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Modelling Spatial Interaction During the Early Iron Age

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Modelling Spatial Interaction During the Early Iron Age Modelling Spatial Interaction during the Early Iron Age Reconstructing and Modelling Ancient Infrastructure, Interaction and Distribution Systems in Southwest Germany and the Alsace Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Franziska Faupel Kiel, 2021 Erster Gutachter: PD. Dr. Oliver Nakoinz Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Rainer Duttmann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29.03.2021 Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, PD Dr. Oliver Nakoinz: he convincingly guided and encouraged me to be professional and do the right thing even when the road got tough. Without his persistent help, the goal of this project would not have been realized. I am grateful to the DFG for supporting and fund- ing the project Modellierung und Rekonstruktion altereisenzetilicher¨ Interaktions- und Distributionssysteme in Sudwest-¨ und Westdeutschland sowie im Elsass (NA 687/3-1). Further, I would like to thank my colleagues at the Institute for Pre- and Protohistory at Kiel university for the numerous fruitful discussions. Thank you Christoph Rinne, Martin Hinz, Hendrik Raese, Daniel Knitter, Martin Furholt, Ingmar Franz, Clemens Schmid, Wolfgang Hammer, for your help when a fresh perspective was needed. Also, Jamsin Rauhaus-Hopfer¨ deserves my appreciation for sharing her excellent and unique knowledge of Salem’s cemetery (Baden-Wurttemberg)¨ and the Early Iron Age of the Lake Constance area. I want to thank Laurie Tremblay-Cormier and Remy Wassong for sharing their data with me. Without the source of your knowledge, the data acquisition on the French side would not be at the current high level. I want to thank Loup Bernard for his friendly support in all matters relating to this project in Strasbourg. I want to thank Nicole Grunert for the challenging work of proofreading from the bottom of my heart. You have been a lifeline. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the support and great love of my family. You kept me going on, and this work would not have been possible without your support. I would like to recognize the invaluable assistance that you all provided during my study. vii Contents 1 Introduction ................................................... ....................... 1 1.1 The Phenomenon of Princely Seats . 6 1.2 On the Research History of the Early Iron Age . 10 1.3 The Hallstatt Culture - a Problematic Term . 11 1.4 Chronology . ..................... 13 2 Theory ................................................... ............................ 17 2.1 Definition of Cultures, and the Archaeological Culture . 17 2.2 Interaction in Prehistory . 19 2.2.1 Artefacts and Interaction . 23 2.3 Infrastructure . .................... 25 2.3.1 Archaeological Evidence of Infrastructure . 28 2.3.2 Evaluating the System of Infrastructure . 29 2.4 Bottleneck Situations in Prehistory . 39 2.5 Theoretical and Empirical Models. 40 3 Geographical Area: Baden-Wurttemberg¨ and the Alsace .................................. 41 3.1 Subareas . ........................ 44 3.2 Digital Elevation Model . 44 3.3 Landform Classification . 47 4 Archaeological Data ................................................... 51 4.1 Source Criticism . 51 4.1.1 Evaluation of Possible Source Critical Filters . 53 4.2 Early Iron Age Sites and their Characteristics . 55 4.2.1 Graves . ..................... 59 4.2.2 Settlements . 64 4.3 Artefacts . ......................... 66 4.3.1 Vessels (B1) . 67 4.3.2 Ring Jewellery (B2) . 72 4.3.3 Remains of Costumes (B3) . 78 4.3.4 Weaponry (B4) . 82 4.3.5 Means of Transportation (B5) . 90 4.3.6 Tools (B6) . 93 4.3.7 Art and Jewellery (B7) . 97 ix x Contents 5 Method ................................................... 101 5.1 Classification of Material and Collection of Data . 101 5.1.1 Classification of Artefacts . 102 5.2 Reproducible Research . 104 5.3 Reconstructing Infrastructure . 106 5.4 Modelling Parameters of Infrastructure . 108 5.4.1 Pedestrian Walk and Driving . 113 5.4.2 Visibility . 114 5.4.3 Lowlands and Mountain Ridges . 115 5.4.4 Archaeological Models . 117 5.5 Model Patterns of Interaction . 117 5.5.1 Type Spectra . 118 5.5.2 Distance Diagrams . 120 5.5.3 Profile Diagrams . 121 5.5.4 Histogram of Cultural Distance . 124 6 Results ................................................... ............................ 125 6.1 Baden-Wurttemberg¨ and the Alsace . 125 6.1.1 Reconstructing Infrastructure . 125 6.1.2 Identification of Infrastructural Important Parameters . 130 6.1.3 Interaction alongside Corridors of Communication . 132 6.2 Haguenau . 147 6.2.1 Reconstructing Infrastructure . 148 6.2.2 Identification of Infrastructural Important Parameters . 149 6.3 Breisach Munsterberg¨ . 150 6.3.1 Infrastructure. 150 6.3.2 Interaction . 151 6.4 Swabian Alb and the Heuneburg . 154 6.4.1 Infrastructure. 154 6.4.2 Interaction patterns of the Heuneburg . 157 6.5 Ipf and Hohenasperg . ..
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