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The Diachronic Development and Synchronic Distribution of Minimizers in Mandarin Chinese

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The Diachronic Development and Synchronic Distribution of Minimizers in Mandarin Chinese The Diachronic Development and Synchronic Distribution of Minimizers in Mandarin Chinese By I-Hsuan Chen A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Eve E. Sweetser, Chair Professor Gary B. Holland Professor Peter S. Jenks Professor Darya A. Kavitskaya Summer 2015 The Diachronic Development and Synchronic Distribution of Minimizers in Mandarin Chinese Copyright © 2015 By I-Hsuan Chen Abstract The Diachronic Development and Synchronic Distribution of Minimizers in Mandarin Chinese By I-Hsuan Chen Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Eve E. Sweetser, Chair This study deals with the historical development of Mandarin minimizers through examining their synchronic distribution. The main source of Mandarin minimizers, a distinct class of negative polarity items (NPIs), is ‘one’-phrases which are composed of the numeral ‘one’, a unit word, and a noun. The development of ‘one’-phrases as minimizers from Old Chinese, Middle Chinese, Early Mandarin, to Modern Mandarin makes strong links among important linguistic issues such as NPI licensing, word order, numeral-classifier phrases, and focus constructions. The diachronic development of the ‘one’-phrases as minimizers is analyzed from a constructional approach. The present study shows that the unit of these diachronic changes is the whole ‘one’-phrase construction instead of merely the lexical items. This constructional approach reflects both compositionality and non-compositionality of Mandarin ‘one’-phrases as minimizers at different stages of development. Each component of the ‘one’-phrases contributes its semantics to the whole construction, while the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relations among the three elements have changed over time. The various functions of the ‘one’-phrases, including as a numeral phrase, a modifier phrase, and a referential phrase, are the result of ‘one’- phrases being associated with extant constructions in Mandarin Chinese, forming a constructional network. The hierarchical network accounts for how ‘one’-phrases have developed their polysemous model. Results of corpus/text analyses show that, in general, Mandarin minimizers have gradually developed the tendency of appearing in a preverbal object position. However, when Mandarin existential construction is involved, they tend to stay in the postverbal position. I argue that the distribution of minimizers has been shaped by the information structure of VO and OV word orders. The skewed distribution of minimizers in different construals reflects how focus is structured in Mandarin. The Mandarin OV construction has an obligatory preverbal object focus, while the existential construction profiles the postverbal object. When ‘one’-phrases under negation appear in the OV construction, they must be interpreted as minimizers. This combination guarantees a scalar reading, which provides the environment for the additive particle 也 yě and the exhaustive operator 都 dōu to develop their scalar interpretation. It also accounts for why minimizers in the Modern Mandarin OV construction require the accompanying scalar particles. 1 The requirement of focus-sensitive scalar particles for ‘one’-phrases as minimizers is also observed in other numeral classifier languages such as Japanese, Korean, and Malay. A typological comparison of these languages shows that focus is a crucial condition for licensing ‘one’-phrases as minimizers. Moreover, the ordering of the components of ‘one’-phrases combined with the position of the focus-sensitive particles results in different scopes of focus- imposed minimizers. The difference in scope determines how scalar inferences of the minimizer in question are structured. The inferences from minimizers can be construed by either a type or a quantity contrast. This analysis shows that the scalar particles associated with minimizers in these languages come from the same source, an additive particle, which is associated with alternatives for scalar inferences. To summarize, the constructional account employed in this study provides a quantitative treatment of how language change originates in language use with particular attention paid to numeral phrases, word order, focus, and negation. The development of ‘one’-phrases as minimizers exemplifies the incremental process of diachronic changes within a construction network. The analysis of ‘one’-phrases as minimizers provides an answer to why they are crosslinguistically recognized as strong NPIs by integrating focal construals, referentiality of numeral phrases, and scalarity. 2 Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................1 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. i List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... viii 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Licensing of NPIs and Types of NPIs ..........................................................................2 1.1.1 Syntactic perspectives .........................................................................................2 1.1.2 Semantic perspectives .........................................................................................3 1.1.3 Pragmatic perspectives ........................................................................................5 1.1.4 Scalar model: a cognitive perspective .................................................................5 1.1.5 Minimizers as a distinct class of negative polarity items: focus-sensitivity .......8 1.2 Interpretational Variability of ‘One’-phrases .............................................................10 1.3 Construction-based Changes ......................................................................................12 1.4 Asymmetric Distribution of Minimizers in Different Word Order Patterns ..............15 1.5 Layout of the Study ....................................................................................................19 2 The Development of ‘One’-phrases as Minimizers in Chinese ......................................22 2.1 Two Types of Chinese ‘One’-phrases ........................................................................23 2.2 Sources of Data from Different Periods of Chinese ...................................................25 2.3 The Development of Non-fixed ‘One’-phrases across Three Periods of Chinese ......26 2.3.1 Non-fixed ‘one’-phrases in Old Chinese...........................................................28 2.3.1.1 Non-fixed ‘one’-phrases in SVO and SOV ...................................................28 2.3.1.2 Non-fixed ‘one’-phrases in two word order patterns in a numeral phrase ....31 2.3.2 Non-fixed ‘one’-phrases as minimizers in Middle Chinese ..............................36 2.3.2.1 Non-fixed ‘one’-phrases as minimizers in VO order in Middle Chinese ......38 2.3.2.2 Non-fixed ‘one’-phrases as minimizers in OV order in Middle Chinese ......41 2.3.2.3 Interim summary of the distribution of non-fixed ‘one’-phrases in Middle Chinese ..........................................................................................................43 2.3.3 Non-fixed ‘one’-phrases in Early Mandarin Chinese .......................................44 2.3.3.1 Non-fixed ‘one’-phrases with negator bù in Early Mandarin Chinese ..........45 2.3.3.2 Non-fixed ‘one’-phrases with negator wú in Early Mandarin Chinese .........50 2.3.3.3 Characteristics of non-fixed one’-phrases in Early Mandarin Chinese .........57 2.4 The Comparison of the Non-fixed ‘One’-phrases across Three Periods of Chinese ..58 2.4.1 Cross-period comparison of minimizers in VO and OV ...................................58 2.4.2 Cross-period comparison of minimizers with negator wú ................................59 2.4.3 Tendency of ‘one’-phrases as minimizers in OV order ....................................60 2.4.4 Development of non-fixed ‘one’-phrases: cross-period summary ....................61 3 The Development of the Polysemous Fixed ‘One’-phrase in Mandarin Chinese .........63 3.1 Constructionist Perspective on Diachronic Changes ..................................................65 3.2 Dian ‘dot’ in Old Chinese ...........................................................................................68 3.3 Dian ‘dot’ in Middle Chinese .....................................................................................69 i 3.4 Fixed ‘One’-phrases in Early Mandarin Chinese .......................................................71 3.4.1 Development of the PPI interpretation of fixed ‘one’-phrases in Early Mandarin Chinese .............................................................................................72
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