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The La Pintada Landslide, Guerrero, Mexico: Hints from the Pre-Classic to the Disasters of Modern Times

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The La Pintada Landslide, Guerrero, Mexico: Hints from the Pre-Classic to the Disasters of Modern Times Recent Landslides Landslides Irasema Alcántara-Ayala I Ricardo J. Garnica-Peña I Leobardo Domínguez-Morales I DOI 10.1007/s10346-017-0808-9 Alberto E. González-Huesca I Alberto Calderón-Vega Received: 29 September 2016 Accepted: 13 February 2017 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 The La Pintada landslide, Guerrero, Mexico: hints from the Pre-Classic to the disasters of modern times Abstract A landslide triggered by rainfall derived from hurricane the foundation of the town, as a potential expression of past Manuel took place on Independence Day, 16 September 2013, in the landslide activity. small village of La Pintada in Guerrero state, Mexico. There were 78 fatalities, 8 missing persons and 8 injured. Estimated cumula- La Pintada village: the hazard of a place tive rainfall in La Pintada during 1–16 September was 278.6 mm. La Pintada, situated in the north-eastern sector of the municipality The depth of the failure surface was 8 m in the middle and lower of Atoyac de Álvarez, 62 km NW of Acapulco and 257 km SW of areas and 10–14 m at the top. Landslide volume was estimated at Mexico City, belongs to the physiographic province of Sierra ∼125,000 m3. This paper provides a general account of the factors Madre del Sur, in the Costa Grande region, in the state of Guerrero leading to hillslope instability in the region of La Pintada in terms (Fig. 2). Owing to the subduction of the Cocos plate beneath the of hazard understanding and offers a hypothetical view of the North American plate, seismicity is high in this area; about 25% of historical-cultural aspects of the foundation of the village, as a seismic events that take place in Mexico occur in the state of potential expression of past landslide activity. Guerrero (SSN 2007), where the Guerrero seismic gap, an area with a high probability of a large subduction earthquake (M > 8), Keywords La Pintada landslide . Rainfall triggered . Hurricane is located (Kostoglodov et al. 2001). Manuel . Petroglyphs . Granite . Mexico From 1998 to 2015, six earthquakes M ≥ 5.5 have occurred near the area of interest (National Seismological Service (SSN) online Introduction catalogue) (Table 1). The most severe event close to La Pintada was Landslide disasters occur not only in developing countries but also an earthquake of M 7.2 and 10-km depth that occurred on 18 April in the developed world (Alcántara-Ayala 2002); nonetheless, their 2014. It was felt in 12 states and in Mexico City, with Guerrero impact is greater in areas where vulnerability of exposed commu- being the most affected; Atoyac de Álvarez and 42 other munici- nities is higher. In the same way but at a smaller scale, within the palities were declared disaster areas (DOF 2014). According to the boundaries of a country, the frequency and impact of landslide Civil Protection Unit of Guerrero, approximately 1300 houses were disasters are greater in marginalized communities that lack coher- affected, 13 landslides occurred along the roads, and structural ent socio-territorial development and management. Mexico is no damage was also registered in 11 governmental buildings, three exception. Quite frequently, especially during the rainy season, a hospitals, four hotels, three schools and two churches (Gobierno series of small-sized and medium-sized landslide disasters occur de Guerrero 2014). in exposed communities situated in mountain areas, where levels The Sierra Madre del Sur is an isolated mountainous region of of poverty, inequality, marginalization and vulnerability are high. high endemism and richness of vegetation. The predominant veg- The cumulative effects of such disasters enhance the consequences etation includes pine oak and cloud forest in the area of interest of larger events (Velásquez and Rosales 1999; Lavell 2008) and and tropical deciduous forests towards the coast. It is also a become major and unending barriers against development catchment of very high importance for the coastal urban area (Maskrey 1993) and sustainability. owing to the presence of the Balsas River (Consejo Forestal In September 2013, extensive floods and thousands of landslides Estatal de Guerrero 2008). Land use is concentrated on forestry were triggered by the precipitation derived from the simultaneous and agriculture. Forest fires are quite common in the region and landfall of two hurricanes, Manuel and Ingrid (Fig. 1), affecting are mainly anthropogenic, including those induced by land use exposed vulnerable communities across 20 of Mexico’s 31 states; of changes. these, 19 were officially declared disaster areas and 1 an emergency The municipality of Atoyac de Álvarez lies within the Costa (CENAPRED 2014; SEDESOL 2014). In spite of the extended na- Grande hydrologic region, which is composed of three main wa- tionwide damage, but not surprisingly, the most devastating con- tersheds: the Ixtapa, Coyuquillas and Atoyac rivers. The Atoyac sequences took place in Guerrero, the second-poorest state of has a catchment area of 914 km2, with an annual runoff of 835.6 Mexico, where 2.4 million people (69.7% of its total population) million m3. It is characterized by hills and mountains and severe live in poverty, and for 1.1 million of these (31.7% of the total), the erosion. The northern sector comprises a series of low hills along poverty is extreme (CONEVAL 2013). the Pacific, whereas the southern sector is formed by coastal It was in Guerrero state that the most disastrous landslide plains. The predominant climate is warm humid and semi-warm occurred, on Independence Day, 16 September, in the village of humid. The rainy season is during the summer months of June, La Pintada. The landslide involved 78 fatalities, 8 missing persons July, August and September, and annual mean precipitation is and 8 injured. The purpose of the present paper is twofold: to 1236 mm (INAFED 2010). provide a general account of the factors leading to hillslope insta- The southerly slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur consist of bility in the region of La Pintada in terms of hazard understanding primarily arc-related rocks of the Xolapa Complex (Campa and and to offer a hypothetical view of the historical-cultural aspects of Coney 1983; Ducea et al. (2004), also identified as the Chatino Landslides Recent Landslides Fig. 1 Tracking and cumulative precipitation produced by hurricanes Manuel and Ingrid, September 2013 (source: National Hurricane Center/Tropical Prediction Center/ National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Weather Service/NOAA/U.S. Department of Commerce 2013) terrane (Sedlock et al. 1993). The Xolapa Complex was first defined illiterate, and 71.12% had not finished primary school studies; 52.23% as a sequence of metasedimentary rocks (De Cserna 1965), situated had no access to health services. Of 123 dwellings, 11.38% had no toilet along the Pacific Coast over an area 600 km long by 50–150 km facilities, 61.79% had an earthen floor, 4.07% lacked electricity, 7.32% wide. It comprises a high-grade metamorphic to migmatitic lacked piped water, and 12.2% lacked sewerage systems (INEGI orthogneiss and paragneiss and a series of typically non- 2010). One of the main economic activities at municipal level is deformed plutons that outcrop parallel to the coast line, also agriculture, including crops such as maize, watermelon, forage sor- interpreted as a magmatic arc (Ortega-Gutiérrez 1981). ghum, beans, coffee and tropical fruits. Coffee used to be the main The widespread growth of the Oligocene, granitic, granodioritic source of income in La Pintada; however, the current crisis in and tonalitic plutons of the Xolapa Complex has been dated international coffee prices has considerably affected former cooper- between 35 and 27 Ma (Herrmann et al. 1994). However, a more atives as value has plummeted, and these coffee growers are small recent study (Valencia et al. 2009) indicated that most granitic holders who have not been able to make more solid investments to plutons from a transect located at the municipality of Atoyac de guarantee production and a reliable market. Álvarez, mainly composed of quartz, plagioclase, biotite, horn- blende and magnetite in varying proportions, yielded 52.7– The La Pintada landslide 58.1 Ma crystallization ages and that only one of them revealed a Manuel, a category 1 hurricane (Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind younger age of 40 Ma. scale) made landfall as a tropical storm on the southern coast of As in other granite areas of Guerrero, including Acapulco Bay, Mexico, dissipated and soon after was redeveloped in the Gulf of the major morphological character of this landscape commonly California, reaching the mainland as a hurricane on 18 September comprises rocky hillcrests, tors, convex rock slope sections and 2013 (Pasch and Zelinsky 2014). boulder piles (Migoń and Alcántara-Ayala 2008). Features charac- Derived from the rainfall generated by the trajectory of Manuel teristic of La Pintada are granite domes and corestones resulting (see Fig. 1), thousands of landslides were triggered in the state of from high-resistance rock wedges excavated from the saprolite; Guerrero. Of particular significance was their impact in the area exfoliation due to the opening of sheeting joints is widely ob- where the villages of Paraíso, La Pintada and El Edén are situated served, since deep spherical weathering is a major contributor to (Fig. 2); no less than 200 landslides affected numerous dwellings, granite disintegration and the formation of colluvia (Fig. 3). and main roads were severely damaged; lack of communication From a social perspective, La Pintada is regarded as a community lasted for several days. with a high level of marginalization or social exclusion. In 2010, it From 11 to 15 September, the period of the most intense precip- had 628 inhabitants; 21.12% of those aged 15 years or more were itation, the highest cumulative rainfall, 729.5 mm, was recorded in Landslides Fig.
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