DOCSLIB.ORG

An Interview with Iran's Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Iran-The Rise of Radical Islam and the Downfall of Freedom: ​ An Interview with Iran’s Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi (Tehran, Iran-outside the former U.S. Embassy, Iranians burn the flag of the United States.) Interviewer: Karis Mardirossian Interviewee: Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi Instructor: Amanda Freeman February 11, 2019 Mardirossian 2 Table of Contents ​ Interviewer Release Form .........................................................................................................3 Interviewee Release Form..........................................................................................................4 Statement of Purpose..................................................................................................................5 Biography...................................................................................................................................6 Historical Contextualization Paper..........................................................................................................................................8 Interview transcription.............................................................................................................26 Interview Analysis....................................................................................................................58 Bibliography.............................................................................................................................71 Mardirossian 3 Mardirossian 4 Mardirossian 5 Statement of Purpose ​ The Iranian Revolution is a very important part of history because it not only impacted Iran, it also severed the cooperative and cordial relationship between Iran and the United States. The revolution also left its permanent imprint on the dynamics and balance of the Middle East. The ramifications of the 1978-1979 uprising, that led to the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, are stilling being debated today. Thirty-nine years after the revolution, relations between our two countries are still hostile and very adversarial. The growing terrorism and unrest in the Middle East have reached the United States and remain a severe threat. Terrorist groups are still seeking strongholds in other Middle Eastern countries. With these ramifications come different perspectives of whether Iran and the world are better or worse off because of the revolution. With these conflicting perspectives, it is essential to seek the opinion of someone who lived in Iran and had first hand knowledge of the event. My interview with Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi provided insight as to the evolution of Iran as a country. Mardirossian 6 Biography ​ ​ Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi was born in Tehran, Iran on October 31, 1960, to the late Mohammad Reza Shah and Empress Farah Pahlavi of Iran. He is the eldest of four children. He was officially named Crown Prince in 1967 at his father’s coronation ceremony. He attended private school in Iran and at the age of 17, left Iran in 1978 to start jet fighter training in the United States Air Force at the Reese Air Force Base in Lubbock, Texas. The Iranian Revolution in 1978-79 led to the departure of his family from Iran in January 1979. The government of Iran was taken over by Islamist, which instituted a theocratic regime that prevents him from returning to his homeland. After completion of his jet fighter training at Reese Air Force base, he continued his education at the University of Southern California with a degree in Political Science. As an accomplished jet fighter pilot, he offered his services to his country during the Iran-Iraq war but was declined by the clerical regime. His deep commitment and loyalty to his countrymen remain strong as he has spent the last forty years of his exile championing and advocating for human rights, equality, democracy, and freedom for the people of Iran. Crown Prince Pahlavi gives speeches in the United States and abroad as well as meets with heads of Mardirossian 7 state, legislators, policymakers, lawmakers, and student groups worldwide to discuss and speak out about the difficulties Iranians endure under the Islamic regime. He calls for the end of oppression and abuse of the Iranian people through the institution of a secular democracy with a assessable and free referendum on a new government with a regime change through non-violent civil disobedience. Crown Prince Pahlavi is also an accomplished published writer. He has written three books on the state of affairs in Iran, Winds of Change: The Future of Democracy in ​ Iran (2001), Gozashteh va Ayandeh (2000), and IRAN: L’Heure du Choix, (The Declining Hour), ​ ​ ​ ​ (2009). Still, to this date, he is a leading and vocal advocate for his countrymen in bringing ​ attention to the free world their struggles for liberation, equality, and freedom. Mardirossian 8 The Revolution that Rocked Iran and The Middle East My father, an Armenian born in Tehran in the mid-1950s, often referred to Tehran as the “Paris of the Middle East.” What happened to that cosmopolitan city? The Iranian Islamic Revolution is what happened. The revolution was a result of the discontent and uprising of women and student organizations who became revolutionaries. These revolutionaries later joined forces with radical religious leaders. Their joint forces, and led by exiled Iranian Marja, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, placed Iran in a state of extreme turmoil and chaos during the last six months of 1979.1 Why were these citizens rebelling and protesting against the Shah of Iran, when Iran was prospering economically, socially, and structurally? Discontent stemmed from the revolutionary’s socio-economic status and oppression of speech. The radical religious leaders in Iran were in opposition to western influence and adamantly against secular rule. When the Carter Administration pulled their position of support from the Shah and covertly backed Khomeini in later part 1979, this change in tactic advanced the revolution.2 The revolution lasted from 1978 to 1979 and ended when the Shah left Iran on January 16, 1979. He thought was a short trip to calm down months of protest and strikes, but within days, Khomeini returned to Iran and the government changed from an autocratic rule to theocratic rule. A bloodbath ensued, freedom of choice and strong economic growth and development ended.3 Thus, to understand the Iranian Revolution, one must examine Iran as a country, its leaders, as well as its impact on the stability 1 YOUSSEF M. IBRAHIMN, "INSIDE IRAN'S CULTURAL REVOLUTION," The New York ​ ​ Times, October 19, 1979, 3-4, accessed November 13, 2018, ​ https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/14/archives/inside-irans-cultural-revolution-iran.html. 2 Krysta Wise, "Islamic Revolution of 1979: The Downfall of American-Iranian Relations," ​ Legacy, last modified 2011, accessed November 13, 2018, https://www.fpri.org/article/2009/09/the-u-s-and-iran-in-historical-perspective/. 3 IBRAHIMN, 3-4. ​ Mardirossian 9 of the Middle East pre and post-revolution; ultimately determining if they are all better off today as a result of the uprising. Understanding a country’s history is vital to providing perspective on its leaders and its people. The Qajar Dynasty, initially of Turkish origin, ruled Persia, now Iran, from 1794 to 1925 until a non-violent coup d’etat occurred in Tehran in 1921. An Iranian journalist, Sayyid Zia al Din Tabatabai led the coup along with the military forces of the Persian Cossack Brigade, which was led by their minister of war, Colonel Reza Khan. Three months after taking office, Tabatabai resigned and subsequently left the country. Reza Khan took over his duties of government oversight. Ahmad Shah, recognizing that he would be ousted as the Shah, appointed Reza Khan as prime minister and left the country, never to return.4 At this time the country was financially stable due to royalties from the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Liberals and supporters of Reza Khan pressed for a republican regime like that of Turkey. Reza Khan was keen on this idea, but the Majlis(parliament) was strongly against dissolving the monarchy. Whereas, in February 1925, the Majlis appointed Reza Khan as a lifetime commander in chief of the armed forces. Reza Khan was opposed to social and military titles and set an example by choosing Pahlavi as his family name. Subsequently, the Qajar dynasty formally ended on October 31, 1925, when a new Majlis chose Reza Pahlavi as the first Shah of this new dynasty. After a formal coronation ceremony on April 25, 1926, Reza Pahlavi’s son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became the crown prince of Iran.5 4 Glenn E. Curtis and Eric J. Hooglund, Iran: A Country Study, 5th ed. (Washington, DC: ​ ​ ​ ​ Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 2008), 52. 5 Curtis and Hooglund, 52. ​ Mardirossian 10 A new era and dynasty began in Iran with Reza Shah Pahlavi’s rule from 1925 to 1941. His goals were to industrialize and westernize Iran with the intent of keeping and reimposing Iranian traditions that were in agreement with modernization. Also, in an effort to unify the culturally diverse country, the Majlis passed a “uniform dress law.” This law made western clothes a requirement, in that it would be easier for women to transition to the workforce from home life. Women wearing veils were also forbidden. Reforms took place in 1927, with the introduction of the French Judicial System, whereas civil marriage and divorce codes were established. These codes took the responsibility of civil law away from the religious leaders as well as their direct
Recommended publications
  • Tracing the Role of Technology in Iranian Politics: from the Islamic Revolution of 1979 to the Presidential Election of 2009

    Tracing the Role of Technology in Iranian Politics: from the Islamic Revolution of 1979 to the Presidential Election of 2009

    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 21, Issue 4, Ver. 7 (Apr. 2016) PP 06-16 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Tracing the Role of Technology in Iranian Politics: From the Islamic Revolution of 1979 to the Presidential Election of 2009 Dr. Farid M.S Al-Salim History Program . Department of Humanities . College of Arts and Sciences. Qatar University P.O Box 2713 Doha, Qatar Abstract: This paper will attempt to examine the question: Given the advances in technology, why did the 2009 election protest movement fail to accomplish any of their goals while the participations of the 1979 Revolution were able to succeed in accomplishing their expressed objective? This question will provide a simplified test to a common tenant of those that support the use of technology as a means of bringing about regime change: that advances in communication technology are diffusing power away from governments and toward individual citizens and non-state actors. In order to answer this question this paper will examine the role of technology as an enabling factor in both the 1979 revolution and 2009 election protests. A brief historical context of the 1979 and 2009 conflicts will be provided, followed by a short history about the use of the Internet in Iran and finally the concluding remarks. Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi was said to be “The Shah-in-Shah” or the King of Kings.1 The head of the Iranian government, son of Reza Shah and architect of the White Revolution, Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi would also be the final ruling monarch of Iran.
  • History Brief: Timeline of US-Iran Relations Until the Obama

    History Brief: Timeline of US-Iran Relations Until the Obama

    MIT International Review | web.mit.edu/mitir 1 of 5 HISTORY BRIEF: TIMELINE OF US‐IRAN RELATIONS UNTIL THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION Key Facts & Catalysts By Sam Sasan Shoamanesh Looking back at key events in this US‐Iran chronicle is helpful in understanding some of the traditional causes of friction and mistrust between Tehran and Washington. A reference to the annals of US‐Iran relations will also be valuable in appreciating that the policies of the past sixty years have not been advantageous to US interests and on the contrary, have resulted in blowbacks, which still vex the relations to this day. 1856: Genesis of Formal Relations | Diplomatic relations between Iran and the United States began in 1856. 1909: American Lafayette in Iran | In 1909, Howard Baskerville, an American teacher and Princeton graduate on a Presbyterian mission in Tabriz, Iran, instantly becomes an Iranian national hero where after joining the Constitutionalists during the Constitutional Revolution of 1905‐1911, loses his young life while fighting the Royalists and the forces of the Qajar king, Mohmmad Ali Shah’s elite Cossack brigade. He is remembered as saying: ʺ[t]he only difference between me and these people is my place of birth, and this is not a big difference.ʺ To this day he is revered by Iranians. Second World War | Until the second World War, the US had no interest or an active policy vis‐à‐vis Iran and relations remained cordial. 1953 C.I.A. Coup | In 1951, Prime Minister Mossadegh and his National Front party (“Jebhe Melli”), a socio‐democratic, liberal‐secular nationalist party in Iran, nationalize the country’s oil industry.
  • Egyptian Policy Toward Iran and the Challenges of Transition from Break up to Normalization

    Egyptian Policy Toward Iran and the Challenges of Transition from Break up to Normalization

    JOURNAL FOR IRANIAN STUDIES Specialized Studies A Peer-Reviewed Quarterly Periodical Journal Year 1. issue 4, Sep. 2017 ISSUED BY Arabian Gulf Centre for Iranian Studies Egyptian Policy toward Iran and the Challenges of Transition from Break Up to Normalization Mo’taz Salamah (Ph.D.) Head of the Arab and Regional Studies Unit and Director of the Arabian Gulf Program at the Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies Mohammad Saied Alsayyad Intellectual and Ideological Studies Researcher in the Arabian Gulf Center for Iranian Studies espite the news and calls of some Egyptian and Iranian personalities to restore relations between the two Dcountries, no significant development has been noticed in Egypt-Iran ties for about four decades. Some observers expected that the Iranian nuclear deal in 2015 would enhance rapprochement between Cairo and Tehran, but so far, no changes have been made, nor do signs indicate a normalization of relations between the two countries.(1) Journal for Iranian Studies 41 Diplomatic ties between Egypt and Iran have been severed since the Iranian revolution in 1979, the Camp David Accords, and process of establishing peace between Egypt and Israel. These relations deteriorated primarily due to Egypt’s hosting of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi– Iran’s former monarch – despite the new Iranian leaders’ demands that Egypt hands him over for trial. In addition, the Iranian leadership adopted a hard line against Cairo by naming one of Tehran’s main streets after Khalid Islambouli, who assassinated President Sadat in 1981 – and hosting a number of Egyptian Islamic groups that escaped trial in Egypt and took refuge in Iran.(2) Iran’s practices also included inciting the Egyptian people against their regime and even hosting terrorist groups that, until recently, the Iranian media called Muslim Rebels.(3) Egypt and Iran are two key powers in the region.
  • Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf

    Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf

    Roham Alvandi Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the origins of Iranian primacy in the Persian Gulf Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Alvandi, Roham (2012) Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the origins of Iranian primacy in the Persian Gulf. Diplomatic history, 36 (2). pp. 337-372. ISSN 1467-7709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.01025.x © 2012 The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32743/ Available in LSE Research Online: March 2012 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final manuscript accepted version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer review process. Some differences between this version and the published version may remain. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. roham alvandi Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf* On the morning of May 31, 1972, the shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, received U.S.
  • Authority, but at a Price. the Shah Effectively Broke the Power of Iran

    Authority, but at a Price. the Shah Effectively Broke the Power of Iran

    authority, but at a price. The shah effectively broke the power of Iran‟s “thousand families” without going far enough to substantially improve the lot of the peasantry. The ulama objected to land reforms that infringed on religious holdings and, more important, the entrance of women into Iran‟s political life. The shah offered no political liberalization, however, to placate the middle class, intelligentsia, and disaffected students. In Washington, the White Revolution offered modernizers their “reform” program. The shah‟s initiative effectively erased the sense of urgency among the likes of Komer that empowered free speech modernists during 1961 and 1962. In the words of one historian, “The White Revolution had coopted the New Frontier.”114 While the National Front rejected the politics behind the White Revolution, it was not, in principle, against all aspects of the reform program. The Organization of Tehran University Students labeled the six points of the White Revolution “propaganda stunts” which aimed “to mask its [the shah‟s] oppressive regime with a reformist new look.” In an effort to make clear that not all opponents of the White Revolution were feudal landholders or religious conservatives, as many in the West claimed, the students in Tehran emphasized that the shah failed to address “the thorny question of freedom and democracy and the safeguarding of the constitution.”115 A group of Iranian students in Southern California highlighted the White Revolution‟s contradictions. They asserted that 114 Goode, “Reforming Iran during the Kennedy Years,” 25. The shah describes his reform program in Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, The White Revolution, 2nd ed.
  • Shiraz Dissertation Full 8.2.20. Final Format

    Shiraz Dissertation Full 8.2.20. Final Format

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO The Shiraz Arts Festival: Cultural Democracy, National Identity, and Revolution in Iranian Performance, 1967-1977 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy In Music By Joshua Jamsheed Charney Committee in charge: Professor Anthony Davis, Co-Chair Professor Jann Pasler, Co-Chair Professor Aleck Karis Professor Babak Rahimi Professor Shahrokh Yadegari 2020 © Joshua Jamsheed Charney, 2020 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Joshua Jamsheed Charney is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Co-chair _____________________________________________________________ Co-Chair University of California San Diego 2020 iii EPIGRAPH Oh my Shiraz, the nonpareil of towns – The lord look after it, and keep it from decay! Hafez iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………………… iii Epigraph…………………………………………………………………………. iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………… v Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………… vii Vita………………………………………………………………………………. viii Abstract of the Dissertation……………………………………………………… ix Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1: Festival Overview …………………………………………………… 17 Chapter 2: Cultural Democracy………………………………………………….
  • Human Rights in Iran Under the Shah

    Human Rights in Iran Under the Shah

    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 12 Issue 1 Article 7 1980 Human Rights in Iran under the Shah Richard W. Cottam Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Richard W. Cottam, Human Rights in Iran under the Shah, 12 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 121 (1980) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol12/iss1/7 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Volume 12, Number 1, Winter 1980 COMMENT Human Rights in Iran Under the Shah by Professor Richard W. Cottam* I. INTRODUCTION FOR ANY ADVOCATE of human rights, the events surrounding the Iranian revolution must be a source of continuing agony. But for any- one interested in gaining a sharper understanding of some of the basic issues concerning human rights, the dramatic developments in Iran should be highly instructive. The early summary executions in Iran and the later public trials conducted by revolutionary Islamic courts were properly condemned by western human rights advocates as failing to ap- proach the requirements of due process. Yet the great majority of those who were tried and executed were charged with terrible violations of the most elemental human rights; and the testimony of the accused, so rich in detail and so internally consistent as to be credible,1 tends to confirm the worst charges against the Shah's regime.
  • US Covert Operations Toward Iran, February-November 1979

    US Covert Operations Toward Iran, February-November 1979

    This article was downloaded by: [Tulane University] On: 05 January 2015, At: 09:36 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Middle Eastern Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fmes20 US Covert Operations toward Iran, February–November 1979: Was the CIA Trying to Overthrow the Islamic Regime? Mark Gasiorowski Published online: 01 Aug 2014. Click for updates To cite this article: Mark Gasiorowski (2015) US Covert Operations toward Iran, February–November 1979: Was the CIA Trying to Overthrow the Islamic Regime?, Middle Eastern Studies, 51:1, 115-135, DOI: 10.1080/00263206.2014.938643 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2014.938643 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
  • Iran and the CIA This Page Intentionally Left Blank Iran and the CIA the Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited

    Iran and the CIA This Page Intentionally Left Blank Iran and the CIA the Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited

    Iran and the CIA This page intentionally left blank Iran and the CIA The Fall of Mosaddeq Revisited Darioush Bayandor © Darioush Bayandor 2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-57927-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-36788-7 ISBN 978-0-230-27730-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230277304 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
  • The Death of an Emperor €“ Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi

    The Death of an Emperor €“ Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi

    The death of an emperor – Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and his political cancer Khoshnood, Ardavan; Khoshnood, Arvin Published in: Alexandria Journal of Medicine DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2015.11.002 2016 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Khoshnood, A., & Khoshnood, A. (2016). The death of an emperor – Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and his political cancer. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 52(3), 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2015.11.002 Total number of authors: 2 Creative Commons License: CC BY-NC-ND General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Download date: 02.
  • Khomeini's Theory of Islamic State and the Making of the Iranian

    Khomeini's Theory of Islamic State and the Making of the Iranian

    Khomeini's Theory of Islamic State and the Making of the Iranian Revolution 1 Mehdi Shadmehr2 1I wish to thank Hassan Ansari, Charles Cameron, Jose Cheibub, Amaney Jamal, Ali Kadivar, Mehran Kamrava, Charles Kurzman, Paulina Marek, Charles Ragin, Kris Ramsay and seminar par- ticipants at the University of Rochester and the University of South Carolina, and MPSA Conference for helpful suggestions and comments. 2Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: (305) 747-5896. Abstract The Iranian Revolution is one of the most influential events of the late twentieth century, with far-reaching consequences that still echo through the rise of Islamic state. Drawing from both primary (interviews, autobiographies, documents, and data) and secondary sources, the paper shows that Khomeini's the doctrine of the Guardianship of the Jurist played a decisive role in the making of the Iranian Revolution by changing the goals and strategies of the religious opposition from reforming government policies to establishing an Islamic state. Khomeini's doctrine was first published in 1970 in his treatise, Islamic State. The paper argues that Khomeini's ideological innovation can account for the sharp contrast between the outcomes of widespread protests in the early 1960s and the late 1970s: they both shook the Pahlavi regime, but the former protests dissipated, while the latter culminated in the Iranian Revolution. Expanding the scope beyond Iran and Islam, the paper explores the role of ideological innovations in the Russian and American Revolutions, and discusses the potentially critical role of ideological innovations in democracy movements in Islamic countries. The revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people; a change in their religious sentiments, of their duties and obligations..
  • Mohammad Reza Shah

    Mohammad Reza Shah

    RAHAVARD, Publishes Peer Reviewed Scholarly Articles in the field of Persian Studies: (Literature, History, Politics, Culture, Social & Economics). Submit your articles to Sholeh Shams by email: [email protected] or mail to:Rahavard 11728 Wilshire Blvd. #B607, La, CA. 90025 In 2017 EBSCO Discovery & Knowledge Services Co. providing scholars, researchers, & university libraries with credible sources of research & database, ANNOUNCED RAHAVARD A Scholarly Publication. Since then they have included articles & researches of this journal in their database available to all researchers & those interested to learn more about Iran. https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/ultimate-databases. RAHAVARD Issues 132/133 Fall 2020/Winter 2021 2853$67,163,5(6285)8785( A Quarterly Bilingual Journal of Persian Studies available (in Print & Digital) Founded by Hassan Shahbaz in Los Angeles. Shahbaz passed away on May 7th, 2006. Seventy nine issues of Rahavard, were printed during his life in diaspora. With the support & advise of Professor Ehsan Yarshater, an Advisory Commit- tee was formed & Rahavard publishing continued without interuption. INDEPENDENT: Rahavard is an independent journal entirely supported by its Subscribers dues, advertisers & contributions from its readers, & followers who constitute the elite of the Iranians living in diaspora. GOAL: To empower our young generation with the richness of their Persian Heritage, keep them informed of the accurate unbiased history of the ex- traordinary people to whom they belong, as they gain mighty wisdom from a western system that embraces them in the aftermath of the revolution & infuses them with the knowledge & ideals to inspire them. OBJECTIVE: Is to bring Rahavard to the attention & interest of the younger generation of Iranians & the global readers educated, involved & civically mobile.