GLOSSARY OF TERMS Historical and Folklore Characters, Natural Phenomena, Geographical Locations, and Natural Resources AARNE–THOMPSON–UTHER CLASSIFICATION OF FOLK TALES The Aarne–Thompson–Uther (ATU) classification system is an index used to classify folktales; it is catalogued by ATU numbers. It is named after its authors, Antti Aarne, Stith Thompson, and Hans-Jörg Uther. There are many different folk tales in the world, but many tales are variations on a limited number of themes. The classification system was originally designed by Aarne in 1910, but later it was revised first by Thompson in 1961 and then by Uther in 2004. It is intended to bring out the similarities between tales by grouping variants of the same tale under the same ATU category. AGUA DE JAMAICA One of Mexico’s most popular agua frescas and is a hibiscus iced tea made from dried hibiscus flowers called “flor de Jamaica.” This drink is made from hibiscus calyces. $.ù(+,5 It is a town and district of Konya province in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The town was known in the Roman and Byzantine empires as Philomelium or Philomelion. The town is situated at the edge of a fertile plain, on the north side of the Sultan Mountain. One of the town’s landmarks is the alleged tomb of Nasreddin Hodja. Between July 5th and July 10th of each year, commemorations with concerts DQGRWKHUVRFLDODFWLYLWLHVDUHKHOGIRUWKHPHPRU\RI$NúHKLU¶VIDPRXVUHVLGHQW 1DVUHGGLQ+RGMD:LWKLWVULFKDUFKLWHFWXUDOKHULWDJH$NúHKLULVDPHPEHURIWKH Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions. ANANCY A spider that often acts and appears as a man in West African and Caribbean folklore. Anancy is a trickster who is most noted for his deceit, wisdom, and spitefulness. Anancy stories are a prominent part of Ashanti culture in Ghana and are often celebrated as a symbol of slave resistance and survival. The Jamaican versions of Anancy stories are well preserved because Jamaica had the largest concentration of enslaved Asante in the Americas. These folk tales end with proverbs. 83 Rouhollah Aghasaleh - 9789004399822 Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 12:41:39PM via free access GLOSSARY OF TERMS ANATOLIA It is also known as Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey. The Anatolian peninsula is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west, and the Sea of Marmara to the northwest, separating Anatolia from Thrace in Europe. Anatolia is often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, which comprises almost the entire country; its eastern and south eastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with neighbouring Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, in a clockwise direction. APOPOCUVA Also called Nandeva, the Apopocuva are a Guarani-speaking people living in scattered villages in south eastern Brazil and in Paraguay. The term apopocuva means “long bows” in Guarani. Their population is estimated to comprise 17,000 individuals. Their cosmogenesis and prophecies have been described by anthropologists since 1906. BAEKJE Baekje was one of the Three Kingdoms which ruled over ancient Korea from the first century BCE to the seventh century CE. Controlling territory in the south western part of the peninsula, the kingdom was in constant rivalry with the other two kingdoms of the period: Silla and Goguryeo, and the neighbouring Gaya confederation. Baekje was noted for its high culture, many aspects of which it exported to its ally, Japan. When the Silla joined forces with China’s ambitious Tang dynasty, Baekje was crushed and turned into a Chinese province before eventually being incorporated into the Unified Silla Kingdom. BAENGMAGANG RIVER The legend of Baengmagang River is as follows: When the Silla-Tang allied troops launched an attack on Baekje, they were stopped by Baekje’s king, who had turned into a dragon to guard Sabi River. General Su Dingfang of Tang, upon learning that the dragon’s favorite food is white horse meat, hooked a white horse onto a fishing pole and caught the dragon on a rock by Sabi River. The river has since been called Baengmagang, or White Horse River, and the rock where the general’s knee prints remain is called Joryongdae (Dragon Fishing Rock). BALANCE OF NATURE It is a theory that proposes how ecological systems are usually in a stable equilibrium or homeostasis, which is to say that a small change in some particular parameter 84 Rouhollah Aghasaleh - 9789004399822 Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 12:41:39PM via free access GLOSSARY OF TERMS (such as the size of a particular population) will be corrected by some negative feedback that will bring the parameter back to its original “point of balance” with the rest of the system. It may apply where populations depend on each other, for example in either predator/prey systems or relationships between herbivores and their food source. It is also sometimes applied to the relationship between the Earth’s ecosystem, the composition of the atmosphere, and the world’s weather. CANELINHA Canelinha is a Brazilian plant known for its medicinal properties. Their leaves are used in the preparation of teas to treat gastrointestinal problems. The canelinha leaves and stalks have a pleasing aroma that reminds the smells of clove, anise, and star anise. CHUNGCHEONGNAM-DO PROVINCE, SOUTH KOREA Chungcheongnam-do (called Chungnam) is located in the central part of the Korean peninsula, neighboring Gyeonggi-do in the north, Chungcheongbuk-do in the east, and Jeollabuk-do in the south. It borders the Yellow Sea. It also surrounds Daejeon. During the era of Three Kingdoms, Chungnam was a territory of the Baekje Kingdom. For 185 years from 475 to 660 A.D., when the kingdom of Baekje was conquered by the Silla-Dang forces, the glorious Baekje culture bloomed in Chungnam. CRICIÚMA Criciúma (Arundinaria aristulata doell) is a Brazilian plant that looks like small bamboo. Due to its similarity, it is also known in Brazil as taquarinha (from Tupi taquara, bamboo). Approximately 17 varieties are known. It can be found from the north to the south of the country. CRUEL VINE Cruel Vine (Araujia sericífera) is a perennial ornamental plant of the Apocynaceae family. Its seeds are poisonous to fowl. Probably contains cardiac glycosides. Its common names include moth plant, white bladderflower, common moth vine, and false choko. CURUCU Also known as cururu, is a Guarani generic term to refer to many species of South- American toads. 85 Rouhollah Aghasaleh - 9789004399822 Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 12:41:39PM via free access GLOSSARY OF TERMS DIZHU MOUNTAIN Dizhu Mountain refers to Dizhushan in Chinese. It stands in the middle of the Yellow River that flows past Sanmenxia County in Henan Province. DRAGON A dragon is a large and serpent-like legendary creature that appears in the folklore of many cultures around the world. Beliefs about dragons vary drastically by region, but dragons in Western cultures since the High Middle Ages have often been depicted as winged, horned, four-legged, and capable of breathing fire. Dragons in Eastern cultures are usually depicted as wingless, four-legged, serpentine creatures of high intelligence. FOLK The expressive body of culture shared by a particular group of people as found in folklore. It encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture, or group. These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs, and jokes. These kinds of stories were meant to give an explanation to things people did not understand, discipline children, or to simply pass the time. Different cultures have different folk stories and a lot of the time there are varying versions of the same story. GOD OF HEAVEN, THE The God of Heaven, Tiandi, is the most powerful God in Chinese mythology. Tian means sky or heaven in Chinese. GONGGONG Gonggong is the god of water, Shuishen in Chinese. GORANSA TEMPLE Goransa Temple is located at the foot of Baengmagang River, surrounded by the cliffs of Nakhwaam. The temple is assumed to have been built toward the end of the Baekje Kingdom. There is a well, named Goranjeong, behind the temple, with Gorancho (Crypsinus hastatus) growing between the rocks above the well. The kings of Baekje used to drink water from Goranjeong at least once a day, and the servants who brought the water floated the leaves of Gorancho plant as a sign that it came from that well. 86 Rouhollah Aghasaleh - 9789004399822 Downloaded from Brill.com10/02/2021 12:41:39PM via free access GLOSSARY OF TERMS GUARANI Guarani is a group of indigenous peoples of South America. Their population is estimated to be approximately of 270,000 individuals, spread in regions of Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Uruguay. GULF, THE/ PERSIAN/ ARABIAN The body of water is an extension of the Indian Ocean (Gulf of Oman) through the Strait of Hormuz and lies between Iran to the northeast and the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest. The Gulf naming dispute is concerned with the name of the body of water known historically and internationally as the Persian Gulf (Persian: ΞϴϠΧ αέΎϓ), after the land of Persia (the traditional name of Iran). This name has become contested by some Arab countries since the 1960s in connection with the emergence of pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism, resulting in the invention of the toponym Arabian Gulf (Arabic: ϲΑήόϟ΍ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ – used in some Arab countries), the Gulf, and other alternatives such as the Gulf of Basra as it was known during the Ottoman rule of the region. GUN Gun, Yu’s father, is also the grandson of the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi). Gun was punished and killed by Emperor Yao after he failed to control the flood.