PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AT LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE OF CEBU CITY May 2017 This study identified the following factors as 1. INTRODUCTION critical for replication: Strong political Since 2010, owing to the sustained and collaborative efforts of a wide range of local commitment with a and international stakeholders, steady progress has been made in spearheading long term vision climate-friendly, community-based solid waste management approaches in Cebu City, Philippines. Thanks to the technical assistance of the Kitakyushu International Techno- Enabling policy and regulatory framework Cooperative Association (KITA), Kitakyushu City, the Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) and the JPOWER Group/Jpec of Kitakyushu City with funds from the Sufficient human and Japan Fund for Global Environment (JFGE), 2010-2013 and the Municipal Solid Waste financial resources Initiative (MSWI) of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), 2014-2017, Cebu City Enhancing community has successfully implemented a model project to mainstream integrated solid waste participation and management (ISWM) planning at the local level, promoting the application of city-wide awareness raising decentralized composting and recycling—with an emphasis on source separation and Extended partnerships organic waste recovery— to divert and ultimately reduce the amount of municipal solid and collaboration waste received by its local landfills. Although the city has encountered a number of implementation challenges, the strong commitment and determination of local Effective monitoring authorities has been instrumental in institutionalizing and enabling these programs. and enforcement This study summarizes the key activities carried out and major results/ benefits achieved over the course of the project. In addition, it provides some recommendations in the context of intended future actions. This Case Study is published by the IGES Centre Collaborating with UNEP on Environmental Technologies (CCET) with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) in April 2017. Although every efforts are made to ensure objectivity and balance, acquiescence with its conclusions are those of the authors and not attributed to IGES and it financers. Planning and Implementation of Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategies at Local Level: The Case of Cebu City 1 1.1. BACKGROUND Cebu City, historically a small fishing village, has developed into one of the most urbanized areas of the Central Philippines. The city is part of Cebu Island, bounded by the Mandaue City in the north, Talisay City in the south, Mactan Channel in the east and the municipalities of Balamban and Toledo to the west (Figure 1). Occupying a total land area of 326.10 km2, Cebu City is one of the largest growth centers in the Philippines, second only to Metro Manila, the country’s capital. Due to its strategic location and easy access by air and sea transport, information and communication technology (ICT) and tourism are propellant sectors leading the city’s economic growth. Cebu represents one of the major hubs for Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) in the Philippines and is ranked 7th worldwide in the “Top 100 BPO Destinations Report (2016)” [1]. Figure 1: Location of Cebu City in the Cebu Province Cebu City’s population as of 2015 was 923,000 inhabitants; increasing 6.5% since 2010, it represents the fifth most populated city in the country (Figure 2). Total Population However, because this figure rises to over one million during daytime hours due to the influx of local workers 1,000,000 who commute from surrounding areas, Cebu is 800,000 effectively the Philippines’ second largest city. Divided into 80 barangays made up of 50 urban and 30 rural 600,000 barangays, with approximately 85% of city inhabitants 400,000 residing in the former, Cebu maintains an average 2 population density of 2,204 persons per m . Accordingly, 200,000 Cebu’s urban zone comprises 24% of the city’s total land area (78.09 km2) and rural areas make up 76% (248.01 0 km2). In terms of topography, coastal areas accounting 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 for 15% of the city have a relatively flat terrain whereas Figure 2: Total population and annual growth rate of Cebu 85% of the city have elevations ranging from 40 to 400 City, Metro Cebu, Province and the Philippines m above sea level [2]. 1.2. WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTEXT Solid waste management is one of the most serious grams/person in provincial capitals [3]. environmental, public health and political issues in the Philippines. According to the Republic Act 9003 (RA Waste collection in Cebu City is the responsibility of 9003), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) produces by the both city government and barangays. The Department city included a combination of domestic, commercial, of Public Services (DPS) is the principal office of Cebu institutional and industrial wastes and street sweepings. City in charge of collecting waste from commercial and institutional establishments as well as households The booming urban and economic expansion in the city located along main access roads. DPS operates in three have led to a steady rise in consumption and the shifts over 24 hours making use of garbage and resulting production of waste. In 1982, for example, the barangay trucks. Moreover, each barangay is city generated roughly 212 tons/day of municipal responsible for collecting waste within their respective waste, increasing to 420 tons/day by 2010. Although administrative units using their own vehicles or trucks there is no accurate data available on waste generation provided by the city. in the city, present estimates suggest that Cebu produces about 630 tons of MSW per day in 2016, Two waste collection methods are generally practicing based on national calculations, which consider average in Cebu City: the communal method, whereby common per capita waste generation to comprise 500 waste receptacles are strategically located in public 2 Planning and Implementation of Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategies at Local Level: The Case of Cebu City areas, as well as individual household collection carried out by garbage trucks. In addition, private waste Average waste collection (tons/day) collectors are in operation of collection from 500 commercial establishments such as shopping malls. According to DPS, average waste collection of the city 400 increased to 460 tons/day in 2015 (Figure 3) and 300 maintains a coverage rate of 100%. 200 As shown in Figure 4, most of the MSW in Cebu City has been found to originate from households, 100 accounting for about 54%; comparatively, commercial 0 sources, such as businesses, public and private markets 2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2015 contribute 25%, while institutional sources such as government offices, educational and medical Figure 3: Average waste collection rates of Cebu City 2005- establishments account for about 21%. Figure 5 2015 indicates that 67% of this waste is organic and biodegradable; 21% is recyclable (i.e., paper, plastic, landfill equipment and facilities, insufficient financial metal, glass) with the remainder composed of resources for operation and maintenance coupled with hazardous and residual waste. the increasing volume of waste being disposed in the Located 10 kilometers south of Cebu City, the Inayawan landfill daily, Inayawan reached its maximum capacity in Sanitary Landfill (ISL) represents the city’s only final 2010 [4]. Finding a suitable relocation site has proven to disposal site. Comprising 15 hectares, ISL was be a difficult undertaking due to a lack of available constructed in 1998 as part of the Metro Cebu land; a number of technical and political issues also Development Project (MCDP) with financial and delayed the landfill’s ultimate closure. Faced with these technical support of the Japan International circumstances, Cebu’s work to identify sustainable Cooperation Agency (JICA). However, due to the lack of waste management solutions has taken on an added adequate expertise in utilizing and maintaining the urgency. 1% 1% 12% 4% 21% 4% 15% 67% 54% 21% Organic Plastic Paper HOUSEHOLDS FOOD ESTABLISHMENT Metal Glass Others PUBLIC MARKET INSTITUTIONS Figure 4: Summary of waste generated in each sector Figure 5: Waste composition and assessment of Cebu City Planning and Implementation of Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategies at Local Level: The Case of Cebu City 3 1.3. CITY-SPONSORED WASTE INITIATIVES Prior to 2010 – Carrying out regulatory mandate In order to overcome growing economic, social and composting centers. environmental problems associated with waste disposal, Cebu City has initiated a several legislative measures Similarly, with technical assistance of Fort Collins, aiming to establish the regulatory mandate of RA 9003 Colorado, USA, a 10-year Plan for Solid Waste at the Local Government Unit (LGU) level. This has Reduction in Cebu City was drafted in 2005, supported resulted in a variety of innovative legal interventions by the Resource Cities Program of the International (Table 1), which, by way of an integrated resource City/County Management Association. Under the recovery approach, have brought demonstrated Kitakyushu Initiative Network for a Clean Environment improvements to Cebu’s MSWM system. (2000/2010), initiated by Kitakyushu City and IGES, with assistance from the United Nations Economic and For instance, guided by City Ordinance No. 1361, which Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), establishes