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Und Meeresforschung, Bericht Nr 722 Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung 2018 Reports on Polar and Marine Research The Expedition PS112 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the Antarctic Peninsula Region in 2018 Edited by Bettina Meyer and Wiebke Weßels with contributions of the participants Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung werden The Reports on Polar and Marine Research are issued vom Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für by the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI) in Bremerhaven, Polar and Marine Research (AWI) in Bremerhaven, Deutschland, in Fortsetzung der vormaligen Berichte Germany, succeeding the former Reports on Polar zur Polarforschung herausgegeben. Sie erscheinen in Research. They are published at irregular intervals. unregelmäßiger Abfolge. Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung ent- The Reports on Polar and Marine Research contain halten Darstellungen und Ergebnisse der vom AWI presentations and results of research activities in selbst oder mit seiner Unterstützung durchgeführten polar regions and in the seas either carried out by the Forschungsarbeiten in den Polargebieten und in den AWI or with its support. Meeren. Die Publikationen umfassen Expeditionsberichte der Publications comprise expedition reports of the ships, vom AWI betriebenen Schiffe, Flugzeuge und Statio- aircrafts, and stations operated by the AWI, research nen, Forschungsergebnisse (inkl. Dissertationen) des results (incl. dissertations) of the Institute and the Archiv Instituts und des Archivs für deutsche Polarforschung, für deutsche Polarforschung, as well as abstracts and sowie Abstracts und Proceedings von nationalen und proceedings of national and international conferences internationalen Tagungen und Workshops des AWI. and workshops of the AWI. Die Beiträge geben nicht notwendigerweise die Auf- The papers contained in the Reports do not necessarily fassung des AWI wider. reflect the opinion of the AWI. Herausgeber Editor Dr. Horst Bornemann Dr. Horst Bornemann Redaktionelle Bearbeitung und Layout Editorial editing and layout Birgit Reimann Birgit Reimann Alfred-Wegener-Institut Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung Am Handelshafen 12 Am Handelshafen 12 27570 Bremerhaven 27570 Bremerhaven Germany Germany www.awi.de www.awi.de www.reports.awi.de www.reports.awi.de Der Erstautor bzw. herausgebende Autor eines Ban- The first or editing author of an issue of Reports on des der Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung Polar and Marine Research ensures that he possesses versichert, dass er über alle Rechte am Werk verfügt all rights of the opus, and transfers all rights to the AWI, und überträgt sämtliche Rechte auch im Namen sei- including those associated with the co-authors. The ner Koautoren an das AWI. Ein einfaches Nutzungs- non-exclusive right of use (einfaches Nutzungsrecht) recht verbleibt, wenn nicht anders angegeben, beim remains with the author unless stated otherwise. Autor (bei den Autoren). Das AWI beansprucht die The AWI reserves the right to publish the submitted Publikation der eingereichten Manuskripte über sein articles in its repository ePIC (electronic Publication Repositorium ePIC (electronic Publication Information Information Center, see inside page of verso) with the Center, s. Innenseite am Rückdeckel) mit optionalem option to "print-on-demand". print-on-demand. Titel: In-situ-Aufnahme durch das von SEAPUMP entwickelte In Situ Camera System (ICS) einer Salpe (Salpa thompsoni) in 100 m Tiefe vor Elephant Island (Foto: Christian Konrad and Morten Iversen). Cover: In situ photo of salp (Salpa thompsoni) taken off Elephant Island at 100 m depth by the In Situ Camera System (ICS) developed by SEAPUMP (Photo: Christian Konrad and Morten Iversen). The Expedition PS112 of the Research Vessel POLARSTERN to the Antarctic Peninsula Region in 2018 Edited by Bettina Meyer and Wiebke Weßels with contributions of the participants Please cite or link this publication using the identifiers http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.817381f9-3e34-45ee-81ab-28632d043e61 and https://doi.org/10.2312/BzPM_0722_2018 ISSN 1866-3192 PS112 18 March 2018 - 5 May 2018 Punta Arenas – Punta Arenas Chief scientist Bettina Meyer Coordinator Rainer Knust Contents 1. Überblick und Fahrtverlauf 3 Summary and Itinerary 5 2. Weather Conditions during PS112 7 3. Microbial Food Web 11 4. How will a Population Shift from Krill to Salps Impact the Export and Recycling of Organic Matter in the Southern Ocean? 15 4.1 Drifting sediment traps 15 4.2 Direct observation of feeding and swimming behaviour of Salpa thompsoni and Euphausia superba using video recording and particle image velocimetry 17 4.3 Production and composition of fecal pellets from krill and salps: Fecal pellet production, gut passage time, and settling velocities of aggregates in the Western Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean 19 4.4 Vertical profiles with the In-Situ Camera and driftcam system 23 5. Biology of the Pelagic Tunicate, Salpa Thompsoni, in the Western Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean during March-May 2018 28 6. KRILLBIS 34 7. The Performance of Krill vs. Salps to Withstand in a Warming Southern Ocean (Pekris) 40 8. Microzooplankton 47 9. Climate Sensitivity in Various Fishes from the Antarctic Peninsula: Molecular Ecology and Cellular Mechanisms 51 10. Fin Whale Abundance 61 11. Trace Metal Biogeochemistry 65 1 PS112 12. Physical Oceanography and Bio-Optical Parameters 72 13. Sampling and Observation of Salpa Thompsoni and Larval Krill by Scientific Divers 78 APPENDIX A.1 Teilnehmende Institute / Participating Institutions 80 A.2 Fahrtteilnehmer / Cruise Participants 83 15. Schiffsbesatzung / Ship's Crew 85 A.4 Stationsliste / Station List 86 2 1. ÜBERBLICK UND FAHRTVERLAUF Bettina Meyer AWI Die Expedition PS112 mit FS Polarstern startete am 18. März 2018 und endete am 05. Mai mit 50 Wissenschaftlern/innen und Technikern aus 11 Nationen in Punta Arenas, Chile, und wurde von drei Drittmittelprojekten beherrscht (Abb. 1.1). Das KrillBIS-Projekt (KrillBestandsforschung Im Südpolarmeer) gab die Untersuchungsregion vor. Es stellt den deutschen Forschungsbeitrag im Rahmen von CCAMLR (Kommission zum Schutze der marinen lebenden Ressourcen) dar. Die Zielregionen, in denen Krill- und Salpenabundanzen mittels Netzfängen und akustischen Messverfahren aufgenommen wurden, waren das östliche und westliche Gebiet der Brainsfield Strait, das Gebiet nördlich der South Shetland Islands und King George Island, das Gebiet um Elephant Island sowie östlich der antarktischen Halbinsel Erebus und Terror Gulf mit dem Antarctic Sound (cf. Abb. 6.1). Vier Prozess-Studien in diesem Gebiet (eine um Deception Island, zwei nördlich von Elephant Island sowie eine in Erebus und Terror Gulf), die sich auf die zwei weiteren Drittmittelprojekte bezogen, ergänzten das Krill/Salpen Bestandsforschungsprojekt KrillBIS. Bei den Drittmittelprojekten handelte es sich zum einen, um das vom Niedersächsischen Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur (MWK) finanzierte Projekt POSER (POpulation Shift and Ecosystem Response – Krill vs. Salps) und zum anderen um das vom BMBF geförderte Projekt PEKRIS (PErformance of KRIll vs. Salps to withstand in a warming Southern Ocean). Das POSER-Projekt beschäftigt sich mit der Interaktion zwischen Krill und Salpen und dessen Einfluss auf die biologische Kohlenstoffpumpe sowie der Phytoplanktongemeinschaft und dem Recycling des Spurenmetalls Eisen, welches für das Phytoplanktonwachstum essentiell ist. Das PEKRIS-Projekt hingegen untersucht die Plastizität von Krill und Salpen gegenüber ansteigenden Meerwassertemperaturen. Unsere Arbeiten starteten in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, mit der Kalibrierung des Fischecholots EK60, um mit diesem Gerät die Biomasse von Krill und Salpen auf dem CCAMLR- Transekt zu bestimmen. Nach der Kalibrierung folgte der erste Abschnitt des CCAMLR- Transekts, in der Brainsfield Strait, der für eine dreitägige Prozessstudie um Deception Island unterbrochen wurde. Auf den CCAMLR-Stationen wurde das IKMT Netz nach dem CCAMLR- Protokoll eingesetzt sowie Chl a und POC Proben in den obersten 200 Metern der Wassersäule bestimmt. Weiter ging es auf den zweiten Abschnitt des CCAMLR-Transekts, nördlich der South Shetland Inseln bis nördlich von Elephant Island, wo die zweite Prozessstudie durchgeführt wurde. Anschließend bewegten wir uns auf den CCAMLR-Transekt Richtung Süden (Erebus und Terror Gulf), wo die dritte Prozessstudie unsere CCAMLR-Arbeiten unterbrach. Dieses Gebiet unterscheidet sich von den vorangegangenen insoweit, dass es ein Krill dominiertes System darstellt, wo kaum Salpen vorhanden sind. Im Rahmen der dort stattfindenden Prozessstudien haben wir untersucht, inwieweit die zahlreich vorhandenen Meeresberge die Zirkulation und die Krillbiomasse beeinflussen. Unsere letzte Prozessstudie führte uns über den Antarctic Sound auf unseren nördlich gerichteten und letzten CCAMLR Transekt wieder in das Gebiet nördlich von Elephant Island. Durch die Anwendung gleicher Untersuchungsmethoden, jedoch zeitlich versetzt, erhielten wir einen Einblick in die Dynamik der Krill- und Salpenabundanz um Elephant Island. Ein Akustiktransekt zur Bestimmung der Verteilung der Krill- und Salpen- Biomasse mit CTD- sowie ADCP-Profilen rundete das Forschungsprogramm ab. 3 PS112 PS112 ist ein Baustein in einer Reihe von Forschungsprojekten, die zusammen eine umfassende Einschätzung der möglichen Konsequenzen des Klimawandels auf Krill und die Krill-assoziierten
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