Hitsville Uk: Punk Rock and Graphic Design in the Faraway Towns, 1976-84
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Title Hitsville UK: Punk rock and graphic design in the faraway towns, 1976-84 Type Thesis URL http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/2296/ Date 2007 Citation Bestley, Russell (2007) Hitsville UK: Punk rock and graphic design in the faraway towns, 1976-84. PhD thesis, University of the Arts London. Creators Bestley, Russell Usage Guidelines Please refer to usage guidelines at http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/policies.html or alternatively contact [email protected]. License: Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives Unless otherwise stated, copyright owned by the author HITSVILLE UK: PUNK ROCK AND GRAPHIC DESIGN IN THE FARAWAY TOWNS, 1976-84 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of the Arts London by Russell Bestley School of Graphic Design London College of Communication October 2007 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With thanks to my PhD supervisory team at the University of the Arts London: Janice Hart, Stuart Evans, Angus Carlyle and especially Roger Sabin for all their help and advice throughout the duration of this research. I would also like to thank John Robb, Ian Glasper, Alex Ogg, Roddy Moreno, Mike Dines, Dave Muggleton, Nikki Clayton and Kev Lycett for their time and patience in responding to my questions via email and in person, and my colleagues in the School of Graphic Design at the London College of Communication for their expertise, advice and support – Paul McNeil, Tony Credland, Ian Noble and Penny Hilton. The interactive and exhibition work would have been impossible without the valuable help of Rob Bevan, Alex and Chrysostomos at Company, Ged Babey, Tony Whatley and Rich Levene in Southampton, Les Buckingham at the Millais Gallery, Rhidian Davis at the BFI and Jenny Russell at the Rebellion Festival. Friends and allies who always had something to say included Wayne Daly, Jon ‘Chimp’ Carver, Pete Green and Paul, Kev and Martin Luce. Lastly, and by no means least, I would like to thank my wife, Sarah, for enduring this day-in and day-out for so many years, and my daughters Zoe, Chris and Nikita who had to put up with dad’s moods, and his music, for so long. Thanks should also go to my parents – all those wasted teenage years were not in vain, as I tried to tell you at the time! – and to the punk rock groups from all those faraway towns who gave me the inspiration to go my own way in the first place. CONTENTS Page Abstract 01 Introduction 03 0.1 Thesis Structure 03 0.2 Practical Elements 05 0.3 Resources and Methods 06 0.4 God Save History 08 0.5 Plastic Passion 09 0.6 Punk in Print 12 0.7 Uniforms and Authenticity 14 Chapter One: A Literature Review of Historical Perspectives 21 1.1 Punk’s Not Dead 23 1.2 Long Live The Past 27 1.3 Myth and History 28 1.4 Riot City and the Building of Empires 29 Chapter Two: The “Punkness” of Punk 37 2.1 Sounds of the Suburbs 43 2.2 From Company Sleeve to Picture Sleeve 44 2.3 Where Were You? 45 2.4 Hitsville UK 50 2.5 Social Fools 53 2.6 Sexual Revolutions 63 2.7 A New Art School 73 2.8 The Prole Art Threat 88 2.9 Punk Humour and Parody 94 2.10 Protest and Survive 97 Chapter Three: The Analytical Framework 101 • The formal properties of the work 103 • The intention of both the design and the designer 104 • Defusion and Diffusion 105 • Graphic Sub-genres 106 3.1 Articulation within the Thesis 107 Chapter Four: Key Categories in UK Punk 109 4.1 The Punk Community 110 • Proto Punk and Pub Rock 113 • New Wave and Novelty Punk 116 • DIY, Post Punk and the Avant-Garde 120 • Oi and Street Punk 130 • Real Punk, New Punk and Hardcore 136 • Anarcho Punk 140 • Neo-Fascist Punk 148 • Imports 160 4.2 Sound & Vision 164 Chapter Five: From “London’s Burning” to “Sten Guns in Sunderland” 165 5.1 Two Years Too Late 165 5.2 Coloured Music 168 5.3 English Towns 173 5.4 Provincial Voices 176 5.5 Suburban Studs 182 5.6 In My Area 193 5.6 All The Young Punks 203 Chapter Six: Design Strategies 213 6.1 Typographic Approaches 219 6.2 Parody and Plagiarism 237 6.3 Kick Over The Statues 247 6.4 Xerox Machine 261 6.5 Electronically Yours 271 6.6 Kids Of The 80s 283 6.7 Inflammable Material 293 6.8 Design Strategies – Case Studies 305 6.9 Design Strategies – Summary 317 Chapter Seven: Design Strategies – Applied Analysis 319 7.1 A Cross-Relational Model of Analysis 319 7.2 The Punk Diaspora 320 7.3 Punk and the Record Market 322 7.4 Doing It Yourself 325 7.5 The Interactive Matrix 329 7.6 Quantitative Values 337 7.7 The Division of Labour 342 7.8 Punk Legacy 343 Chapter Eight: Conclusions 345 8.1 Punk Art Styles 347 8.2 A Model of Graphic Design Analysis 348 8.3 Opportunities for Further Research 350 Selected Bibliography 355 Appendices • Appendix One: Punk Sleeve Chronology/Geography Matrices • Appendix Two: Punk Sleeve Sub-Genre Matrices • Appendix Three: Interactive Matrices (CDR format) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Fig.01: Skids Sweet Suburbia/Open Sound (white vinyl) (Virgin VS227) 1978 15 Fig.02: GBH Give Me Fire/Mantrap (Clay Records CLAY16) 1982 24 Fig.03: Violators Summer Of 81/Live Fast Die Young (No Future OI19) 1982 33 Fig.04: A range of company branded seven inch record sleeves from the 1960s and early 1970s 46 Fig.05: Sex Pistols Anarchy In The Uk/I Wanna Be Me (company sleeve) (EMI EMI2566) 1976 47 Fig.06: The Yobs Run Rudolph Run/The Worm Song (NEMS NES114) 1977 61 Fig.07: The Yobs Silent Night/Stille Nacht (Yob YOB79) 1978 62 Fig.08: The Yobs Rub A Dum Dum/Another Christmas (Safari YULE1) 1979 63 Fig.09: Raped Cheap Night Out/Foreplay Playground (Parole PURL1) 1978 65 Fig.10: The Adverts One Chord Wonders/Quickstep (Stiff BUY13) 1977 69 Fig.11: Pork Dukes Bend And Flush/Throbbing Gristle (Wood WOOD9) 1977 73 Fig.12: The Fits Action/Achilles Heel (Trapper FIT1) 1984 74 Fig.13: The Lurkers Drag You Out/Heroin (It’s All Over) (Clay CLAY17) 1982 75 Fig.14: Siouxsie And The Banshees Mittageisen/Love In A Void (Polydor 2059151) 1979 80 Fig.15: Generation X Your Generation/Day By Day (Chrysalis CHS2165) 1977 81 Fig.16: The Damned Generals/Disguise/Citadel Zombies (Bronze BRO159) 1982 82 Fig.17: Skids Goodbye Civilian/Monkey McGuire Meets Specky Potter Behind Lochore Institute (Virgin VS373) 1980 83 Fig.18: Nick Lowe I Love The Sound Of Breaking Glass/They Called It Rock (Radar ADA1) 1978 85 Fig.19: Magazine Touch And Go/Goldfinger (Virgin VS207) 1978 86 Fig.20: Yachts A Fool Like You/Dubmarine (Demon D1005) 1981 87 Fig.21: Chaotic Youth Sad Society/No Future UK/Tip Off/Arms Race (Beat The System YOUTH1) 1982 90 Fig.22: Action Pact Suicide Bag/Stanwell/Blue Blood (Fallout FALL003) 1982 91 Fig.23: Dead Man’s Shadow Neighbours/Poxy Politics/War Ploys/Morons With Power (Pig HOG1) 1981 92 Fig.24: The Mekons Never Been In A Riot/32 Weeks/Heart And Soul (Fast Product FAST1) 1978 93 Fig.25: Crass/Poison Girls Bloody Revolutions/Persons Unknown (inner sleeve) (Crass Records 421984/1) 1980 99 Fig.26: Eddie & The Hot Rods Wooly Bully/Horseplay (Weary Of The Schmaltz) (Island WIP6306) 1976 115 Fig.27: Ian Dury & The Blockheads What A Waste/Wake Up! (Stiff BUY27) 1978 118 Fig.28: The Monks Johnny B Rotten/Drugs In My Pocket (EMI EMI2999) 1979 121 Fig.29: Desperate Bicycles Smokescreen/Handlebars (Refill RR1) 1977 125 Fig.30: Television Personalities Part-Time Punks/Where’s Bill Grundy/Happy Families/Posing At The Roundhouse (reverse of sleeve) (Kings Road/Rough Trade RT033) 1979 127 Fig.31: One Way System Cum On Feel The Noize/Breakin’ In (Anagram ANA9) 1983 132 Fig.32: Cock Sparrer England Belongs To Me/Argy Bargy (Carrere CAR255) 1982 135 Fig.33: The Exploited Dead Cities/Hitler’s In The Charts Again (Secret SHH120) 1981 138 Fig.34: Vice Squad Living On Dreams/Latex Love/Last Rockers (Riot City RIOT1) 1980 139 Fig.35: Crass Reality Asylum/Shaved Women (Crass 521984) 1979 142 Fig.36: Icon A.D. Let The Vultures Fly e.p: Say No/Medals/Trident 1 & 2 (Radical Change RC4) 1983 143 Fig.37: The Gonads Peace Artists e.p: She Can’t Whip Me/Punk City Rockers/Gonads Anthem/S.L.A.G. (Secret SHH134) 1982 147 Fig.38: Skrewdriver Voice Of Britain/Sick Society (White Noise WN2) 1983 153 Fig.39: The Oppressed Never Say Die e.p: Urban Soldiers/Ultra Violence/Run From You (Firm NICK1) 1983 156 Fig.40: Abrasive Wheels Army Song/Juvenile/So Low (reverse of sleeve) (Riot City RIOT9) 1982 158 Fig.41: Combat 84 Rapist/The Right To Choose/Barry Prudom (Victory VIC2) 1983 159 Fig.42: Dead Kennedys California Über Alles/Man With The Dogs (Fast Product FAST12) 1979 161 Fig.43: Fartz Because This Fuckin World Stinks e.p. (Fartz/Alternative Tentacles VIRUS21) 1981 163 Fig.44: Generation X King Rocker/Gimme Some Truth (Limited group member sleeve and coloured vinyl edition) (Chrysalis CHS2261) 1979 170 Fig.45: Wessex '82 e.p: Subhumans: No Thanks/Pagans: Wave Goodbye To Your Dreams/Organised Chaos: Victim/A Heads: No Rule (Bluurg Records FISH1) 1982 182 Fig.46: London No Time/Siouxsie Sue/Summer Of Love/Friday On My Mind (MCA MCA319) 1977 185 Fig.47: The Vibrators London Girls (live)/Stiff Little Fingers (Epic SEPC5565) 1977 186 Fig.48: Cockney Rejects The Greatest Cockney Rip Off/Hate Of The City (Zonophone Z2) 1980 187 Fig.49: Skroteez Overspill e.p: Newtown/Who’s Law/Livi Punkz (Square Anarchy SPILL1) 1982 191 Fig.50: Resistance 77 Nowhere To Play e.p: Nottingham Problem/Join The Army/Collars & Ties/ Nuclear Attack (Riot City RIOT18) 1983 194 Fig.51: Menace G.L.C./I’m Civilised (Small Wonder SMALL5) 1978 195 Fig.52: Gang Of Four Outside The Trains Don’t Run On Time/He’d Send In The Army (EMI Z1) 1980 196 Fig.53: The Lurkers Ain’t Got A Clue/Ooh Ooh I Love You (Beggars Banquet BEG6)