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Dynamics and Impacts of Peasants' Movement In DYNAMICS AND IMPACTS OF PEASANTS’ MOVEMENT IN NORTH HASHTNAGAR, DISTRICT CHARSADDA, PAKISTAN HABIB ULLAH NAWAB PhD (Scholar) DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR (SESSION: 2009-2010) DYNAMICS AND IMPACTS OF PEASANTS’ MOVEMENT IN NORTH HASHTNAGAR, DISTRICT CHARSADDA, PAKISTAN A thesis submitted to Department of Sociology, the University of Peshawar for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SOCIOLOGY Supervised by: Prof. Dr. Rashid Khan Chairman, Dept of Social Work, University of Peshawar DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR (SESSION: 2009-2010) In the Name of Allah The Most Merciful, and the Most Compassionate. To My Loving Parents And Respectable Teachers ii ABSTRACT The current study titled "Dynamics and Impacts of Peasants' Movement in North Hashtnagar, District Charsadda, Pakistan" aimed at examining the causes of Peasants' Movement in Hashtnagar and its socio-economic impacts on peasants' community. Data for the study were collected through the interview schedule from 380 sampled respondents belonging to landlords, peasants and the labourers’ community. The study variables included both independent variables (poverty, alienation, awareness, landlords' attitude with peasants, ejectment, agricultural productivity, politics, social relations, law and order, litigation) and dependent variable (peasants' movement). Likert scales were used for the measurement of variables, and the chi-square tests were used to test the association between independent and dependent variables. It was concluded from the research that some of the significant causes behind the peasants uprising were poverty, alienation of peasants, and landlords’ hostile attitude with peasants. Peasants were not allowed to wear clean clothes or comb their hair and were forced to obey the out-dated customs and traditions. Evictions of peasants by landlords were also one of the significant reasons behind peasants’ revolt. Besides the inefficient land reforms of ‘60s and 70s’ accelerated peasants’ unrest. Politically peasants were inspired by Marxism and Maoism and were united against landlords. Similarly, some of the noteworthy impacts of peasants’ movement are attainment of agricultural land and increase in peasants and labourers’ income. Peasants nowadays can buy or sell the land, and landlords have reduced the rent on them after the movement. Alienated peasants are now satisfied and are taking an interest in music and poetry. Peasants feel a sense of belonging to Hashtnagar and cannot be evicted from their homes by landlords. Agricultural productivity is increased because pre- existing system of batai (sharecropping) was replaced with a new, cash-based system of land tenure. Peasants achieved food security by poultry farms and other livestock. Their victorious movement over landlords inspired peasants of other districts across the country. For peace and harmony among all the iii stakeholders of North Hashtnagar community, the researcher recommends, introduction of innovative technologies, establishing village-level organisations, inclusion of peasants in farm-level decisions, starting integrated and participatory agriculture development programs. Besides, awareness of local people by involving local leaders, effective use of mass media in knowledge dissemination, and skill development of locals by involving NGO sector is recommended. Similarly providing loan and alternative employment opportunities to locals, revitalising Jirga, activating reconciliation centres, controlling human rights violations, providing opportunities for mixing up of landlords and peasants and implementation of meaningful land reforms are some of the policy recommendations in light of the study. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am profoundly thankful to Almighty Allah, who gave me the courage and helped me in all my endeavours. I might want to offer my genuine thanks to my supervisor Prof. Dr Rashid Khan and Prof. Dr Niaz Muhammad for the nonstop help of my PhD related research, for their understanding, inspiration, and depth of knowledge and wisdom. Their direction helped me throughout the study and the composing of my thesis. Besides my advisor and chairman, I would like to thank all my graduate committee: Prof. Dr Johar Ali, Prof. Dr Taj Moharram Khan, and Dr Qamruz Zaman, for their quick remarks and consolation, yet additionally for the hard inquiry which encouraged me to augment my research from a different perspective. My sincere thanks additionally go to the peasants' community of North Hashtnagar district Charsadda, who gave me a chance to join their group during their peak sowing and harvest season, who offered every possible support to accommodate me in their discussions. Without their valuable time, it would not be possible to lead this study. The help of Mr Anwer Zeb is of utmost importance by introducing me to the peasants' community. I thank my kindred classmates (especially Dr Sareer Khan, Arshad Ali, Abdul Wajid) for the stimulating discourses, and for the restless evenings, we were cooperating before due dates. Likewise, I thank my companions in the accompanying establishment of the dissertation report. Specifically, I am thankful to Nosheen and Alisa Khan for edifying me in the practice and production of research. Lastly, I want to thank my family; my parents and siblings for supporting me profoundly all through this important milestone of my life. I am missing my late father, Mr Sher Nawab (1945-2011). May his soul rest in peace. Habib Ullah Nawab v TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of Approval .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Forwarding Sheet ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. declaration Certificate ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Abstract ............................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................v List of Tables .....................................................................................................x CHAPTER-1 .....................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1 1.1 Background of the Study ....................................................................... 1 1.2 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 5 1.3 Statement of the Problem ....................................................................... 8 1.4 Justification of the Study ..................................................................... 10 1.5 Significance of the Study ..................................................................... 12 1.6 Aims and Objectives ............................................................................ 14 1.7 Plan of Work ........................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER-2 ...................................................................................................15 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................15 2.1 Peasant Movements ............................................................................. 15 2.2 Intersectionality in Pakistan ................................................................. 23 2.3 Land Reforms in Pakistan .................................................................... 25 2.4 Peasants' Movements in Sindh ............................................................. 29 2.5 Peasants Movement in Okara, Punjab ................................................. 30 2.6 Factors Contributing to Peasants' Movement ...................................... 31 2.6.1 Poverty ..................................................................................32 2.6.2 Alienation ..............................................................................34 2.6.3 Awareness .............................................................................39 2.6.4 Landlords' Attitude ...............................................................42 vi 2.6.5 Ejectment ..............................................................................45 2.6.6 Agricultural Productivity ......................................................49 2.6.7 Politics...................................................................................52 2.6.8 Social Relations of Peasants with Land Lords ......................56 2.6.9 Law and order .......................................................................57 2.6.10 Litigation ...............................................................................58 2.6.11 Militancy ...............................................................................60 2.7 Synthesis of Review ............................................................................. 61 CHAPTER-3 ...................................................................................................62 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................62 3.1 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................... 62 3.2 Universe of the study ........................................................................... 62 3.3 Sample Size Selection Criteria............................................................. 63
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