high position. 1.Political 2. Social 3. Sports

6. Things to do: I. Collect pictures and prepare an album on the various contributions of the Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdomto art and architecture. ii. Onthe outline mapof Indiamarkthe following places. 1. Berar 2. Bidar 3. Golkonda 4. Ahmednagar 5. Vijayanagar

168 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 2. BHAKTI AND SUFI MOVEMENTS

The Bhakti Movement of influence of his sister medieval India was a wide spread Thilagavathiyar, he became a movement that embraced the whole devotee of Lord Shiva. of India for several centuries. The He is said to have composed saints of the Bhakti movement 49,000 pathigams (10 stanzas) of advocated Bhakti or devotion to God which only 311 pathigams are as a means of attaining salvation. available. Its main objectives were to reform the Hindu religion and foster friendly Manikavasagar was firm in his relations between the Hindu and faith of worship of one supreme God Muslim communities. The and declared that the way to reach preachers of this movement God was love and not rituals. His belonged to different places and work is called Tiruvasagam. different times. Sambandhar is said to have BhaktiCult inSouthIndia sung about 16000 devotional pathigams of which only 384 Saivism and Vaishnavism pathigams are available. revived and gained great impetus through the Bhakti Cult during the Sundaramoorthy Nayanar was Pallava, Chola and Pandya period born during the last decades of the 8th bythe NayanmarsandtheAlwars. century A.D. in South Arcot district. He composed 38000 pathigams,of There is a popular verse which which only 100 pathigams are says available. "Bhakti arose first in South The most popular works of this India, Ramananda spread it to the period are Sekhizar's north and Kabir made it popular "Periyapuranam" (Biographies of amongthe masses". Nayanmars), Devaram (a collection of hymns and Thiruvasagam. These Nayanmars hymns are great devotional, philosophical and literaryworks. There were 63 Nayanmars who popularized the fame of Siva and Alwars Sakti. The most famous among The glory of Lord Vishnu were them were Appar, Sundarar, sung by 12 Alwars. The most Thirugnana Sambandar and famous among the Alwars were Manikavasagar. Nammalwar, Perialwar and Andal. Appar was born around 600A.D. compiled the 4000 in South Arcot district. Initially he hymns sung by the Alwars and was a follower of Jainism. Dueto the named it as Nalayira Divya Prabhandam.

169 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Impactof the BaktiCult devotion to God. He invited the Bakthi cult gave rise to the downtrodden to embrace construction of magnificent temples Vaishnavism at Tanjore, Chidambaram and Ramananda was the follower of Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Many Ramanuja. He believed in the bronze sculptures of Gods, existence of God. He saw humanity Goddesses and Bakthi saints were as one large family and all men as made and taken out in processions brothers. His disciples came from during festive occasions. all religions and castes. He started Devotional songs were sung in preaching in the language of the vernacular languages. people. Early history of the Bhakti Vallabhacharya (1479-1531 Movement A.D.) was a devotee of Krishna who One of the earlier exponents of taught that an individual could attain the Bhakti movement was salvation through Bhakti. Sankaracharya. He was born at Sasava was the founder of Kaladi in Kerala. He preached Virasaivism. His followers were Advaita philosophy or the worship of known as Virasaivas or Lingayats. one God (Monotheism). He said They challenged the idea of caste Brahma or the Supreme spirit is andtheory of rebirth. alone real. Sankaracharya taught Chaifanys was born in Bengal in his followers to love truth, respect 1485 A.D. He propagated Krishna reason and realize the purpose of cult. He believed that one can life. realize the presence of God only Exponents of the Movement through loveanddevotion. Ramanujar a great exponent of Kabir (1425-1518 A.D.), a the Bhakti movement, was born at follower of Ramananda was the first Sriperumbudur. to preach Hindu-Muslim unity. Kabir is regarded as the greatest of the mystic saints. His followers are called Kabirpanthis. His teachings have been collected in a book called Bijaka. His poems particularly Dohas had a great appeal to the common man. Hesaid that Ram and lit Rahimwere the same. He preached against idol worship and caste Ramanufa system. He was a great Vaishnavite Kabir Atypical poemof him. century - leader of the 12th A.D. He O servant where dost thou seek taught that salvation lies only in me? Lo! Iam besidethee

170 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 1 am neither in temple nor inÿ honesty, kindness and condemned mosque, orthodox beliefs and idolatry or idol Iam neitherinKaabhaor Kailash worship. Neither am I in rites and Mirabai ceremonies Mirabai a saint of this movement norinyoga and remuneration was bornin 1498A.D. Shewas the If thou art a true seeker, thou shall atonce see me; ÿ thou shall meet me in a moment of time Kabir says;0 SadhulGod is breath of all breath.

LWC23 Mirabai daughter of Rathor Ratna Singh of Mewar and wife of the ruler of Udaipur. She was a devotee of Kabir Krishna. She was very popular in Rajasthanfor her bhajans. Guru Nanak(1469-1538A.D.) GuruNanak another well-known Maharashtrasaints Saint of the Bhakti Movement was The Maratha region produced a the founder of Sikhism. He was a number of Bhakti Saints namely discipleof Kabir. Gnanadeva, Namdeva, Eknath, Tukaram, Tulsidas and Ramdas. Gnanadeva wrote a commentary on Bhagavat Gita called Gnaneswari. Chokamela was the first dalit writer of India. Eknath opposed caste distinction. Guru Ramdas's work was Dasabodha. Tulsidas was the author of Ramcharitmanas. Guru Nanak The Sufi Movement He was born in 1469 A.D. in Sufism was a reform movement Talwandi near Lahore. He preached which originated in Persia and unity of God, goodwill and co¬ became popular in India in the operation among Hindus and 12th century A.D. The followers of this Muslims. He advocated truth, movementwere called as Sufis.The

171 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 Sufis protested against materialism important placeof pilgrimage. of the Caliphate as a religious and The Hindu customs of breaking political institution and turned coconuts and lighting of lamp are towards asceticism and mysticism. followed here.

They regarded Prophet Muhammad N as a perfect human being. Sufism 'Sufism-Name Derivation insisted that God could be reached Suf means wool. The coarse only through meditation, love and woolen clothes worn by the Sufis is devotion. They opposed rituals and an emblem of simplicity. It was a were tolerant towards other silent way of protest against the religions. The Sufis organized growing luxuriesof the world. themselves into communities and Safa meaning purity. were controlled by a master known Suffa was the platformoutsidethe as Shaikh (in Arabic) Pir or Murshid Prophets mosque where a group of (in Persian). The Sufis belonged to close followers assembled to learn 12 orders called as Silsilas. The aboutthe faith. word Silsila means a "chain" \_ J signifying a continuous link between Baba Farid, the disciple of master and disciple. The Chisti Khwaja Muin-ud-din Chisti Silsila is the most important Sufi preached the unity of God and order in India as they adapted brotherhood. He encouraged successfully to the local people to live a simple life. He environment and the features of composed many verses in Punjabi Indiandevotional tradition. which are recited by boththe Hindus ImportantSufi Saints of India and the Muslims. Sultan Balbanwas a devotee of Baba Farid. Some of the most important Sufi Saints of India were Khwaja Muin- Nizam-ud-din Auliya was a ud-din Chisti, Baba Farid and popular saint who came from Nizam-ud-dinAuliya. Badayeen and settled in Delhi. He became the disciple of Baba Farid. Khwaja Muin-ud-din Chisti came He was against class and caste to India around 1192 A.D. and distinctions. stayed at Ajmer. According to him the greatest form of devotion to God He was popularly referred to as was through service to humanity. He Mehboob-i-illahi (Beloved of God) dedicated his entire life to the by his devotees. His dargah is at service of mankind. He was Delhi .It is visited by boththe Hindus popularly known as 'Gharib Nawaz' and Muslims. or protector of the poor. He Saint NagoreAndavar encouraged singing of devotional Saint NagoreAndavar belonged songs qawalis gatherings. and at He to the 16thCentury A.D. He was died in 1235 A.D. The place where popularly called as Meeran Sahib or he was buried in Ajmer is an QadirWali. The shrine at Nagore is

172 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 dedicated to him. The Kandhuri Urs created awareness about the evils festival celebrated at Nagore is of superstitious beliefs. It paved the attended by people of all religions. way for equality and brotherhood. Although the Nagore Dargah is The Bhakti saints preached against dedicated to a Muslim saint, Hindu ritualism, idol worship, caste- influence is seen in the architectural system, priestly domination and style of the Dargah and the rituals difference of religions. They performed, e.g. applying believed that through love and sandalwood paste, giving devotion one can realize the prasadam,tonsuring the head etc. personal presence of God. They ' > encouraged good will and co¬ The Dargahor atomb operation among the Hindus and The Dargah or a tomb of a Muslims. Shaikh became a centre of devotion for his followers as they The Sufi Saints taught that there believed that the Shaikh was isone God and all human beings are his children. They emphasized on united with God and become leading a pure life and serving the closer to Him in death. So poor and needy. They condemned the followers visited the Dargah ritualsandsacrifices. seeking material and spiritual benefits. Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, Telugu, s._ y Kannada and Tamil literature were Impact of the Bhakti and Sufi enriched by the Bhakti and Sufi Movements saints. The Bhakti and Sufi Movements tried to end the exploitation of the masses by the priestly class. They EXERCISE I)Choosethe correct answer. I.The Bhakti movement spread during the period in India. a) Medieval b) Ancient c) Modern 2.Shankaracharyawasbornat _ in Kerala. a)Kaladi b)Talwandi c)Mewar 3. Gurunanakwas the founder of _ . a)Sikhism b)Virasaivism c)Vaishnavism 4. Sufism originated in _ . a) Iraq b)Turkey c) Persia --- 173 Website: iashelpdesk.in Whatsapp: 8586055783 I)Fillinthe blanks. 1. Shankaracharya preached_ philosophy. 2. Ramanuja, an exponent of the Bhakti movement was born at _ near Chennai. 3. Basavawas the founder of _ . 4. Gnanadevawrote a commentary on Bhagavat Gita called_ . _ festival is celebrated at NagoreDargah. II)Match5.the following. 1. Nayanmars - DalitWriter 2. Mariikavasagar - Vaishnavites 3. Alwars - Tiruvasagam 4. Mirabai - Saivites 5. Chokamela - Devoteeof Krishna

III)Answerthe following questions briefly. 1. What were the mainobjectives ofthe Bhakti movement? 2. What was the impactofthe Bhakticult insouth India? 3. Write a short noteon Kabir? 4. Namethe Maratha Saints ofthe Bhakti movement. 5. What did the Sufists insist?

IV) Answer indetail. 1. Give a detailed account of the exponents of the Bhakti movement in India. 2. Write indetail aboutthe Sufi movement in India. 3. What was the impactofthe Bhaktiand Sufi movement in India.

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FORMATIVEASSESSMENT v_

1. Group Discussion: Discuss if the social evils condemned by the Bhakti saints are still prevalent? If so suggest some ways to prevent it.

2. Act: With the help of your teacher find out a few incidents which happened in the life of Bhakti / Sufi saints of Tamilnadu and act out it in the classroom.

3. Sing: Memorise a few poems / dohas of the Bhakti and sufi saints and sing it in class.

4. Collect: Collect stories of Bhakti / Sufi saints published in the Newspapers / Magazines and read it in class.

5. Things to do: 1. Collect pictures of the Bhakti and sufi saints and prepare an album. 2. Prepare a chart on the twelve Alwars along with their literary works.

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