Appendix A List of Useful Computational Software

A.1 Dicom Viewers

The listed DICOM viewers have similar functionality 3DimViewer www.3dim-laboratory.cz/en/software/3dimviewer Acculite www.accuimage.com Agnosco www.e-dicom.com Aliza DICOM Viewer www.aliza-dicom-viewer.com AMIDE www.amide.sourceforge.net Athena DICOM www.medicalharbour.com/en/athena-dicom-viewer Cobra DICOM www.exxim-cc.com/free_DICOMviewer.html Dicompyler www.dicompyler.com DICOMWorks www.dicomworks.com JiveX www.visus.com/en/downloads/jivex-dicom-viewer.html Irfanview www.irfanview.com Mango www.ric.uthscsa.edu/mango MicroDicom www.microdicom.com Onis DICOM viewer www.onis-viewer.com Open DICOM viewer www.sourceforge.net/projects/opendicomviewer OsiriX (MAC) www.osirix-viewer.com Sante DICOM Viewer www.santesoft.com Weasis www.nroduit.github.io xMedCon www.xmedcon.sourceforge.net//Main/HomePage XNView www.xnview.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 301 K. Inthavong et al. (eds.), Clinical and Biomedical Engineering in the Human Nose, Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6716-2 302 Appendix A: List of Useful Computational Software

A.2 Open Source Medical Imaging and Segmentation

3D Slicer www.slicer.org CVIPTools www.ee.siue.edu/CVIPtools Fiji/ImageJ www.pacific.mpi-cbg.de/wiki/index.php/Fiji GemIdent www.gemident.com ITK-SNAP www.itksnap.org Nasal-GEOM https://dx.doi.org/10.17632/d23m5ykyw2.1

A.3 Commercial Medical Imaging and Segmentation

3D Doctor www.ablesw.com/3d-doctor Amira www.visageimaging.com/amira.html Analyse www.analyzedirect.com Mimics www.materialise.com SliceOmatic www.tomovision.com TurtleSeg www.oxipita.com Vida Diagnostics www.vidadiagnostics.com

A.4 Open Source Computer Aided Design Software

FreeCAD www.sourceforge.net/projects/free-cad Open CASCADE www.opencascade.org BRL CAD www.brlcad.org OpenSCAD www.openscad.org

A.5 Commercial Computer Aided Design Software

Geomagic www.geomagic.com CATIA www.3ds.com Autodesk www.autodesk.com Solidworks www.solidworks.com PRO/Engineer www.ptc.com IronCAD www.ironcad.com Appendix A: List of Useful Computational Software 303

A.6 Open Source CFD Packages dolfyn www.dolfyn.net FEniCS www.fenicsproject.org NEK5000 www.nektar.info OpenFOAM www.openfoam.com OpenFVM www.openfvm.sourceforge.net OpenLB www.openlb.net Palabos www.gitlab.com/unigespc/palabos

A.7 Commercial CFD Packages

ANSYS Includes ICEM meshing, CFX, Fluent, CFDPost, www.ansys. com Siemens Includes STAR-CCM, www.plm.automation.siemens.com Autodesk CFD www.autodesk.com/products/cfd Intelligent Light www.ilight.com Fieldview www.fieldviewcfd.com Flow 3D www.flow3d.com Numeca www.numeca.be Phoenics www.cham.co.uk

A.8 Third Party Post-Processing Software

ParaView www.paraview.org GNU Plot www.gnuplot.info OpenDX www.opendx.org Tecplot Visualisation www.tecplot.com Plot3D Interactive www.openchannelfoundation.org Index

A images, 245 Acinar, 229 Conservation laws, 117 Acoustic rhinometry, 24, 163 Control volumes, 119, 124, 133 Air conditioning, 25, 193 Convection, 129 Airway Convolutional neural network, 242, 296 collapse, 235 Convolution matrix, 245 Airway bifurcation, 228 Cotton test, 210 Airway patency, 158 Cribriform plate, 20 Allergic rhinitis, 212, 274 Cut-cell method, 91 Alveoli, 227 Anatomy, 11, 13 position, 11 D Artifact reduction, 67 3D cine imaging, 234 Artifacts, 73 Decongestion, 23 image, 68 Deep learning, 78, 242 Aspect ratio, 98 Deposition fraction, 202 Detached Eddy Simulation, 145 Digital twin, 298 B Dimensionless numbers, 120 Bifurcation tree, 229 Distorted cells, 98 Block-structured mesh, 90 Droplet size distribuion, 267 Boltzmann equation, 100 Droplet velocities, 270 Boundary conditions, 104, 119, 154, 200, Drug development, 256 231, 238 Dry powder inhaler, 227 Boundary layer, 124 Dynamic mesh, 295 Boussinesq approximation, 143 Bronchoscopy, 122 E Eddies, 140 C Eddy viscosity, 143 Cartesian mesh, 88, 94, 98 Electric charge, 263 CFD-PBPK, 258 Empty nose syndrome, 204 Clinical relevance, 160 Energy conservation, 141 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 1 Energy equation, 127 Computer tomography (CT), 63, 65, 94, 234, Energy minimization, 77 282 Epithelial cells, 26

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 305 K. Inthavong et al. (eds.), Clinical and Biomedical Engineering in the Human Nose, Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6716-2 306 Index

Epithelium, 26 M External nose, 14 Machine learning, 81, 296 Magnetic guidance, 264 Magnetic resonance (MR), 63, 66, 235 F Mass conservation, 120, 131 Filtration, 25 Maxillary accessory ostium, 181 Flow acceleration, 132 Meatus, 20, 198 Fluid structure interaction, 234, 296 Menthol detection, 206 Functional endoscopic sinus surgery Mesh, 3 (FESS), 40, 52, 58, 196 Cartesian, 88 dynamic, 295 generating, 86 G independence, 99 Gas exchange, 9 motion, 241 Gauss filter, 70 moving, 241, 295 quality, 85, 97 refinements, 96, 99, 105 resolution, 107 H skewness, 98 Head tilt, 287 structured, 88 Heat flux, 109, 136 types, 86 Heat transfer, 128 unstructured, 87 Hollow cone spray, 273 Metal artifact reduction, 68 Hounsfield, 65 Modelling Humidification, 25, 123, 166, 195 physiology, 159 Humidity, 195 Momentum equation, 125, 132 Humming, 215 Moving mesh, 295 Mucociliary clearance, 259 Mucosal cooling, 170 I Mucus layer, 258, 297 Image enhancement, 67 Multi-block mesh, 90 Incompressible, 123 Multiphase flows, 297 Inertial impaction, 271 Mygind position, 277 Inhalation profile, 201 Ionizing radiation, 66 N Nares, 10, 16 K Nasal k, 144 adaptation, 175 kω, 143 air conditioning, 166, 193 kω-SST, 144 airflow, 158, 167, 171, 208 Kolmogorov length scale, 142 airway obstruction, 170 bones, 19 cannular, 214 L cycle, 23, 173 Lamina propria, 27 function, 10 Laminar flow, 140 hairs, 16 Large Eddy Simulations, 104, 144, 153, 206 heating, 166 Larynx, 201 irrigation, 274, 281, 282 Lateral walls, 19 mucosa, 26 Lattice Boltzmann, 100, 102, 107, 108 patency, 24, 168, 171, 194, 198 Liquid jet, 283 phenotypes, 174 Lung airway, 226 physiology, 211, 297 Index 307

resistance, 168, 170, 208 R septum, 17 Recirculation, 122 sprays, 266 Reconstruction, 242 valve, 16, 38 Resistance, 208, 216, 234 vestibule, 176, 205 Respiratory airway, 293 Nasal drug delivery, 257, 261 Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS), NASAL-Geom, 78 142 Nasal valve collapse, 295 Reynolds number, 126 Nasolabial angle, 31 Reynolds stresses, 143 Nasopharynx, 294 Reynolds Stress model, 144 Navier–Stokes equations, 120, 130, 239 Rhinitis, 212 Near wall mesh, 93 Rhinomanometry, 45, 160 Near wall modelling, 145 Rhinosinusitis, 40, 213 Neti pot, 275 Neural networks, 296 Nitric oxide, 183, 196, 211 S Noise reduction, 73 Saline irrigation, 274 Non-dimensional numbers, 120 Segmentation, 74, 243, 247 Nose, external, 16 deep learning, 78 Nose physiology, 22 edge-based, 75 Nose to brain, 262 region-based, 76 Nostrils, 16 threshold, 75 Segmented airway, 199 Septal perforation, 39 O Septoplasty, 48 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 233, 240 endoscopic, 49 Octree meshing, 94 Odor, 206 open, 50 O-grid mesh, 91 Septum Olfaction, 26 deviated, 48 Olfactory, 194, 207, 261 perforation, 39 Olfactory drug delivery, 261 Shear stress, 118, 124 Olfactory mucosa, 28 Sinogram, 69 Orthogonal mesh, 88 Sinonasal outcome test (SNOT-22), 45 Ostia, 21 Sinuses Ostiomeatal complex, 22 development, 21 Ostium, 196, 216 ethmoid, 21, 54 frontal, 22 maxillary, 20, 21, 181, 211, 276, 286 P ostia, 21 Parallel meshing, 94 ostium, 184 Particle deposition, 202 paranasal, 20, 180, 195, 211, 274 PBPK model, 257 sphenoid, 22 Peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF), 45 ventilation, 182 Philtrum, 32 Sinusitis, 40, 213 Phonation, 11 Sinus penetration, 279 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic Sleep apnea, 233 (PBPK), 297 Smagorinsky, 106 Pipe flow, 126, 139 Smoothing Pixel, 65 convolutions, 71 Polyhedral mesh, 93 edge, 70 Pressure, 124 Gauss filter, 70 Pressure force, 134 Sniffing, 198 Pressure-swirl atomizer, 267, 273 Spray atomization, 266 308 Index

Spray breakup, 267, 272 LES, 106 Spray breakup model, 272 modelling, 142, 152 Spray velocity, 273 near wall modelling, 145 Squeeze bottle, 282 Turbulence scales, 141 Steady flow, 147, 198 Turbulent dissipation rate, 143 Streamlines, 109, 122 Turbulent flow, 139, 140 Structured mesh, 88, 91 Turbulent kinetic energy, 143 Surgery, 5 ethmoidectomy, 53 frontal sinusotomy, 54 U peri-operative, 48 Unsteady flow, 147, 148, 150 pre-operative, 44 Unstructured mesh, 87, 91 septoplasty, 57 Upper airway, 227 sphenoidotomy, 54 turbinoplasty, 58 uncinectomy, 53 V virtual, 55 Variation age, 32 T ethnic, 32 Tetrahedral cells, 88, 91, 94 gender, 31 Thermoregulation, 25 Vocal cords, 122 Threshold, 75 Volume fraction, 286 Trachea, 233 Volume of fluid (VOF), 276, 284, 297 Transport equation, 129, 138 Vortex, 201 Trumpet model, 226 Voxels, 65, 74 Turbinates, 19, 109, 173, 194, 198 inferior, 50, 207 middle, 52 W Turbulence, 138 Wavelets, 73 DNS, 106, 141 Whole lung airway, 228