Tree of Life

Bacteria “stick” (single cell; no nucleus) Cellular organisms without cell nuclei are Prokaryotes Prokaryotes (”before kernel”) Archaea “old” (single cell; no nucleus)

dinoflagellates “terrible whip” [protozoa] First Life-form ciliates [protozoa] Chromalveolates brown algae, kelp (Phaeophyceae)

diatoms “cut in two” [algae; plankton]

radiolarians “small sunbeam” [protozoa] Rhizaria foraminiferans “hole bearers” [plankton]

green algae (Chlorophyta)

Green mosses (Bryophyta) Plants Bryophytes liverworts (Marchantiophyta)

ferns (Filicophyta) Embryophytes cycads (Cycadophyta) [seeds]

Cell Nucleus and conifers (Coniferae) [cones] Mitochondria Vascular

rosids Plants (Eukarya) Plants “good kernel” (xylem) asterids [most flowers]

Seeds Eudicots (Spermatophytes) cacti (Cactaceae)

Dicots poppies (Papaveraceae) Plants laurels (Lauraceae)

magnolias (Magnolia) Enclosed Seeds Angiosperms lilies (Lilium) “receptacle-seed” orchids, irises (Asparagales) Monocots palms (Palmae)

grasses (Graminae)

red algae (Rhodophyta) [some seaweeds]

amoeba (Amoebazoa)

slime molds (Mycetozoa)

Unikonta fungi [yeasts, molds, mushrooms]

comb jellies (Ctenophora “comb bearer”)

sponges (Hexactinellid, Calcarea) Opisthokonta

corals, anenomes (Anthozoa) Cnidaria(radial symmetry) jellyfish (Scyphozoa)

Animalia spiders (Araneae) (Metazoa ”beyond Arachnids animals”) (8 legs) mites, ticks (Acarina) Eat other organisms scorpions (Scorpiones)

horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura) Trilobites (extinct) “three lobed” External barnacles (Cirripedia “curl footed”) Skeleton

copepods, krill Arthropods Crustaceans crabs, lobster, shrimp (Decapods “ten footed”)

millipedes, centipedes (Myriapoda “many feet”) Organs (Eumetazoa “good dragonflies (Odonata) animals”) cockroaches (Blattodea) Insects (6 legs) Arthropods termites (Isoptera “equal wing”) (”joint-foot”) grasshoppers (Orthoptera “straight wing”)

true bugs, cicada, aphid (Hemiptera “half wing”)

beetles (Coleoptera “sheath wing”)

ants, bees, wasps (Hymenoptera “membrane wing”) First opening fleas (Siphonaptera) in cell cluster becomes mouth flies (Diptera “two wing”) (Protostomes) butterflies, moths (Lepidoptera “scale wing”)

roundworms (Nematoda “thread like”)

flatworms (Platyhelminthies ”flat-worm”)

earthworms, leeches (Annelids “little ring”)

clams (Bivalvia “two door”) Molluscs Bilateral symetry squid, octopus (Cephalopods “head foot”) (not radial) snails (Gastropods “stomach foot”)

sea cucumbers (Holothurians)

sea urchins (Echinoids “spiny”) Echinoderms “spiny skin” starfish (Asteroidea “star-like”) Second opening in cell cluster sea squirts; tunicates (Urochordates) becomes mouth (Deuterostomes) lancelets (Cephalochordata) Fish Gill slits and hagfish ( Myxinoids) notochord (Chordata) lampreys (Petromyzontids)

Vertebrates sharks, rays (Chondrichthyes “cartilage fish”)

perches, silversides (Percomorphs)

salmon, smelts (Protacanthopterygii) Jaws minnows, catfish (Ostariophysans) (Gnathostomes) Ray-Finned Fish (Actinopterygii) eels, morays (Elopomorphs)

coelacanths Bony Skeleton lungfish (Dipnoi “two breath”)

frogs (Anura ”no tail”) Amphibians . salamanders, newts (Urodela ”tail visible”)

Lungs turtles, tortises (Testudines)

Reptiles snakes (Serpentes) and Birds Reptilia

Four-legged lizards (Lacertilia) (Tetrapods) Sauria iguanas, chameleons (Iguania)

crocodiles, alligators (Crocodilia)

Aves chickens, ducks (Galloanserae) Amniotic Egg Dinosauria birds, penguins Egg-laying platypus, echidna (Monotremata “single hole”)

Meta- kangaroos, opossums (Marsupials “pouch”) theria Mammals Synapsida rats, mice, hamsters (Rodentia) Mammalia humans, apes, gorillas (Primates “first”)

bats (Chiroptera “hand wing”) Theria whales, dolphins (Cetacea “whale”) Eutheria (Placenta) pigs, cows, goats, sheep (even-toed Ungulates) horses, rhinoceros, tapirs (odd-toed Ungulates)

dogs, cats, seals (Carnivora “flesh devour”)

This diagram is a cladogram, a tree-like picture showing how organisms are related. Each sub-tree in a cladogram is called a clade, such as mammals, animals, amphibians. Most branches in a cladogram should split into two sub-trees, but for simplicity this picture has some branches that split into three. Extinct species are represented as dead-end branches. This cladogram is a high-level overview and does not show individual species. Each clade is defined by a distinguishing V3.8 Archean Proterozoic Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian T riassic Jurassic Cret aceous Hadean Cenozoic characteristic that sets it apart from neighboring clades. For example, tetrapods have 4 legs. Sometimes that characteristic copyright 4.6 3.8 2.5 542 488 443 416 359 299 251 199 145 65 disappears in later organisms, for example: snakes are in the tetrapod clade, but no longer have legs. Some well-known Neal Olander groups of organisms are not clades - including reptiles, protists, fish, invertebrates, sponges, and prokaryotes - because they BYA BYA BYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA MYA tellapallet.com do not include all descendents of the most recent common ancestor.