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Ology and Remarkable Thermal Act·V 'Of Norris Geyser Basil)., Yell' W ,Tone National Park, Wyoming

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Ology and Remarkable Thermal Act·V 'Of Norris Geyser Basil)., Yell' W ,Tone National Park, Wyoming T "e ology and Remarkable Thermal Act·v 'of Norris Geyser Basil)., Yell' w ,tone National Park, Wyoming .. ,r u.s. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1456 This page intentionally left blank Steamboat Geyser in major eruption. Photograph, purchased by the National Park Service and reprinted here with their permission, was taken nearly due north up the discharge stream of the double vents. Fluids from the vents are indistinguishable, and both vents are erupting mixed steam and pulsating water, evidently early in the eruption sequence because discharged water has not yet topped the bridge over the main discharge stream. Indicated height relative to largest trees is estimated to be nearly 100 meters. Date the photograph was taken is unknown, but was probably prior to 1968. Aerial view of Steamboat Geyser erupting. Photograph shows clearly the abundant flooding of most channels to the south, southwest, and west-southwest (toward photographer). Eruption plume of water and steam is inclined to the northwest at an angle of approximately 15° from vertical &nd reaches an estimated height of 130 meters or higher. Discharge from the southeastern vent is now mostly steam, as it has lost most of the jetted water evident in photograph on facing page. The water supply being discharged is tremendous-view is too high to estimate accurately, but prob­ ably about 20,000 liters per minute-and has probably continued at this high flow rate for at least 10 minutes. Photograph was taken by Robert B. Smith of the University of Utah on July 6, 1984. The Geology and Remarkable Thermal Activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming By DONALD E. WHITE, R.A. HUTCHINSON, and T.E.c. KEITH U,S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1456 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1988 ( DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data White, Donald Edward, 1914- The Geology and remarkable thermal activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1456) Bibliography Supt. of Docs. No: I 19.16:1456 1. Geology-Wyoming-Norris Geyser Basin. 2. Geysers-Wyoming-Norris Geyser Basin. 3. Yellowstone National Park. I. Hutchinson, R.A. II. Keith, Terry E.C. III. Title. IV. Series: Geological Survey Professional Paper 1456. QE182.N67W481987 557.87'52 87-600279 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Page Ab~rnct ---------------------------- 1 Recent hydrothermal activity of Norris Geyser Basin-Continued Introduction -------------------------- 2 Harding Geyser ----------------------- 47 Acknowledgments --------------------- 3 Hydrophane Springs -------------------- 47 Summary settings of Norris Geyser Basin ----------- 3 Minute Geyser ----------------------- 47 Geology and volcanic history ---------------- 3 Monarch Geyser Crater ------------------- 51 Glacial history ----------------------- 5 Phillips Cauldron ----------------- ..., ---- 52 Hydrothermal activity ------------------- 5 Porcelain Terrace and Porcelain Springs ---------- 52 Rocks and sediment of Norris Geyser Basin- ---------- 7 Porkchop Geyser (spring) ------------------ 53 Lava Creek Tuff ---------------------- 7 Realgar Springs ---------------------- 53 Geochemistry of the common silica minerals and diagenesis Steamboat Geyser --------------------- 54 of hot-spring sinters ------------------- 8 Steam Valve Geyser -------------------- 56 Hydrothermal quartzite ------------------- 11 Vixen Geyser ------------------------ 57 Pre-Pinedale chalcedonic sinter --------------- 13 Whirligig Geysers --------------------- 58 Older Pinedale cemented kames -------------- 14 Other notable features ------------------- 58 Younger Pinedale glacial deposits ------------- 16 Widespread contemporaneous changes ----------- 61 Kame deposits --------------------- 17 Rocks and alteration mineralogy of drill holes, Norris Geyser Till --------------------------- 17 Basin --------------------------- 62 Outwash sands and gravels --------------- 17 Lava Creek Tuff ---------------------- 62 Cemented younger Pinedale deposits ---------- 18 Hydrothermal alteration ------------------ 62 Hydrothermal explosion breccia -------------- 18 Characteristics of the drill core from Y-9 -------- 67 Holocene sinter deposits ------------------ 20 Characteristics of the drill core from Y-12 ------- 68 Alluvial and lacustrine deposits --------------- 22 Characteristics of the drill core from C-II ------- 69 Structure ---------------------------- 24 Controls of hydrothermal alteration ------------ 70 Faults --------------------------- 24 Summary of hydrothermal alteration ------------ 71 Fractures -------------------------- 24 Heat and mass flows from Norris Geyser Basin- -------- 71 Summary of chemical water types and their proposed origins- - 25 Early estimates ----------------------- 71 Nearly neutral waters high in Cl and SiOz --------- 25 Chloride inventories of Gibbon River, 1966-67 ------- 72 Dilute recharging meteoric waters ------------- 26 Additional data on Cl inflow to the Upper Gibbon Acid Cl-S04 (or S04-Cl) waters --------------- 27 River --------------------------- 73 Acid-sulfate waters --------------------- 28 History and continuity of hydrothermal activity, Norris- Recent hydrothermal activity of Norris Geyser Basin ------ 28 Mammoth Corridor -------------------- 74 Africa Geyser ------------------------ 39 A new model for continuous long-lived hydrothermal systems- - 76 Black Growler ----------------------- 39 Three hydrogeologic models for present hydrothermal activity Carnegie II drill hole -------------------- 40 in the Norris-Mammoth Corridor ------------- 76 Cinder Pool ------------------------- 42 Explanations for widespread disturbances of Norris thermal Cistern Spring ----------------------- 44 features and intimate associations of different water Congress Pool ----------------------- 46 types --------------------------- 77 Echinus Geyser ----------------------- 46 Conclusions --------------------------- 80 Green Dragon Spring -------------------- 47 Selected references ----------------------- 82 ILLUSTRATIONS FRONTISPIECES. Photographs of Steamboat Geyser in major eruptions. Page PLATE 1. Geology and thermal features of Norris Geyser Basin ----------------------------­ In pocket FIGURE 1. Maps of Yellowstone Park and Norris Basin, showing topographic features, rivers, lakes, calderas, major fracture zones, faults, surrounding mountain ranges, epicenters of earthquakes, the third-cycle caldera rim, the ring-fracture zone, resurgent domes, and active and fossil hydrothermal systems --------- 4 VII VIII CONTENTS FIGURE 2. Vertical section through Norris Basin drill holes, showing temperature contours from bottom-hole data as drill- Page ing progressed and a hypothesized fracture to explain interference between hole Y-9 and Carnegie II --- 8 3. Photograph of drill core from drill hole Y-9 ----------------------------------- 9 4. Graph of the solubilities of the common silica minerals along the two-phase curve of water and vapor --- .. - 9 5. Aerial view looking eastward over explosion crater ---- .. --- .. ------------- .. -------- 16 6-17. Photographs of: 6. Vents and eruption debris, south base of Porcelain Terrace ---------------------- 20 7. Self-sealing multiple vents southeast of Opal Spring -------------------------- 20 8. Cistern Spring three hours after Steamboat Geyser had started its major eruption of June 3, 1968- -- 20 9. Coral Spring discharging high-SiOz water (opalescent) --------------- -- --------- 21 10. Coral Spring, nondischarging and self-sealed ------------------------------ 21 11. Porkchop Geyser after its eruption of Sept. 3, 1972 -------------------------- 21 12. Closeup of north end of Porkchop Geyser, showing pine needles, small cones, and grass encased by opaline SiOz -------------------------------------------- 21 13. Porkchop Geyser showing flowline trends in sinter ---------- .. --------------- 22 14. Ledge Geyser's multiple vents, showing a northwest-striking fracture in Lava Creek Tuff ------- 22 15. Valentine Geyser and dispersed vents of Black Growler fumaroles ------------------- 23 16. Steamboat Geyser in minor normal eruption ------------------------------ 23 17. Hydrophane Springs after widespread reactivation in 1982 ----------------------­ 23 18-19. Aerial photographs: 18. Looking north-northwest over Norris Basin ---------------- .. ------------- 24 19. Looking west-northwest over Nuphar Lake, Porcelain Basin, and the Annex Area ----------­ 24 20. Rose diagrams of fracture trends in Norris Basin, as compared with trends of 200 points of random values- - ­ 26 21-41. Photographs of: 21. A warm dilute acid spring believed to represent acid meteoric recharge from near the crest of Norris Dome------------------------------------------------ 27 22. Echinus Geyser erupting acid S04-Cl water ------------------------------ 27 23. Echinus Geyser pool and discharge area about 5 minutes after the end of an eruption in 1965 ----- 28 24. Green Dragon Spring, discharging acid Cl-S04 water of long-debated origin -------------- 28 25. Central Porcelain Basin, with many acid and a few neutral springs; looking northeast to Porcelain Terrace ----------------------------------------------- 29 26. Merging of nearly neutral and acid discharge streams in Porcelain Basin --------------- 29 27. Yellow Funnel Spring, showing
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