DOCSLIB.ORG

Wild Berry Identification

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Wild Berry Identification Name Color Shape Description of Plant Where It Grows Unique Characteristics What You Should Know White or Egg-shaped Large, compound Found throughout Both red and white Both white and red baneberries bright red and smooth leaves; tightly the United States, species are are extremely poisonous. clustered white or primarily in distinguished by a black red flowers; white shady, wooded dot at one end, giving berries form in areas them the nickname, clusters on thick, red "doll's eyes." stalks while red berries form on thin, green stalks Baneberry (Red or White) Almost Round and Shrub with bell- Found throughout Belladonna berries are All parts of this plant is black in smooth, shaped reddish- the United States very shiny and are extremely poisonous. appearance similar in purple flowers and larger and darker than shape and egg-shaped, dark blueberries. appearance green leaves and to a thick stems blueberry Belladonna Black Each berry Thorny shrub or Found throughout Unlike raspberries, Unripe red blackberries are looks like a bush with thick North America, blackberries are not often mistaken for raspberries, cluster of canes; flowers are especially in the hollow inside. but they taste bitter and tart. tiny, round white; leaves are Pacific Northwest berries. toothy with three leaflets Blackberry Dark red or Round, about Thorny bush; leaves Found mainly in When rubbed between Berries are generally sour, but yellow- the size of a and branches are the Rocky the hands or crushed, those harvested after the first orange currant silvery white; flowers Mountains and berries form a soapy, frost are slightly sweeter. are yellow and bell- Great Plains frothy foam. shaped. along streams, rivers, and wooded areas Buffalo Berry Dark red- Oblong, Thornless tree or Found throughout Each fruit contains one Pits and leaves are poisonous purple about the shrub; leaves are the United States, large pit. and contain a small amount of size of a pea dull, green, and especially in the cyanide, which can be serrated; flowers are Appalachian destroyed through cooking or tiny white cylindrical Mountains and drying. clusters along riverbanks in dense thickets Chokecherry Red Round, looks Trailing vines with Found in bogs, Cranberry stems are Berries are sweetest after the very similar small pinkish-yellow, marshes, or very thin and wiry. first frost. to a currant bell-shaped flowers; along streams, Cranberries are usually tiny, evergreen especially in found in moist soil. leaves Massachusetts, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Washington, and Oregon Cranberry Dark Clusters of Thornless shrub or Forests and Elderberries grow in flat Avoid green berries as they purple- tiny, round, small tree with tiny, woodlands clusters and are may make you sick. black seed-like white, clustered throughout the thornless. berries flowers (flowers United States resemble a tiny honeysuckle); leaves are flat Elderberry Dark blue Small, round Shrub grows in Found primarily in Each huckleberry Huckleberries are often or purple- berries, dense thickets the Pacific contains ten, hard mistaken as blueberries but black resembling a approximately four- Northwestern and seeds. can be distinguished by their blueberry feet tall; flowers are Northeastern hard seeds and blue-black bell-shaped; leaves regions, color. turn bronze or especially on reddish purple in the mountain slopes fall Huckleberry Blue Round, A Juniper can be a Found throughout Juniper bark is thin with Berries are edible but bitter and resembles a tall tree or smaller the United States a distinctive scent may cause severe stomach blueberry shrub; leaves are (similar to cedar) and upset in some people. needle-like, very comes off in strips. sharp and evergreen Juniper Berry Red to Each Very tall tree growing Found throughout Mulberries look similar Unripe berries or sap may be black mulberry is up to 60 feet; the United States to raspberries or toxic or hallucinogenic. Berries oval and serrated leaves are blackberries but are do not keep well and should be made up of usually oval with more oval and not used quickly. many tiny three lobes; flowers round. berries are small, fuzzy, white clusters Mulberry Bright red Each berry is Bramble (shrub) with Found throughout All raspberries are Raspberry leaves are also a cluster of thorned canes; the United States hollow. When a edible and often used in herbal tiny, round flowers have white raspberry is picked, it teas. berries petals with yellow leaves behind its center; leaves have receptacle. three to five leaflets Red Raspberry Red Hollow Dense shrub that Found throughout Leaves closely Fruit is tart and contains many berries grows in clumps; the United States, resemble those of a seeds. resemble fuzzy leaves contain especially around maple tree. Fruit is raspberries, five lobes; flowers railroad tracks, hollow, resembling a but are flatter are white and star- forest edges, and thimble. and smaller shaped. along roadsides Thimbleberry Blue Round, Climbing vine; leaves Found throughout Virginia creeper is often Berries are extremely toxic to resembling a have five leaflets the United States, confused with poison ivy humans. blueberry with many teeth; especially in the and often found growing flowers are tiny eastern regions alongside poison ivy. green clusters. Virginia Creeper Blue-black Round with a Shrub with thin Found throughout Wild blueberries are Wild blueberries are often 5-pointed branches; flowers the United States, smaller than confused with huckleberries but "crown" on are white or light especially in conventionally grown are much lighter in color and one end pink; leaves are Maine and New blueberries; the berries seeds are soft. broad and often Jersey contain many small, soft evergreen. seeds. Wild Blueberry Unripe Oblong Low-growing, Found throughout Berries look almost Be cautious when harvesting berries are shape creeping plant; the United States identical to wild strawberries, because white to covered in leaves are hairy with commercially-grown small critters like toads and light green; seeds three leaflets; white strawberries but are spiders often take up residence ripe berries flowers have five much smaller. under the plant's leaves. are deep petals red. Wild Strawberry Red Small, Low-growing, Found throughout Leaves have a Wintergreen leaves contains roundish creeping plant; the United States, distinctive wintergreen methyl salicylate, a form of berries are leaves are glossy especially in scent when crushed. aspirin, so people allergic to star-shaped and evergreen; forests; is often aspirin should avoid this plant. on the flowers are white and planted in yards bottom trumpet shaped Wintergreen Berry Bright red Small, round Small to medium- Found throughout Berries are soft and Leaves and berries are berries that sized tree; dark, the United States, squishy in texture and poisonous. are open on evergreen foliage is in forests; have a hard, greenish- the end flat and needle-like. commonly blue stone in the center. planted in yards Yew Image Sources Baneberry image Sheri Hagwood @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 28 February 2013). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. Belladonna image Black Nightshade 1 (http://www.flickr.com/photos/oldmandancing/5231310634/) / OldManDancing (http://www.flickr.com/photos/oldmandancing/) / CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) Blackberries image Blackberries (http://www.flickr.com/photos/12567713@N00/2750878295/) / born1945 (http://www.flickr.com/photos/12567713@N00/) / CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) Buffalo berries image USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E., et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 28 February 2013). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. Chokecherry image Chokecherries (http://www.flickr.com/photos/33037982@N04/6176048533/) / Leonora Enking (http://www.flickr.com/photos/33037982@N04/) / CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) Cranberry image arándano rojo americano (http://www.flickr.com/photos/martius/8380303592/) / Manuel Martín Vicente (http://www.flickr.com/photos/martius/) / CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) Huckleberry image Huckleberries! (http://www.flickr.com/photos/laurelfan/3942902645/) / Laurel F (http://www.flickr.com/photos/laurelfan/) / CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) Juniper berries image Juniper berries (http://www.flickr.com/photos/ragesoss/1794601045/) / Sage Ross (http://www.flickr.com/photos/ragesoss/) / CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) Mulberry image Mulberry-10 (http://www.flickr.com/photos/akeg/2644227409/) / Eric Schmuttenmaer (http://www.flickr.com/photos/akeg/) / CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) Raspberry image Raspberries (http://www.flickr.com/photos/quinnanya/3743405902/) / Quinn Dombrowski (http://www.flickr.com/photos/quinnanya/) / CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) Thimbleberry image Thimbleberries (aka Rubus parviflorus) (http://www.flickr.com/photos/iversonic/875014378/in/photostream/) / Mark Iverson (http://www.flickr.com/photos/iversonic/) / CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/) Virginia Creeper image Parthenocissus quinquefolia (http://www.flickr.com/photos/33037982@N04/4965048107/)
Recommended publications
  • Scientific Name Common Name Plant Type Plant Form References at Bottom

    Scientific Name Common Name Plant Type Plant Form References at Bottom

    Diablo Firesafe Council The following list of plants contains those found in the references that were recommended for use in fire prone environments by at least 3 references. All of the plants listed here were given either a high or moderate fire resistance rating in the references where a rating was assigned, or found listed in the references that categorized plants as fire resistant without assigning a degree of resistance. In most cases, the terms used in the ranking were not defined, and if they were, there is no agreed upon standard definition. For this reason, the plants are listed in this chapter without any attempt to rank them. The list is sorted by plant form -- groundcovers, shrubs, trees, etc. Some species may appear twice (e.g. once as a groundcover and then again as a shrub) because they have properties attributed to both forms. For a complete description of the plant, including its mature characteristics, climate zones, and information on erosion control and drought tolerance, please refer to Chapter 4, the landscape vegetation database. It is important to note that a plant's fire performance can be seriously compromised if not maintained. Plants that are not properly irrigated or pruned, or that are planted in climate areas not generally recommended for the plant, will have increased fire risk and will likely make the mature plant undesirable for landscaping in high fire hazard zones. Table 1. Plants with a favorable fire performance rating in 3 or more references. Some plants may have invasive (indicated as ), or other negative characteristics that should be considered before being selected for use in parts of California.
  • Shrub Swamp State Rank: S5 - Secure

    Shrub Swamp State Rank: S5 - Secure

    Shrub Swamp State Rank: S5 - Secure cover of tall shrubs with Shrub Swamp Communities are a well decomposed organic common and variable type of wetlands soils. If highbush occurring on seasonally or temporarily blueberries are dominant flooded soils; They are often found in the transition zone between emergent the community is likely to marshes and swamp forests; be a Highbush Blueberry Thicket, often occurring on stunted trees. The herbaceous layer of peat. Acidic Shrub Fens are shrub swamps is often sparse and species- peatlands, dominated by poor. A mixture of species might typically low growing shrubs, along include cinnamon, sensitive, royal, or with sphagnum moss and marsh fern, common arrowhead, skunk herbaceous species of Shrub Swamp along shoreline. Photo: Patricia cabbage, sedges, bluejoint grass, bur-reed, varying abundance. Deep Serrentino, Consulting Wildlife Ecologist. swamp candles, clearweed, and Emergent Marshes and Description: Wetland shrubs dominate turtlehead. Invasive species include reed Shallow Emergent Marshes Cottontail, have easy access to the shrubs Shrub Swamps. Shrub height may be from canary grass, glossy alder-buckthorn, are graminoid dominated wetlands with and protection in the dense thickets. The <1m to 5 meters, of uniform height or common buckthorn, and purple <25% cover of tall shrubs. Acidic larvae of many rare and common moth mixed. Shrub density can be variable, loosestrife. Pondshore/Lakeshore Communities are species feed on a variety of shrubs and from dense (>75% cover) to fairly open broadly defined, variable shorelines associated herbaceous plants in shrub (25-75% cover) with graminoid, around open water. Shorelines often swamps throughout Massachusetts. herbaceous, or open water areas between merge into swamps or marshes.
  • Fruits: Kinds and Terms

    Fruits: Kinds and Terms

    FRUITS: KINDS AND TERMS THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFTEN IGNORED Technically, fruits are the mature ovaries of plants that contain ripe seeds ready for dispersal • Of the many kinds of fruits, there are three basic categories: • Dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds, • Indehiscent dry fruits that retain their seeds and are often dispersed as though they were the seed, and • Indehiscent fleshy fruits that turn color and entice animals to eat them, meanwhile allowing the undigested seeds to pass from the animal’s gut We’ll start with dehiscent fruits. The most basic kind, the follicle, contains a single chamber and opens by one lengthwise slit. The columbine seed pods, three per flower, are follicles A mature columbine follicle Milkweed seed pods are also large follicles. Here the follicle hasn’t yet opened. Here is the milkweed follicle opened The legume is a similar seed pod except it opens by two longitudinal slits, one on either side of the fruit. Here you see seeds displayed from a typical legume. Legumes are only found in the pea family Fabaceae. On this fairy duster legume, you can see the two borders that will later split open. Redbud legumes are colorful before they dry and open Lupine legumes twist as they open, projecting the seeds away from the parent The bur clover modifies its legumes by coiling them and providing them with hooked barbs, only opening later as they dry out. The rattlepods or astragaluses modify their legumes by inflating them for wind dispersal, later opening to shed their seeds.
  • Nannyberry (Viburnum Lentago)

    Nannyberry (Viburnum Lentago)

    BWSR Featured Plant Name: Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago) Plant Family: Caprifoliaceae Statewide Wetland Indicator Status: Great Plains – FACU Nannyberry is a shrub that is both beautiful and Midwest – FAC versatile. This shade-tolerant, woody plant has flat N. Cent. N. East – FAC topped white flowers, fruit that is used by a wide variety of birds and wildlife, and vibrant fall color. Frequently used as a landscaping plant, it is successful as a tall barrier and wind break. Its ability to function as both a small tree and multi-stemmed shrub and ability to adapt to many environmental conditions makes it well suited to buffer planting and other soil stabilization projects. Flat-topped flower clusters and finely serrated leaves Identification This native shrub can be identified by its pointed buds, unique flowers, and fruit. Growing to around twelve feet tall in open habitats, the species commonly produces suckers and multiple stems. The newest branches are light green in color and glabrous and buds narrow to a point. With age, the branches become grey, scaly and rough. The egg-shaped leaves are simple and opposite with tips abruptly tapering to a sharp point. Leaf surfaces are shiny, dark green and hairless with reddish finely serrated margins. Fall color is a vibrant dark red. Numerous dense, flat-topped flower heads appear and bloom from May to June. Flowers are creamy white and bell to saucer-shaped. The flowers develop into elliptical berry-like drupes that turn a blue-black color from July to August. The Multi-stemmed growth form sweet and edible fruit is used by a variety of wildlife species but has a wet wool odor when decomposing, thus its alternate name – Sheepberry.
  • Plant Collecting Expedition for Berry Crop Species Through Southeastern

    Plant Collecting Expedition for Berry Crop Species Through Southeastern

    Plant Collecting Expedition for Berry Crop Species through Southeastern and Midwestern United States June and July 2007 Glassy Mountain, South Carolina Participants: Kim E. Hummer, Research Leader, Curator, USDA ARS NCGR 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, Oregon 97333-2521 phone 541.738.4201 [email protected] Chad E. Finn, Research Geneticist, USDA ARS HCRL, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, Oregon 97330 phone 541.738.4037 [email protected] Michael Dossett Graduate Student, Oregon State University, Department of Horticulture, Corvallis, OR 97330 phone 541.738.4038 [email protected] Plant Collecting Expedition for Berry Crops through the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, June and July 2007 Table of Contents Table of Contents.................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements:................................................................................................................ 3 Executive Summary................................................................................................................ 4 Part I – Southeastern United States ...................................................................................... 5 Summary.............................................................................................................................. 5 Travelog May-June 2007.................................................................................................... 6 Conclusions for part 1 .....................................................................................................
  • Berries and Health: a Review of the Evidence

    Berries and Health: a Review of the Evidence

    Berries and Health: A review of the evidence Gordon J. McDougall and Derek Stewart Environmental and Biochemical Sciences Group, Enhancing Crop Productivity and Utilisation Theme, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK 1 Introduction Berries already benefit from a “health halo” which is partly associated with a general recognition that fruit is good for us and that they are popular and palatable way to increase intake. In addition soft fruit and health have long established associations steeped in traditions with strong linkages to Scottish1 and world folklore (see http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf). Indeed, many traditional or folk medicines have used berries in remedies for a range of health issues2. For example, North American indigenous peoples have used berries from the Rubus species as treatments against diarrhoea and for pain relief. However, evidence has accrued over the last twenty years highlighting that components from berries have measurable beneficial effects on health3. This report provides a short overview of the current evidence. In botanical terms, “berries” are defined as a fleshy fruit that arises from the entire plant ovary that surrounds the seeds and therefore true berries include bananas, grapes, blueberries, black currants and coffee beans. In this review, we use the common usage of “berries” and this includes soft fruits with multiple seeds including strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, black currants, blackberries etc. Strawberries are the most popular berries in the UK market but there have been consistent increases in sales of other berries (http://www.internationalsupermarketnews.com/news/4680) and indeed in a range of “berry-plus” products.
  • Pruning Shrubs in the Low and Mid-Elevation Deserts in Arizona Ursula K

    Pruning Shrubs in the Low and Mid-Elevation Deserts in Arizona Ursula K

    az1499 Revised 01/16 Pruning Shrubs in the Low and Mid-Elevation Deserts in Arizona Ursula K. Schuch Pruning is the intentional removal of parts of a plant. visibility and safety concerns is sometimes necessary. These Pruning needs of shrubs commonly planted in the low and can be minimized by allowing sufficient space for the plant mid-elevation deserts in Arizona vary from no pruning to reach its mature size in the landscape. Renovating or to regular seasonal pruning. Requirements vary by plant rejuvenating old or overgrown shrubs through pruning species, design intent, and placement in a landscape. Fast generally improves the structure and quality of the plant, growing shrubs generally need frequent pruning from the and results in improved displays for flowering shrubs. Some time of establishment until maturity, while slow growing shrubs are grown as formal hedges and require continuous shrubs require little to none. Pruning should only be done pruning to maintain their size and shape. when necessary and at the right time of year. Using the natural growth form of a shrub is a good guide for pruning. Shearing shrubs should be avoided except for maintenance of formal How to prune? hedges or plant sculptures. All pruning should be done with Selective thinning refers to removing branches back to the sharp hand pruners or, for thicker stems, loppers. point of attachment to another branch, or to the ground. This type of pruning opens the plant canopy, increasing light and air movement (Figure 1). Thinning cuts do not stimulate Why prune? excessive new growth. They serve to maintain the natural Reasons for pruning shrubs include maintenance of plant growth habit of the shrub.
  • Porcelain Berry Are Aggressive , Growing Quickly to PORCELAIN Form Large Mats Over Existing Vegetation

    Porcelain Berry Are Aggressive , Growing Quickly to PORCELAIN Form Large Mats Over Existing Vegetation

    The vines of porcelain berry are aggressive , growing quickly to PORCELAIN form large mats over existing vegetation. It easily climbs up and around BERRY trees, shading out shrubs and seedlings of native plants . (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata) CHARACTERISTICS WHERE FROM WHERE FOUND Y Porcelain berry is a woody, Native to Japan and China, Porcelain berry can be F perennial vine which can this plant was brought to found in southern New I grow up to 20 feet or more, North America in 1870 as England, the Mid-Atlantic T and closely resembles native an ornamental and land - and parts of the South and grapevine. The center, or scaping plant. Midwest. It can be found N pith, is white. Its bark has in varying conditions, from lenticels (light colored dots) dry to moist areas, along E and will not peel, unlike forest edges and streams, grape bark which does not as well as areas receiving PORCELAIN BERRY FOLIAGE D Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, have lenticels and will full sunlight to partial shade. Bugwood.org I y peel or shred. It uses non- c Porcelain berry is not n a adhesive tendrils to climb. v tolerant of fully shaded sites r e s n Leaves are alternate and or wet soils. o C broadly ovate with a heart- e n i w shaped base. Leaves have y d n 3–5 lobes and toothed a r B PORCELAIN BERRY FRUITS margins. Porcelain berry | James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Y produces small, hard berries R R E varying in color from pale B N I violet to green, to a bright A L E blue.
  • Porcelain Berry

    Porcelain Berry

    FACT SHEET: PORCELAIN-BERRY Porcelain-berry Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. Grape family (Vitaceae) NATIVE RANGE Northeast Asia - China, Korea, Japan, and Russian Far East DESCRIPTION Porcelain-berry is a deciduous, woody, perennial vine. It twines with the help of non-adhesive tendrils that occur opposite the leaves and closely resembles native grapes in the genus Vitis. The stem pith of porcelain-berry is white (grape is brown) and continuous across the nodes (grape is not), the bark has lenticels (grape does not), and the bark does not peel (grape bark peels or shreds). The Ieaves are alternate, broadly ovate with a heart-shaped base, palmately 3-5 lobed or more deeply dissected, and have coarsely toothed margins. The inconspicuous, greenish-white flowers with "free" petals occur in cymes opposite the leaves from June through August (in contrast to grape species that have flowers with petals that touch at tips and occur in panicles. The fruits appear in September-October and are colorful, changing from pale lilac, to green, to a bright blue. Porcelain-berry is often confused with species of grape (Vitis) and may be confused with several native species of Ampelopsis -- Ampelopsis arborea and Ampelopsis cordata. ECOLOGICAL THREAT Porcelain-berry is a vigorous invader of open and wooded habitats. It grows and spreads quickly in areas with high to moderate light. As it spreads, it climbs over shrubs and other vegetation, shading out native plants and consuming habitat. DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES Porcelain-berry is found from New England to North Carolina and west to Michigan (USDA Plants) and is reported to be invasive in twelve states in the Northeast: Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington D.C., West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
  • Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables

    Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables

    Chapter 1 Definitions and classifications for fruit and vegetables In the broadest sense, the botani- Botanical and culinary cal term vegetable refers to any plant, definitions edible or not, including trees, bushes, vines and vascular plants, and Botanical definitions distinguishes plant material from ani- Broadly, the botanical term fruit refers mal material and from inorganic to the mature ovary of a plant, matter. There are two slightly different including its seeds, covering and botanical definitions for the term any closely connected tissue, without vegetable as it relates to food. any consideration of whether these According to one, a vegetable is a are edible. As related to food, the plant cultivated for its edible part(s); IT botanical term fruit refers to the edible M according to the other, a vegetable is part of a plant that consists of the the edible part(s) of a plant, such as seeds and surrounding tissues. This the stems and stalk (celery), root includes fleshy fruits (such as blue- (carrot), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), berries, cantaloupe, poach, pumpkin, leaves (spinach, lettuce), flower (globe tomato) and dry fruits, where the artichoke), fruit (apple, cucumber, ripened ovary wall becomes papery, pumpkin, strawberries, tomato) or leathery, or woody as with cereal seeds (beans, peas). The latter grains, pulses (mature beans and definition includes fruits as a subset of peas) and nuts. vegetables. Definition of fruit and vegetables applicable in epidemiological studies, Fruit and vegetables Edible plant foods excluding
  • What Is a Shrub?

    What Is a Shrub?

    What is a shrub? The man behind the beverage counter at the festival asked me if I ever had a great shrub. With questioning eyes, I imagined that beautiful green evergreen that grows outside our house. I guess he knew that I had no idea why he was asking me that question since he started to laugh as he explained that it is fruit syrup preserved with vinegar and mixed with water or alcohol to create a very refreshing drink. It seems that this is an old fashioned idea that was used to preserve seasonal fruit, creating fresh flavored syrup that can be used for beverages, salad dressings, or meat glazes. Adding vinegar to water helped make it safe to drink for Babylonians and even Romans made a beverage like this called posca. Early colonial sailors carried those vitamin C enhanced shrubs to prevent scurvy. Many older cookbooks or well as some recent ones have recipes for shrubs. As I researched shrub recipes, I found several different methods. Most of them involved creating fruit-flavored vinegar and adding sugar to it. The vinegar acts as the preserving agent, allowing fresh fruits to turn into flavorful syrups. The ingredients are simple: Fresh fruit, vinegar, and sugar Fruits - Think berries, peaches, plums, pears, cherries and many other fruits, just make sure they are wonderfully ripe and sweet. The fruits need to be washed, peeled, chopped, or lightly crushed. Some additions can be ginger, citrus peels, or even peppercorns. Vinegar – you can use distilled white vinegar, apple cider vinegar, or even wine vinegars.
  • Alaska Non-Timber Forest Products Harvest Manual for Commercial Harvest on State-Owned Lands

    Alaska Non-Timber Forest Products Harvest Manual for Commercial Harvest on State-Owned Lands

    Alaska Non-Timber Forest Products Harvest Manual For Commercial Harvest on State-Owned Lands State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources Division of Mining, Land and Water April 2, 2008 - 1 - State of Alaska Non-Timber Forest Product Commercial Harvest Manual, April 2, 2008 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Special notices, clarifications, and general rules 4 Procedure for revision 5 Products and species descriptions 6 Bark birch 7 cedar 8 various species 9 Berries and berry-like fruits 10 Branches and stems of deciduous woody species 11 Buds and tips 12 Burls and galls 13 Cones 14 Conks 15 Cuttings – willow, dogwood & poplar 16 Diamond willow 17 Evergreen boughs 18 Floral greenery 19 Leaves and flowers of woody plants 20 Lichens ground-growing 21 tree-growing 22 Mosses and liverworts 23 Mushrooms 24 Non-woody perennial plants tender edible shoots, stems, leaves, and/or flowers 25 mature stems, leaves and flowers 26 Roots edible or medicinal 27 for fiber 28 Seed heads 29 Seeds 30 Transplants plugs 31 shrubby perennial with root ball 32 sprigs 33 tree sapling with root ball 34 Appendix I: Plants never allowed for harvest 35 Appendix II: Guidelines for non over-the-counter permit products 36 Glossary 38 Selected references 39 - 2 - State of Alaska Non-Timber Forest Product Commercial Harvest Manual, April 2, 2008 Introduction Non-timber forest products are generally defined as products derived from biological resources. Examples of non-timber forest products may include mushrooms, conks, boughs, cones, leaves, burls, landscaping transplants, roots, flowers, fruits, and berries. Not included are minerals, rocks, soil, water, animals, and animal parts.