Husserl’s Ideen CONTRIBUTIONS TO PHENOMENOLOGY

IN COOPERATION WITH THE CENTER FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN PHENOMENOLOGY

Volume 66

Series Editors: Nicolas de Warren, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Dermot Moran, University College Dublin, Ireland.

Editorial Board: Lilian Alweiss, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Elizabeth Behnke, Ferndale, WA, USA Michael Barber, St. Louis University, MO, USA Rudolf Bernet, Husserl-Archief, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium David Carr, Emory University, GA, USA Chan-Fai Cheung, Chinese University Hong Kong, China James Dodd, New School University, NY, USA Lester Embree, Florida Atlantic University, FL, USA Alfredo Ferrarin, Università di Pisa, Italy Burt Hopkins, Seattle University, WA, USA Kwok-Ying Lau, Chinese University Hong Kong, China Nam-In Lee, Seoul National University, Korea Dieter Lohmar, Universität zu Köln, Germany William R. McKenna, Miami University, OH, USA Algis Mickunas, Ohio University, OH, USA J.N. Mohanty, Temple University, PA, USA Junichi Murata, University of Tokyo, Japan Thomas Nenon, The University of Memphis, TN, USA Thomas M. Seebohm, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Germany Gail Soffer, Rome, Italy Anthony Steinbock, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, IL, USA Rosemary Rizo-Patron Lerner, Ponti fi cal Catholic University of Peru Lima, Peru Shigeru Taguchi, Yamagata University, Japan Ted Toadvine, University of Oregon, OR, USA Dan Zahavi, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Richard M. Zaner, Vanderbilt University, TN, USA

Scope The purpose of the series is to serve as a vehicle for the pursuit of phenomenological research across a broad spectrum, including cross-over developments with other fi elds of inquiry such as the social sciences and cognitive science. Since its establishment in 1987, Contributions to Phenomenology has published nearly 60 titles on diverse themes of phenomenological philosophy. In addition to welcoming monographs and collections of papers in established areas of scholarship, the series encourages original work in phenomenology. The breadth and depth of the Series re fl ects the rich and varied signi fi cance of phenomenological thinking for seminal questions of human inquiry as well as the increasingly international reach of phenomenological research.

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5811 Lester Embree • Thomas Nenon Editors

Husserl’s Ideen Editors Lester Embree Thomas Nenon Schmidt College of Arts and Letters Department of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University University of Memphis Boca Raton, FL, USA Memphis, TN, USA

ISSN 0923-9545 ISBN 978-94-007-5212-2 ISBN 978-94-007-5213-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5213-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012952088

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface

This work celebrates the centennial of Edmund Husserl’s Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie, I. Buch, Allgemeine Einführung in die reine Phänomenologie (1913), arguably the founding text of the still robustly continuing phenomenological tradition. As our Introduction explains, most of the chapters fi rst concisely show how the major followers in the phenome- nological tradition related to the Ideen and then the authors of these chapters go on to offer substantial contributions in or on phenomenology. We organizers of this celebration are deeply grateful to the contributors for their chapters and patience during its long development and also to Dr. Daniel Marcelle and Mr. Elliot Shaw for help as research assistants in ways too many to count.

v

Contents

Part I Initial and Continued Reception

1 José Ortega y Gasset and Human Rights ...... 3 Jesús M. Díaz Álvarez 2 Reading and Rereading the Ideen in Japan ...... 19 Tani Toru 3 Edith Stein and Autism ...... 35 Kathleen M. Haney 4 Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss and Racialization ...... 55 Robert Bernasconi 5 The Ideen and Neo-Kantianism ...... 71 Andrea Staiti 6 The Distinctive Structure of the Emotions ...... 91 Anthony J. Steinbock 7 From the Natural Attitude to the Life-World ...... 105 Dermot Moran 8 Husserl on the Human Sciences in Ideen II ...... 125 Thomas M. Seebohm

Part II After World War I

9 The Spanish-Speaking World and José Vasconcelos ...... 143 Antonio Zirión Quijano 10 Ideen I in Italy and Enzo Paci and the Milan School ...... 161 Rocco Sacconaghi

vii viii Contents

11 Martin Heidegger and Grounding of Ethics ...... 177 Thomas J. Nenon 12 Aron Gurwitsch and the Transcendence of the Physical ...... 195 William R. McKenna 13 Ludwig Landgrebe and the Signi fi cance of Marginal Consciousness ...... 209 Daniel Marcelle 14 Dorion Cairns, Empirical Types, and the Field of Consciousness ...... 225 Lester Embree 15 Ideen I and Eugen Fink’s Critical Contribution ...... 241 Ronald Bruzina 16 Emmanuel Levinas and a Soliloquy of Light and Reason ...... 265 Nicolas de Warren 17 Jan Patočka and Built Space ...... 283 James Dodd 18 Husserl’s Ideen in the Portuguese Speaking Community ...... 295 Pedro M. S. Alves and Carlos A. Morujão 19 Alfred Schutz and the Problem of Empathy...... 313 Michael Barber 20 Jean-Paul Sartre and Phenomenological Ontology ...... 327 Matthew C. Eshleman 21 Simone de Beauvoir and Life ...... 351 Ulrika Björk 22 Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Lifeworldly Naturalism ...... 365 Ted Toadvine

Part III After World War II

23 Paul Ricoeur and the Praxis of Phenomenology ...... 383 Natalie Depraz 24 The Post-War Reception of Ideen I and Re fl ection ...... 399 Saulius Geniusas 25 Ideen I Confronting Its Critics ...... 415 Rosemary R. P. Lerner 26 Jacques Derrida and the Future ...... 433 Vernon W. Cisney Contents ix

27 Gilles Deleuze and Hearing-Oneself-Speak ...... 451 Leonard Lawlor 28 Thoughts on the Translation of Husserl’s Ideen, Erstes Buch ...... 467 Fred Kersten

Notes on Contributors ...... 477

Author Index...... 485

Subject Index ...... 491

Introduction

Although phenomenology itself as a movement began well before the appearance of Husserl’s Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie, I. Buch, Allgemeine Einführung in die reine Phänomenologie in 1913, it is no exaggeration to say that this work, which Husserl himself considered the de fi nitive formulation of his whole philosophical project of transcendental phenom- enology, the methodological keystone of which is the transcendental reduction, has since served as the starting point for discussions about Husserl’s pheno menological approach and phenomenology in general. It was published as the fi rst volume of the Jahruch für Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie, which would remain by far the most important venue for publications in pheno menology for the next two decades in Germany, i.e., until shortly after Husserl’s retirement in 1928. The contributions in this volume demonstrate not only that, but also how this was the case for most of the major fi gures in the twentieth century tradition that much later would come to be known in the English-speaking world as “Continental Philosophy.” In fact, much of what unites this wider tradition up through the present day is the reception and critical reaction to the basic concepts and approaches intro- duced there for the fi rst time. What also becomes clear is that the companion work, posthumously published much later as Book Two of the same work and widely known as Ideen II , was also a strong in fl uence on several of these key fi gures, although to a lesser extent and often without explicitly being recognized as such.

The Project and First Effect of the Ideen

Edmund Husserl’s Logische Untersuchungen (1900–1901) was chiefl y devoted to the theory of logic and mathematics, brought him international recognition, and gave rise to the fi rst phenomenological “schools,” fi rst one around Husserl himself at Göttingen and then, inspired by his work, a second one at Munich. Ludwig Landgrebe―research assistant to Husserl in the 1920s and one of his closest

xi xii Introduction collaborators and most loyal followers until the end of Husserl’s life―reports, however, that while still at Göttingen, Husserl drafted the outline of phenomenology as the universal philosophical science. Its fundamental methodological principle was what Husserl called the phenomenological reduction. … As such, the reduction reveals the ego for which everything has meaning. Hence, phenomenology took on the character of a new style of transcendental philosophy, which repeats and improves Kant’s mediation between Empiricism and Rationalism in a modern way. Husserl presented its program and its systematic outline in the Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phäno menologischen Philosophie (1913) … of which, how- ever, only the fi rst part was completed. (Completion of the second part was hindered by the outbreak of World War I). With this work, Husserl wanted to give his students a manual. The result, however, was just the opposite: most of his students took Husserl’s turn to transcen- dental philosophy as a lapse back into the old system of thought and therefore rejected it. Because of this turn, as well as the war, the phenomenological school fell apart.1 Landgrebe’s assessment confi rms the centrality of Ideen I in Husserl’s own mind as the key to his project and in the minds of those who chose to or declined to adopt this work as a guide-book for their own work. In retrospect, looking back at the history of Continental Philosophy throughout the twentieth and now into the twenty- fi rst century, it is clear that the critical discussion of the opportunities and limita- tions of this approach as laid out in the Ideen I and applied in the Ideen II shows that the signifi cance of Husserl’s work as a whole has continued to serve as a point of orientation for this tradition even in those cases where thinkers in this tradition have questioned, quali fi ed, or rejected some of the basic tenets of Husserlian phenome- nology as described in these works. The impact of Ideen I , composed in Göttingen in 1912 and 1913 for publication in the fi rst volume of the Jahrbuch2 was immediate and signifi cant. The history of Ideen II , based on manuscripts composed soon afterwards in Göttingen und Freiburg, gathered together and worked out as a draft by Edith Stein in Freiburg, but unpub- lished until after the war, is much more complicated and begins only later.

The Freiburg School and Beyond

Husserl was called to Freiburg in 1916 and taught there until he retired. Landgrebe began as Husserl’s assistant in 1923, the year after the second printing of “ Ideen I ” or simply “the Ideen ,” as it is usually referred to, and was thus well informed about Husserl’s intentions as well as his disappointment. Husserl had hoped that this work would represent a breakthrough that subsequent scholars would use as their guidebook and starting point as they took the concepts and methods described there and applied them to speci fi c areas of phenomenological research. Landgrebe’s assessment shows how the discussion took a more critical bent from the outset and

1 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277553/Edmund-Husserl 2 For a detailed description of the genesis of the manuscript, see the “Einleitung des Herausgebers” by Karl Schuhmann to the 1976 edition of Ideen I (Hua III, xv–lvii). Introduction xiii how Husserl’s own expectations about how subsequent phenomenological work would proceed were initially disappointed. As assistant, Landgrebe had also worked on Husserl’s “Ideen II,” which was not published until 1952,3 but was also known earlier to Edith Stein, who assembled the fi rst version from lecture and research manuscripts when she served as Husserl’s assistant from 1916 until 1919, as well as to Martin Heidegger, and, later, to Maurice Merleau-Ponty, also in manuscript form. An overview of the signi fi cance of this Second Book for the historical and human sciences is provided below in Chap. 8 ; the important infl uence it had on the latter two thinkers’ work is laid out below in Chaps. 4 , 11 , and 22 . During this so-called “Freiburg period” and thereafter, when Ideen I was accepted as the basic text for phenomenology, new students and colleagues were attracted to what can be considered Husserl’s mature thought. (In later years the phenomenologist interestingly referred to his Logische Untersuchungen as “pre-philosophical. ”) Besides Germany, subsequently infl uential students then came from Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Japan, Lithuania, Spain, and the United States. After Husserl’s retirement yet other important fi gures, some working with him, learned from the Ideen .

The Organization of This Volume

Most of the contributors in this volume were invited because they could fi rst of all write concise descriptions of the Ideen ’s in fl uence on a major in fl uential fi gure in our tradition, but also because they were engaged in original work in or on pheno- menology. The historical sketches are not substitutes for the desirable book-length treatments, but they show the spreading impact of the Ideen in the twentieth century. (There are course many more substantial fi gures in the tradition of continental philosophy, e.g., Klaus Held, Jean-Luc Marion, Thomas Seebohm, and Bernhard Waldenfels, who do not have chapters on them here because their work is still ongoing.) Most of the chapters have been arranged in the order in which these in fl uenced major fi gures appear fi rst to have come into contact with Husserl and his Ideen , which is another indication of the work’s historical impact. In addition, several colleagues were invited to write on the infl uences of the Ideen on national or cultural traditions beyond those represented by the in fl uential fi gures in France, Germany, and the United States, i.e., Pedro Alves for the Portuguese- speaking world, Rocco Sacconaghi for Italy, Tani Toru for Japan, and Antonio Zirión for the Spanish-speaking world, and on the especially important topics of the natural attitude by Dermot Moran, the human sciences by Thomas Seebohm, and the emotions by Anthony Steinbock. Several other colleagues were invited to write

3 The complicated history of the composition and publication of Ideen II is described in the “Einleitung des Herausgebers” by Marly Biemel in the 1952 edition of that work (Hua IV, xii–xx). xiv Introduction on related historical contexts (Andrea Staiti on neo-Kantianism and Saulius Geniusas and Rosemary Learner on the post-World War II reception of the Ideen ). Remarks about his English translation by Fred Kersten were then added. The intent of this volume goes well beyond the merely historical, however. The authors who sketched infl uences on subsequent fi gures also accepted the addi- tional opportunity to write full-sized essays on issues that particularly interested them and might be relevant to the fi gure or movement they describe, so that most chapters have two parts. The substantive contributions proceed either directly through independent phenomenological analyses of phenomena or indirectly through critical discussions of the issues raised by the various major fi gures. Thus, there is Michael Barber’s extension of Schutz’s re fl ection on empathy, Ronald Bruzina’s reconstruction of Fink’s proposed extensions and adjustments to Husserl’s insights, Vernon Cisney’s interpretation of deconstruction, Natalie Depraz on the praxis of phenomenology, Matthew Eshelman on ontology, Len Lawlor’s reconstruction of fundamental themes in Deleuze, Daniel Marcelle’s study of mar- ginal consciousness, Thomas Nenon’s critical comparison of Husserl and Heidegger on the ultimate grounds of ethics, Theodore Toadvine’s study of lifeworldly naturalism, and Nicholas de Warren’s reconstruction of Levinas as an extension of Husserl on intentionality. Then there are re fl ections on the relationship between the ego and appearances by Tani Toru, questions about universal human rights by Jesús Díaz, investigation of autism by Kathleen Haney, descriptions of James Dodd on built space, refl ections on race by Robert Bernasconi, investigations of the transcendence of physical objects by William McKenna, re fl ections on types and the conscious fi eld by Lester Embree, on life and historicity by Ulrika Björk, and on futurity by Vernon Cisney. Taken together, these essays offer an overview of the reception of Husserl’s Ideen during the fi rst century since the appearance of Ideen I and the expanding phenome- nological enterprise it initiated. They show that the critical discussion of issues by phenomenologists continues to be relevant for the twenty- fi rst century.