DOCSLIB.ORG

Methods of Oabservation at Sea Observational

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Methods of Oabservation at Sea Observational WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION TECHNICALTECHNICAL NOTE NOTE No. No. 19 2 METHODS OBSERVATIONALOF OABSERVATION AT SEA CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JET STREAM PART I – SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE A Survey of the Literature (Report prepared by a working group of the Commission for Aerology) WMO-No.WMO-No. 71. 26. TP. TP. 27 8 Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization – Geneva – Switzerland WMO TECHNICAL NOTES A new series of WiVIO Publications to include a selection of papers prepared for WMO meetings and reports by the WMO Secretariat. Price No. 1 Artificial i.nducement of precipitation (out of print) Sw. Fr. 1.- No. 2 Methods of observation at sea Part I: Sea surface temperature. .......... Sw. Fr. 1.~ Part II: Air teluperature and. humidity, atmospheric pres­ sure, cloud height, -wind, rainfall and visibility. Sw. Fr. 1.- No. 3 Meteorological aspects of aircraft icing Sw. Fr. 1.­ No. 4 Energy from the wiml. ....... Sw. Fr. 10.- No. 5 Diverses expeTiences de comparaison de radiosondes. Dr. L. M. Malet ., . ) S•. ,., 1.- and No. 6 Diagl'ammcs aerologiqucs. Dr. P. Defrise No. 7 Reduction of atlnosphCTic pressure (Preliminary report on problems involved) ................. Sw. Fr. 3.- No. 8 Atmospheric radiation (Current i~~es~i~at~o~cs a~d. blems). Dr. W. L. Godson ... p.ro: IJ Sw. Fr. 1.- and No. 9 Tropical ci.l'culation patterns. Dr. H. Flohn No. 10 The forecasting from weather data of potato bligbt and other plant diseases and pests. P. lVI. Austin Bourke. and Sw. Fr. 2.~ No. 11 The standardization of the measurement of evaporation as a cliJnatic factor. G. W. Robertson No. 12 Atmospherics techniques. Sw. Fr. 3.- No. 13 A-rtificial control of clouds and hydTometeors. L. Dufour· Ferguson Hall· F.H. Ludlam, Chairman· E.J. Smith. Sw. Fr. 3.- No. 14 I-r~mogeneite du Tcseau europeen de radiosondages. ]. Lugeon ~ P. Ackermann. No. 15 The relative accuracy of rawins and contour-measured 4.- winds in relation to pCl'fol'lnance criteria. W. L. Godson 1,." No. 16 Supcradiabatic lapse rate in the upper air. W. L. Godson. No. 17 Notes onthe problems ofcargo ventilation. \V.F. lYlcDonald Sw. Fr. 3.- No.18 Aviation aspects of luountain ·waves. ill. A. Alaka ... Sw. Fr. 7.- WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION TECHNICAL NOTE No. 19 OBSERVATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JET STREAM A Survey of the Literature Report of a working group of the Commission for Aerology prepared by R. BERGGREN - W. J. GIBBS - C.W. NEWTON, Chairman PRICE: Sw. fro 9.- I WlVIO· No. 71. TP. 27 I Secretariat of the World l\rleteorological Organization .. Geneva .. Switzerland 1958 OBSERVATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JET STREAM TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Summary (French, Russian, Spanish) 1. Introduction 1 2. General character of wind and temperature fields ..... 3 3. Mean circulation and climatology of the jet streams 4 Treatment of data...... 5 Availability of data 0.................................................... 6 The existing knowledge 6 4. Relation of jet stream to synoptic systems.......... 11 Extratropical jet streams; large scale features .: 12 Smaller-scale features; relation to cyclones and surface frontal systems 13 Relation of jet streams to deep tropospheric frontal layers 15 5. Horizontal profiles through the jet stream I wind shear and vorticity distribution ... 17 Profiles from aerological analyses 17 Magnitudes of shear and vorticity 18 Multiple jets......... 19 Jet-stream profiles from aircraft reconnaissance............. 20 Wind shear and vorticity values revealed by aircraft flights 23 6. Variation of wind in the verticaL........ .. ..24 Relation between jet axis and tropopause height .. 24 Character of vertical wind profile . 24 Low tropospheric and high stratospheric wind maxima . 26 Details in the vertical wind profile; accuracy of wind soundings..... ............. 26 Maximum observed wind speeds . 28 7. Clear air turbulence and the jet stream . 28 IV TABLE OF OONTENTS Page 8. Clouds and the jet stream .................................. 33 9. Navigational aspects of the jet stream . 36 Figures . 41 Bibliography . .. 63 FOREWORD At its fifth session, the Executive Committee of the World Meteorolo­ gical Organization approved a recommendation by the first session of the Com­ mission for Aeronautical Meteorology of WMO, held simultaneously with the fourth session of the Meteorology Division of the International Civil Avia­ tion Organization (Montreal, 1954), that a descriptive survey of existing literature on the jet stream should be issued by WMO. In implementation of the above recommendation, the President of the WMO Commission for Aerology established, with the approval of his commission, a working group to prepare the requested survey. At its second session (Paris, 1957), the Commission for Aerology noted with satisfaction a first draft of the report and recommended early publication of the report by WMO. This re­ commendation was endorsed by the ninth session of the Executive Committee. The final report of the working group is .reproduced in the present Technical Note. I take this opportunity of expressing deep appreciation to the members of the working group for the time and effort which they have devoted in the preparation of this report. (D.A. Davies) Secretary-General CARACTERISTIQUES DU JET STREAM REVELEES PAR L'OBSERVATION Le present rapport a pour but de resumer les principales caracteristi­ ques connues du jet stream, telles que nous les revelent l'observation directe et l'analyse aerologique. II n'entre pas dans Ie cadre de ce rapport d'exami­ ner les theories relatives a la formation du jet stream au les hypotheses rap­ prochant les caracteristiques du jet stream du developpement de systemes me­ teorologiques. Une longue bibliographie enumere toutefois des ouvrages qui traitent de ces questions. La premiere et la deuxieme sections portent sur des definitions, un bref resume historique et les caracteristiques generales des champs du vent et de la temperature au voisinage du jet stream, telles qu'elles ressortent des analyses aerologiques. Dans la troisieme section, un examen des problemes relatifs aux don­ nees et aux analyses est suivi d'un resume general des connaissances actuelles sur la distribution des jet streams a llechelle planetaire. Les jets d'est d'une vitesse atteignant jusqu'a 100 noeuds se trouvent dans les regions equa­ toriales au-dessus du niveau de 200 mb. Les jet streams sUbtropicaux d'ouest se situent pres de 200 mb dans les deux hemispheres, avec des vitesses typi­ ques de 100 a 200 noeuds pres des latitudes de 300 N et S. Ces jet streams ont une grande stabilite surtout en hiver; en ete, ils se dirigent vers Ie pole et s'attenuent (il devient difficile de les identifier dans l'hemisphere nord en ete). Pres de 300 mb, entre les latitudes de 40° et 60°, se trouvent des jet streams associes a la zone du front polaire; leur position est tres va­ riable et ils n'apparaissent pas distinctement sur les cartes des valeurs moyennes. Dans l'hemisphere nord, les vents moyens d'hiver les plus forts sont situes aux endroits au les thalwegs, dans les vents d'ouest des latitu­ des moyennes, penetrent dans les latitudes du jet stream sUbtropical, ces en­ droits se trouvant pres des cotes orientales de l'Asie et de l'Amerique du Nord et au-dessus du Moyen-Orient. C'est dans les regions subpolaires que se trouvent les jets stratospheriques ayant leurs plus fortes vitesses a 30 km au a des niveaux plus eleves; ce sont de forts vents drouest en hiver qui de­ viennent des vents d'est moderes en ete. La quatrieme section resume les relations existant entre les jet streams et les systemes synoptiques. Les jets sUbtropicaux, aux latitudes des hautes pressions sUbtropicales, ne sont pas lies a des systemes frontaux. Les cyclones frontaux des latitudes moyennes sont lies aux jets du front polaire d'une fagon generale, et l'on trouve dans Ie jet stream des andes et des va­ riations longitudinales de la vitesse qui sont purement liees a des systemes migratoires en surface. Le jet du front polaire est toutefois frequemment ca­ racterise par des ruptures,et dans certains cas ses relations avec les fronts RESUME VII en surface sont tres complexes. Les fronts marques sletendant jusqu'au niveau de la tropopause ont toujours des jet streams qui leur sont associes (tendant a se trouver au-dessus du front polaire, situe au niveau de 500 mb), mais des fronts facilement identifiables sont souvent absents pres des jet streams. La cinquieme section resume les connaissances sur la variation horizon­ tale du vent. Les analyses aerologiques et certaines mesures effectuees a bord d'aeronefs confirment Ie fait que sur la face anticyclonique du jet stream Ie gradient horizontal est limite par ill condition que la rotationnelle absolue ne devienne pas inferieure a zero. Pour un courant rectiligne aux la­ titudes moyennes, cela signifie que Ie gradient anticyclonique ne depasse pas une valeur voisine de 10 m/sec sur 100 km, correspondant a la valeur du para­ metre de Coriolis, mais qu1il s'en approche frequemment. Sur la face cycloni­ que, des gradients d'une valeur double ou triple sont courants et l'on a par­ fois observe des gradients cinq ou six fois plus grands. On estime que les preuves de variations marquees a une petite echelle, basees sur des donnees obtenues au cours de vols de reconnaissance, ne sont pas assez determinantes; les ecarts d'une distribution "reguliere" de la vitesse paraissent atteindre un maximum vers 10 noeuds. Des jet streams multiples, chacun ayant une lar­ geur caracteristique d'environ 500 km, peuvent toutefois se trouver tres pres les uns des autres. La sixieme section a trait a la variation du vent dans la verticale. En moyenne, les vents les plus forts ont tendance a se trouver a environ 1 km au-dessous du niveau de la tropopause; cette relation n'est pas claire tout pres de l'axe du jet stream qui est generalement situe dans la zone d'une "rupture" entre des systemes de tropopause.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 3 Atmospheric Motion
    Final PDF to printer CHAPTER 3 Atmospheric Motion MOTION OF THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE has a great influence on human lives by controlling climate, rainfall, weather patterns, and long-range transportation. It is driven largely by differences in insolation, with influences from other factors, including topography, land-sea interfaces, and especially rotation of the planet. These factors control motion at local scales, like between a mountain and valley, at larger scales encompassing major storm systems, and at global scales, determining the prevailing wind directions for the broader planet. All of these circulations are governed by similar physical principles, which explain wind, weather patterns, and climate. Broad-scale patterns of atmospheric circulation are shown here for the Northern Hemisphere. Examine all the components on this figure and think about what you know about each. Do you recognize some of the features and names? Two features on this figure are identified with the term “jet stream.” You may have heard this term watching the nightly weather report or from a captain on a cross-country airline flight. What is a jet stream and what effect does it have on weather and flying? Prominent labels of H and L represent areas with relatively higher and lower air pressure, respectively. What is air pressure and why do some areas have higher or lower pressure than other areas? Distinctive wind patterns, shown by white arrows, are associated with the areas of high and low pressure. The winds are flowing outward and in a clockwise direction from the high, but inward and in a counterclockwise direction from the low.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate and Atmospheric Circulation of Mars
    Climate and QuickTime™ and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture. Atmospheric Circulation of Mars: Introduction and Context Peter L Read Atmospheric, Oceanic & Planetary Physics, University of Oxford Motivating questions • Overview and phenomenology – Planetary parameters and ‘geography’ of Mars – Zonal mean circulations as a function of season – CO2 condensation cycle • Form and style of Martian atmospheric circulation? • Key processes affecting Martian climate? • The Martian climate and circulation in context…..comparative planetary circulation regimes? Books? • D. G. Andrews - Intro….. • J. T. Houghton - The Physics of Atmospheres (CUP) ALSO • I. N. James - Introduction to Circulating Atmospheres (CUP) • P. L. Read & S. R. Lewis - The Martian Climate Revisited (Springer-Praxis) Ground-based observations Percival Lowell Lowell Observatory (Arizona) [Image source: Wikimedia Commons] Mars from Hubble Space Telescope Mars Pathfinder (1997) Mars Exploration Rovers (2004) Orbiting spacecraft: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (NASA) Image credits: NASA/JPL/Caltech Mars Express orbiter (ESA) • Stereo imaging • Infrared sounding/mapping • UV/visible/radio occultation • Subsurface radar • Magnetic field and particle environment MGS/TES Atmospheric mapping From: Smith et al. (2000) J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23929 DATA ASSIMILATION Spacecraft Retrieved atmospheric parameters ( p,T,dust...) - incomplete coverage - noisy data..... Assimilation algorithm Global 3D analysis - sequential estimation - global coverage - 4Dvar .....? - continuous in time - all variables...... General Circulation Model - continuous 3D simulation - complete self-consistent Physics - all variables........ - time-dependent circulation LMD-Oxford/OU-IAA European Mars Climate model • Global numerical model of Martian atmospheric circulation (cf Met Office, NCEP, ECMWF…) • High resolution dynamics – Typically T31 (3.75o x 3.75o) – Most recently up to T170 (512 x 256) – 32 vertical levels stretched to ~120 km alt.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Frontal Concepts Tn Meteorology
    HISTORY OF FRONTAL CONCEPTS TN METEOROLOGY: THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE NORWEGIAN THEORY by Gardner Perry III Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June, 1961 Signature of'Author . ~ . ........ Department of Humangties, May 17, 1959 Certified by . v/ .-- '-- -T * ~ . ..... Thesis Supervisor Accepted by Chairman0 0 e 0 o mmite0 0 Chairman, Departmental Committee on Theses II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research for and the development of this thesis could not have been nearly as complete as it is without the assistance of innumerable persons; to any that I may have momentarily forgotten, my sincerest apologies. Conversations with Professors Giorgio de Santilw lana and Huston Smith provided many helpful and stimulat- ing thoughts. Professor Frederick Sanders injected thought pro- voking and clarifying comments at precisely the correct moments. This contribution has proven invaluable. The personnel of the following libraries were most cooperative with my many requests for assistance: Human- ities Library (M.I.T.), Science Library (M.I.T.), Engineer- ing Library (M.I.T.), Gordon MacKay Library (Harvard), and the Weather Bureau Library (Suitland, Md.). Also, the American Meteorological Society and Mr. David Ludlum were helpful in suggesting sources of material. In getting through the myriad of minor technical details Professor Roy Lamson and Mrs. Blender were indis-. pensable. And finally, whatever typing that I could not find time to do my wife, Mary, has willingly done. ABSTRACT The frontal concept, as developed by the Norwegian Meteorologists, is the foundation of modern synoptic mete- orology. The Norwegian theory, when presented, was rapidly accepted by the world's meteorologists, even though its several precursors had been rejected or Ignored.
    [Show full text]
  • Extratropical Cyclones and Anticyclones
    © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Courtesy of Jeff Schmaltz, the MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC/NASA Extratropical Cyclones 10 and Anticyclones CHAPTER OUTLINE INTRODUCTION A TIME AND PLACE OF TRAGEDY A LiFE CYCLE OF GROWTH AND DEATH DAY 1: BIRTH OF AN EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE ■■ Typical Extratropical Cyclone Paths DaY 2: WiTH THE FI TZ ■■ Portrait of the Cyclone as a Young Adult ■■ Cyclones and Fronts: On the Ground ■■ Cyclones and Fronts: In the Sky ■■ Back with the Fitz: A Fateful Course Correction ■■ Cyclones and Jet Streams 298 9781284027372_CH10_0298.indd 298 8/10/13 5:00 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction 299 DaY 3: THE MaTURE CYCLONE ■■ Bittersweet Badge of Adulthood: The Occlusion Process ■■ Hurricane West Wind ■■ One of the Worst . ■■ “Nosedive” DaY 4 (AND BEYOND): DEATH ■■ The Cyclone ■■ The Fitzgerald ■■ The Sailors THE EXTRATROPICAL ANTICYCLONE HIGH PRESSURE, HiGH HEAT: THE DEADLY EUROPEAN HEAT WaVE OF 2003 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER ■■ Summary ■■ Key Terms ■■ Review Questions ■■ Observation Activities AFTER COMPLETING THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: • Describe the different life-cycle stages in the Norwegian model of the extratropical cyclone, identifying the stages when the cyclone possesses cold, warm, and occluded fronts and life-threatening conditions • Explain the relationship between a surface cyclone and winds at the jet-stream level and how the two interact to intensify the cyclone • Differentiate between extratropical cyclones and anticyclones in terms of their birthplaces, life cycles, relationships to air masses and jet-stream winds, threats to life and property, and their appearance on satellite images INTRODUCTION What do you see in the diagram to the right: a vase or two faces? This classic psychology experiment exploits our amazing ability to recognize visual patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
    ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Circulation and Climate: a 21St Century Perspective
    Chapter 13 Western Boundary Currents Shiro Imawaki*, Amy S. Bower{, Lisa Beal{ and Bo Qiu} *Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA {Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA }School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Chapter Outline 1. General Features 305 4.1.3. Velocity and Transport 317 1.1. Introduction 305 4.1.4. Separation from the Western Boundary 317 1.2. Wind-Driven and Thermohaline Circulations 306 4.1.5. WBC Extension 319 1.3. Transport 306 4.1.6. Air–Sea Interaction and Implications 1.4. Variability 306 for Climate 319 1.5. Structure of WBCs 306 4.2. Agulhas Current 320 1.6. Air–Sea Fluxes 308 4.2.1. Introduction 320 1.7. Observations 309 4.2.2. Origins and Source Waters 320 1.8. WBCs of Individual Ocean Basins 309 4.2.3. Velocity and Vorticity Structure 320 2. North Atlantic 309 4.2.4. Separation, Retroflection, and Leakage 322 2.1. Introduction 309 4.2.5. WBC Extension 322 2.2. Florida Current 310 4.2.6. Air–Sea Interaction 323 2.3. Gulf Stream Separation 311 4.2.7. Implications for Climate 323 2.4. Gulf Stream Extension 311 5. North Pacific 323 2.5. Air–Sea Interaction 313 5.1. Upstream Kuroshio 323 2.6. North Atlantic Current 314 5.2. Kuroshio South of Japan 325 3. South Atlantic 315 5.3. Kuroshio Extension 325 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 6 Winds: Atmosphere and Ocean Circulation
    Lecture 6 Winds: Atmosphere and Ocean Circulation The global atmospheric circulation and its seasonal variability is driven by the uneven solar heating of the Earth’s atmosphere and surface. Solar radiation on a planet at different axial inclinations. The concept of flux density (1/d2, energy/time/area) and the cosine law. Because Earth’s rotation axis is tilted relative to the plane of its orbit around the sun, there is seasonal variability in the geographical distribution of sunshine March 21, vernal equinox December 21, winter solstice June 21, summer solstice September 23, autumnal equinox Zonally averaged components of the annual mean absorbed solar flux, emitted Earth’s infrared flux, and net radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere, derived from satellite observations. + _ _ The geographical distribution of temperature and its seasonal variability closely follows the geographical distribution of sunshine (solar radiation). Temperature plays a direct role in determining the climate of every region. Temperature differences are also key in driving the global atmospheric circulation. Warm air tends to rise because it is light, while cold air tends to sink because it is dense, this sets the atmosphere in motion. The tropical circulation is a good example of this. In addition to understanding how temperature affects the atmospheric circulation, we also need to understand one of the basic forces governing air and water motion on earth: The Coriolis Force. But to understand this effect, we first need to review the concept of angular momentum conservation. Angular momentum conservation means that if a rotating object moves closer to its axis of rotation, it must speed up to conserve angular momentum.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 3 Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollution
    CHAPTER 3 Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollution Lesson Goal Demonstrate an understanding of the meteorological factors that influence wind and turbulence, the relationship of air current stability, and the effect of each of these factors on air pollution transport and dispersion; understand the role of topography and its influence on air pollution, by successfully completing the review questions at the end of the chapter. Lesson Objectives 1. Describe the various methods of air pollution transport and dispersion. 2. Explain how dispersion modeling is used in Air Quality Management (AQM). 3. Identify the four major meteorological factors that affect pollution dispersion. 4. Identify three types of atmospheric stability. 5. Distinguish between two types of turbulence and indicate the cause of each. 6. Identify the four types of topographical features that commonly affect pollutant dispersion. Recommended Reading: Godish, Thad, “The Atmosphere,” “Atmospheric Pollutants,” “Dispersion,” and “Atmospheric Effects,” Air Quality, 3rd Edition, New York: Lewis, 1997, pp. 1-22, 23-70, 71-92, and 93-136. Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollution References Bowne, N.E., “Atmospheric Dispersion,” S. Calvert and H. Englund (Eds.), Handbook of Air Pollution Technology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1984, pp. 859-893. Briggs, G.A. Plume Rise, Washington, D.C.: AEC Critical Review Series, 1969. Byers, H.R., General Meteorology, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers, 1956. Dobbins, R.A., Atmospheric Motion and Air Pollution, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1979. Donn, W.L., Meteorology, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers, 1975. Godish, Thad, Air Quality, New York: Academic Press, 1997, p. 72. Hewson, E. Wendell, “Meteorological Measurements,” A.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and Climate Change
    Migration and Climate Change No. 31 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. _______________ IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. _______________ Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int Copy Editor: Ilse Pinto-Dobernig _______________ ISSN 1607-338X © 2008 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _______________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 11_08 Migration and Climate Change1 Prepared for IOM by Oli Brown2 International Organization for Migration Geneva CONTENTS Abbreviations 5 Acknowledgements 7 Executive Summary 9 1. Introduction 11 A growing crisis 11 200 million climate migrants by 2050? 11 A complex, unpredictable relationship 12 Refugee or migrant? 1 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Thunderstorm Analysis in the Northern Rocky Mountains
    This file was created by scanning the printed publication. ^1 / Errors identified by the software have been corrected; ^n/' however, some errors may remain. 4* * THUNDERSTORM ANALYSTS c' Tn the NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTATNS DeVerColson ENTERMOUNTAEN FOREST AND RANGE EXPEREMENT STATEON FOREST SERVECE UNETED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRECULTURE Ogden, Utah Reed W. Bailey, Director RESEARCH PAPER NO. 49 1957 Research Paper No. 49 l957 THUNDERSTORM ANALYSIS IN THE NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS By DeVer Colson Meteorologist INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Ogden, Utah Reed W. Bailey, Director THUNDERSTORM ANALYSIS IN THE NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS DeVer Col son!' U.S. Weather Bureau Washington, D.C. INTRODUCTION Lightning-caused fires are a continuing serious threat to forests in the northern Rocky Mountain area. More than 70 percent of all forest fires in this area are caused by lightning. In one l0-day period in July l940 the all-time record of l,488 lightning fires started on the national forests in Region l of the U.S. Forest Service.—' Project Skyfire was planned and organized to study the causes and char acteristics of lightning storms and to see what steps could be taken to decrease the great losses caused by lightning fires. One important phase of Project Skyfire is the study and analysis of the weather phenomena associated with the formation and growth of lightning storms. A better understanding of these factors is valuable to both the forester and the meteorologist. In the Project Skyfire research program,analyses are being made of the specific characteristics of individual lightning storms and the general characteristics of storms during an entire fire season.
    [Show full text]
  • Synoptic Meteorology
    Lecture Notes on Synoptic Meteorology For Integrated Meteorological Training Course By Dr. Prakash Khare Scientist E India Meteorological Department Meteorological Training Institute Pashan,Pune-8 186 IMTC SYLLABUS OF SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY (FOR DIRECT RECRUITED S.A’S OF IMD) Theory (25 Periods) ❖ Scales of weather systems; Network of Observatories; Surface, upper air; special observations (satellite, radar, aircraft etc.); analysis of fields of meteorological elements on synoptic charts; Vertical time / cross sections and their analysis. ❖ Wind and pressure analysis: Isobars on level surface and contours on constant pressure surface. Isotherms, thickness field; examples of geostrophic, gradient and thermal winds: slope of pressure system, streamline and Isotachs analysis. ❖ Western disturbance and its structure and associated weather, Waves in mid-latitude westerlies. ❖ Thunderstorm and severe local storm, synoptic conditions favourable for thunderstorm, concepts of triggering mechanism, conditional instability; Norwesters, dust storm, hail storm. Squall, tornado, microburst/cloudburst, landslide. ❖ Indian summer monsoon; S.W. Monsoon onset: semi permanent systems, Active and break monsoon, Monsoon depressions: MTC; Offshore troughs/vortices. Influence of extra tropical troughs and typhoons in northwest Pacific; withdrawal of S.W. Monsoon, Northeast monsoon, ❖ Tropical Cyclone: Life cycle, vertical and horizontal structure of TC, Its movement and intensification. Weather associated with TC. Easterly wave and its structure and associated weather. ❖ Jet Streams – WMO definition of Jet stream, different jet streams around the globe, Jet streams and weather ❖ Meso-scale meteorology, sea and land breezes, mountain/valley winds, mountain wave. ❖ Short range weather forecasting (Elementary ideas only); persistence, climatology and steering methods, movement and development of synoptic scale systems; Analogue techniques- prediction of individual weather elements, visibility, surface and upper level winds, convective phenomena.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jet Stream and Climate Change Martin Stendel1, Jennifer Francis2, Rachel White3, Paul D
    CHAPTER 15 The jet stream and climate change Martin Stendel1, Jennifer Francis2, Rachel White3, Paul D. Williams4, Tim Woollings5 1Department of Climate and Arctic Research, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; 2Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, United States; 3Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; 4Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; 5Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom 1. Introduction 1.1 Jet streams The jet streams are powerful, relatively narrow currents of air that encircle the globe from west to east in both the northern and southern hemispheres. While the strongest winds are found at heights of 10e15 km, typical of cruising aircraft, jet streams, particularly in temperate latitudes, “steer” the movement of frontal zones and air masses, thus affecting sur- face weather and contributing to the prevailing westerly winds familiar to many in the mid- latitude regions. The jet streams rose to prominence in meteorology following World War II, when high- altitude air campaigns had on several occasions been adversely affected by unexpectedly strong winds [1]. The establishment of hemispheric-scale networks of radiosonde observa- tions by Carl-Gustav Rossby and collaborators in the 1940s and 1950s identified for the first time the global nature of the jet streams and the waves that propagate along them [2]. Since then, the jets have been central to our understanding of weather patterns and climate variability. Although not observed or measured until relatively recently, the existence of jet streams was theorized by George Hadley in the 18th century in his groundbreaking discussion on the cause of the tropical trade winds [3].
    [Show full text]