GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Historical and Folklore Characters, Natural Phenomena, Geographical Locations, and Natural Resources

AARNE–THOMPSON–UTHER CLASSIFICATION OF FOLK TALES

The Aarne–Thompson–Uther (ATU) classification system is an index used to classify folktales; it is catalogued by ATU numbers. It is named after its authors, Antti Aarne, Stith Thompson, and Hans-Jörg Uther. There are many different folk tales in the world, but many tales are variations on a limited number of themes. The classification system was originally designed by Aarne in 1910, but later it was revised first by Thompson in 1961 and then by Uther in 2004. It is intended to bring out the similarities between tales by grouping variants of the same tale under the same ATU category.

AGUA DE JAMAICA

One of Mexico’s most popular agua frescas and is a hibiscus iced tea made from dried hibiscus flowers called “flor de Jamaica.” This drink is made from hibiscus calyces.

$.ù(+,5 It is a town and district of Konya province in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The town was known in the Roman and Byzantine empires as Philomelium or Philomelion. The town is situated at the edge of a fertile plain, on the north side of the Sultan Mountain. One of the town’s landmarks is the alleged tomb of Nasreddin Hodja. Between July 5th and July 10th of each year, commemorations with concerts DQGRWKHUVRFLDODFWLYLWLHVDUHKHOGIRUWKHPHPRU\RI$NúHKLU¶VIDPRXVUHVLGHQW 1DVUHGGLQ+RGMD:LWKLWVULFKDUFKLWHFWXUDOKHULWDJH$NúHKLULVDPHPEHURIWKH Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions.

ANANCY

A spider that often acts and appears as a man in West African and Caribbean folklore. Anancy is a trickster who is most noted for his deceit, wisdom, and spitefulness. Anancy stories are a prominent part of Ashanti culture in Ghana and are often celebrated as a symbol of slave resistance and survival. The Jamaican versions of Anancy stories are well preserved because Jamaica had the largest concentration of enslaved Asante in the Americas. These folk tales end with proverbs.

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ANATOLIA

It is also known as Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey. The Anatolian peninsula is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, and the Sea of Marmara to the northwest, separating Anatolia from Thrace in Europe. Anatolia is often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, which comprises almost the entire country; its eastern and south eastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with neighbouring Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, in a clockwise direction.

APOPOCUVA

Also called Nandeva, the Apopocuva are a Guarani-speaking people living in scattered villages in south eastern Brazil and in Paraguay. The term apopocuva means “long bows” in Guarani. Their population is estimated to comprise 17,000 individuals. Their cosmogenesis and prophecies have been described by anthropologists since 1906.

BAEKJE

Baekje was one of the Three Kingdoms which ruled over ancient Korea from the first century BCE to the seventh century CE. Controlling territory in the south western part of the peninsula, the kingdom was in constant rivalry with the other two kingdoms of the period: Silla and Goguryeo, and the neighbouring Gaya confederation. Baekje was noted for its high culture, many aspects of which it exported to its ally, Japan. When the Silla joined forces with China’s ambitious Tang dynasty, Baekje was crushed and turned into a Chinese province before eventually being incorporated into the Unified Silla Kingdom.

BAENGMAGANG RIVER

The legend of Baengmagang River is as follows: When the Silla-Tang allied troops launched an attack on Baekje, they were stopped by Baekje’s king, who had turned into a dragon to guard Sabi River. General Su Dingfang of Tang, upon learning that the dragon’s favorite food is white horse meat, hooked a white horse onto a fishing pole and caught the dragon on a rock by Sabi River. The river has since been called Baengmagang, or White Horse River, and the rock where the general’s knee prints remain is called Joryongdae (Dragon Fishing Rock).

BALANCE OF NATURE

It is a theory that proposes how ecological systems are usually in a stable equilibrium or homeostasis, which is to say that a small change in some particular parameter

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(such as the size of a particular population) will be corrected by some negative feedback that will bring the parameter back to its original “point of balance” with the rest of the system. It may apply where populations depend on each other, for example in either predator/prey systems or relationships between herbivores and their food source. It is also sometimes applied to the relationship between the Earth’s ecosystem, the composition of the atmosphere, and the world’s weather.

CANELINHA

Canelinha is a Brazilian plant known for its medicinal properties. Their leaves are used in the preparation of teas to treat gastrointestinal problems. The canelinha leaves and stalks have a pleasing aroma that reminds the smells of clove, anise, and star anise.

CHUNGCHEONGNAM-DO PROVINCE, SOUTH KOREA

Chungcheongnam-do (called Chungnam) is located in the central part of the Korean peninsula, neighboring Gyeonggi-do in the north, Chungcheongbuk-do in the east, and Jeollabuk-do in the south. It borders the Yellow Sea. It also surrounds Daejeon. During the era of Three Kingdoms, Chungnam was a territory of the Baekje Kingdom. For 185 years from 475 to 660 A.D., when the kingdom of Baekje was conquered by the Silla-Dang forces, the glorious Baekje culture bloomed in Chungnam.

CRICIÚMA

Criciúma (Arundinaria aristulata doell) is a Brazilian plant that looks like small bamboo. Due to its similarity, it is also known in Brazil as taquarinha (from Tupi taquara, bamboo). Approximately 17 varieties are known. It can be found from the north to the south of the country.

CRUEL VINE Cruel Vine (Araujia sericífera) is a perennial ornamental plant of the Apocynaceae family. Its seeds are poisonous to fowl. Probably contains cardiac glycosides. Its common names include moth plant, white bladderflower, common moth vine, and false choko.

CURUCU

Also known as cururu, is a Guarani generic term to refer to many species of South- American toads.

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DIZHU MOUNTAIN

Dizhu Mountain refers to Dizhushan in Chinese. It stands in the middle of the that flows past Sanmenxia County in Henan Province.

DRAGON

A dragon is a large and serpent-like legendary creature that appears in the folklore of many cultures around the world. Beliefs about dragons vary drastically by region, but dragons in Western cultures since the High Middle Ages have often been depicted as winged, horned, four-legged, and capable of breathing fire. Dragons in Eastern cultures are usually depicted as wingless, four-legged, serpentine creatures of high intelligence.

FOLK

The expressive body of culture shared by a particular group of people as found in folklore. It encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture, or group. These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs, and jokes. These kinds of stories were meant to give an explanation to things people did not understand, discipline children, or to simply pass the time. Different cultures have different folk stories and a lot of the time there are varying versions of the same story.

GOD OF HEAVEN, THE

The God of Heaven, Tiandi, is the most powerful God in . means sky or heaven in Chinese.

GONGGONG

Gonggong is the god of water, Shuishen in Chinese.

GORANSA TEMPLE

Goransa Temple is located at the foot of Baengmagang River, surrounded by the cliffs of Nakhwaam. The temple is assumed to have been built toward the end of the Baekje Kingdom. There is a well, named Goranjeong, behind the temple, with Gorancho (Crypsinus hastatus) growing between the rocks above the well. The kings of Baekje used to drink water from Goranjeong at least once a day, and the servants who brought the water floated the leaves of Gorancho plant as a sign that it came from that well.

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GUARANI

Guarani is a group of indigenous peoples of South America. Their population is estimated to be approximately of 270,000 individuals, spread in regions of Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Uruguay.

GULF, THE/ PERSIAN/ ARABIAN

The body of water is an extension of the Indian Ocean (Gulf of Oman) through the Strait of Hormuz and lies between Iran to the northeast and the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest. The Gulf naming dispute is concerned with the name of the body of water known historically and internationally as the Persian Gulf (Persian: ΞϴϠΧ αέΎϓ), after the land of Persia (the traditional name of Iran). This name has become contested by some Arab countries since the 1960s in connection with the emergence of pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism, resulting in the invention of the toponym Arabian Gulf (Arabic: ϲΑήόϟ΍ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ – used in some Arab countries), the Gulf, and other alternatives such as the Gulf of Basra as it was known during the Ottoman rule of the region.

GUN

Gun, Yu’s father, is also the grandson of the (Huangdi). Gun was punished and killed by Emperor Yao after he failed to control the flood.

HIGGLER

A person who travels selling small items.

JISHI MOUNTAIN

Jishi Mountai refers to Jishishan in Chinese. It is part of Mountain range and lies at the beginning of the Yellow River.

LONGMEN MOUNTAIN

Longmen Mountai, Longmenshan in Chinese, literally means Dragon Gate Mountain for two reasons. First, the mountain looked like two gates through which the water poured down; second, it is said that carp would try to swim against the flow of the Yellow River to the area where the mountain stands. The fish that could make it through this part of the water would turn into dragons while those that could not remained as carp.

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MOTIF

Motif is a word used by folklorists to describe the recognizable patterns that are repeated in folklore and folk-art traditions. Folklorists also use motif to refer to the recognizable and consistently repeated story elements (e.g., common characters, objects, actions, and events) that are used in the traditional plot structures, or tale types, of many stories and folktales. These motifs were indexed in 1932 by Stith Thompson and published as the Motif-Index of Folk Literature.

NAKHWAAM ROCK

This legend of Nakhwaam (Rock of Fallen Flowers) tells the story of concubines and court ladies during the reign of Baekje’s King Uija, who jumped off the rock when Silla-Tang allied forces conquered the Baekje capital. When Baekje’s capital, Buyeo, had fallen to Silla and Tang China’s allied forces, King Uija and his concubines and court ladies fled the fortress, reaching the rock Nakhwaam. The women threw themselves off the rock, saying, ‘We would rather take our own lives than die in the hands of others.’ Thus, the rock came to be called Nakhwaam, or Rock of Fallen Flowers.

NASREDDIN HODJA

+HZDVERUQLQ6LYULKLVDUDQGGLHGLQWKHWKFHQWXU\LQ$NúHKLU7XUNH\+HLV considered a populist philosopher and wise man, remembered for his funny stories and anecdotes. He appears in thousands of stories, sometimes witty, sometimes wise, but often, too, a fool or the butt of a joke. He served as a kadi (an Islamic judge and ombudsman). This explains why he addresses judicial problems in the jokes not only religious ones. During the turmoil of the Mongol invasion, he became a political opponent of Persian Rumi. He was embraced by various nations and cultures from Arabia to China, most of which suffered from those invasions.

NHANDEREQUEÍ

From Guarani language, our older brother. Nhanderequeí is a common character in Guarani myths, being considered a civilizing hero for the Guarani peoples. This type of character, who has the role to pass fundamental knowledge to the people, is common in most indigenous cultures. Among the Munduruku people, he is known as Karú-Sakaibê.

NÜJIAO

Yu’s wife and Qi’ mother. Overall, Nüjiao was very supportive of the Yu’s endeavor to control the flood.

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OGRE

An ogre (feminine: ogress) is a legendary monster usually depicted as a large, hideous, man-like being that eats ordinary human beings, especially infants and children. Ogres frequently feature in mythology, folklore, and fiction throughout the world. In mythology, ogres are often depicted as inhumanly large and tall and having a disproportionately large head, abundant hair, unusually colored skin, a voracious appetite, and a strong body. Ogres are closely linked with giants and with human cannibals in mythology.

QI

Qi is Yu’s son. Qi means to split. The stone that embodied Nüjiao is called Qimushi, meaning the mother of Qi.

SELLIGUEA

Selliguea is a fern genus in the family Polypodiaceae.

SORREL

A perennial herb in the family Polygonaceae. In Jamaica and other parts of the Caribbean, this plant is used to make a spice-infused beverage during Christmas and New Year’s Day.

SPRING

A spring is a water resource formed when the side of a hill, a valley bottom, or other excavation intersects a flowing body of groundwater at or below the local water table, below which the subsurface material is saturated with water. A spring is the result of an aquifer being filled to the point that the water overflows onto the land surface. They range in size from intermittent seeps, which flow only after much rain, to huge pools flowing hundreds of millions of gallons daily.

SIVRIHISAR

,WLVDWRZQDQGGLVWULFWRI(VNLúHKLUSURYLQFHLQ&HQWUDO$QDWROLD5HJLRQRI7XUNH\ The town of Sivrihisar lies 13 km north of the historical site of Pessinus at the foot of a high double-peaked ridge of granite, which bears the ruins of a Byzantine castle, and gives the town its name (sivri “sharp, pointed,” hisar “fortress, castle”). Nasreddin Hodja was born in Hortu village of Sivrihisar. Sivrihisar is an undiscovered tourism city with original architectural texture, historical artifacts, notable natives, cultural values, outdoor sports, wild life, as well as being the Centre of Earth which is suggested by the Nasreddin Hodja.

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SHUN, EMPEROR

Emperor Shun, one of the three legendary emperors in Chinese mythology, succeeded Emperor Yao when Yu was born.

TRICKSTER

In mythology, and in the study of folklore and religion, a trickster is a character in a story (god, goddess, spirit, man, woman, or anthropomorphisation), which exhibits a great degree of intellect or secret knowledge and uses it to play tricks or otherwise disobey normal rules and conventional behaviour.

VAN

It is a city in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and located at the Eastern shore of Lake Van. The city has a long history. It has been a large city since the first millennium B.C., initially as Tushpa the capital of the kingdom of Urartu from the 9th century B.C. to the 6th century B.C. until the 20th century, Armenian, Turks, Kurdish, Arabic people lived together in Van province. The traditions of Van were influenced by Ottoman and Iranian culture. Van is a nice province where different cultures and communities live together, and Lake of Van is the largest lake of Turkey and one of the largest soda lakes of the world.

XIRANG

Xirang is a magic soil in Chinese legend and belongs to the God of Heaven. It can grow automatically once put in water and can therefore stop floodwater from overflowing. In the , xi literally means to rest and rang means soil.

YAO, EMPEROR

Emperor Yao, formally Tangdi Yao, is one of the three legendary emperors in Chinese mythology. Yao’s father, Diku, transformed into a divine dragon and impregnated Yao’s mother Qingdu. She gave birth to Yao after 14 months of pregnancy. Yao is also the grandson of the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), the god of Central Heaven, or the god of thunder and rain.

YU, EMPEROR

Emperor Yu, , Dayu, is one of the three legendary emperors in Chinese mythology. After he conquered the flood, retired and recommended him to be the new leader.

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