Awash Basin Water Quality Strategic Plan

AWASH BASIN WATER QUALITY

STRATEGIC PLAN

June 2017

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ABA Abay Basin Authority AwBA Awash Basin Authority AWSSA Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority BHC Basin High Council BOD Biological Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand EC Electrical Conductivity EFCCA Environment, Forest and Climate Change Authority EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FDRE The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management MoANR Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change MoH Ministry of Health MoI Ministry of Industry MoUD Ministry of Urban Development MoWIE Ministry of Water Irrigation and Electricity NGO Non Governmental Organization pH Power of Hydrogen RVLBA Rift valley Lakes Basin Authority SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio TDS Total Dissolved Solid TOC Total Organic Carbon UN United Nations WHO World Health Organization WWDSE Water Works Design Supervision Enterprise

Table of Contents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... i Table of Contents ...... ii List of Tables ...... iii List of Figures ...... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... v 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2. Vision ...... 4 1.3. Scope of the Plan ...... 4 2. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ...... 5 2.1. Legal and Institutional Frame work ...... 5 2.1.1. The Federal Constitution ...... 5 2.1.2. The Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy ...... 5 2.1.3. The Ethiopian Water ResourceManagement Proclamation ...... 6 2.1.4. Institutional Setup ...... 6 2.2. Significant Pressures...... 10 2.2.1. Social pressures ...... 10 2.2.2. Economical Pressures ...... 11 2.2.3. Environmental Pressures ...... 16 3. WATER QUALITY SCENARIO ...... 18 3.1. Current Scenario of the Water quality of the Basin ...... 18 3.1.1. Surface water quality current scenario ...... 18 3.1.2. Ground water quality current scenario ...... 28 3.2. Future Scenario of the Water Quality of the Basin ...... 30 4. EMERGING ISSUES ...... 34 4.1. Lake Beseka Expansion ...... 34 4.2. Expansion of Industrial Developments ...... 35 4.3. Expansion of Agricultural Developments ...... 36 5. GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND MEASURES LOGICAL FRAME WORK ...... 37 5.1. Goal ...... 37 5.2. Objectives ...... 37 5.3. Objective Tree ...... 39 5.4. Target and Evaluation Criteria ...... 41 6. DETAIL ACTION PLAN ...... 42 7. PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS ...... 102 7.1 .Enabling conditions ...... 102 7.2. Expected Challenges...... 102 7.3. Possible Solutions ...... 103 8. MONITORING AND EVALUATION MECHANISM ...... 104 9. REFERENCES ...... 105 10. APPENDICES ...... 107

List of Tables

Table 1- Summary of industry types with their associated contaminant characteristics of waste12 Table 2.Distribution of large and mediumfarms in Awash River Basin (Gedion, 2009) ...... 14 Table 3.Eight years mean annual physico-chemical analysis result of Awash River ...... 27 Table 4. Target and evaluation criteria ...... 41 Table 5. Goal, objective and measures list ...... 42 Table 6:Eight years Awash Basin water quality plan ...... 43 Table 7; Action owner and Other Actoers with measure activities ------54 Table 8; Awash up stream budget ------65 Table 9; Awash Awash budget ------70 Table10 Awash Halidebi budget ------76 Table 11;Awash Terminal budget ------81 Table 12;Eastern Cachement------86 Table 13;8year budget of water quality plan ------91 Table 14; Budget summery by contagencies and infilatin ------101

iii

List of Figures

Figure 1-. Industry distribution by local name in Awash Basin ...... 12 Figure 2. Addis Ababa solid waste dump site [Source: Tamiru (2205)] ...... 20 Figure 3.Adama town solid and liquid waste disposal sites [Source: Planet IWRMPLC (2012)] 20 Figure 4. Waste disposal sites of Bishoftu town [Source: Planet IWRMPLC (2012)] ...... 21 Figure 5.Sebeta town solid waste disposal site [Source: Planet IWRMPLC (2012)] ...... 21 Figure 6. Awash-Awash WHO water quality standard detection summary ...... 22 Figure 7. Sodium map of Awash-Adaitu and Awash-Awash sub basins ...... 23 Figure 8. WHO water quality standard detection summary for Awash-Adaitu sub basin ...... 24 Figure 9.Awash Terminal Sub Basin Ethiopian aquatic water standard detection summary ...... 26 Figure 10.Awash Terminal Sub Basin WHO water quality standard detection summary ...... 26 Figure 11. Simplified geological map of Awash Basin (modified from Halcrow, 1989) ...... 29 Figure 12. Objective tree for improvement of water quality ...... 40

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Awash Basin is the most utilized river basin in Ethiopia with a number of small, medium and large scale irrigation schemes; industries located along the river; wide rural inhabitants and fast urban developments that require huge amount of water supply schemes (both from surface and groundwater). Many of the big industrial hotspots in the country are found inside the Awash Basin. These include the industrial corridor extending from Addis Ababa to Adama town, Metehara area, Kombolcha and Dire Dawa City. For several industries the Awash River is used as source for water consumption and for disposing of their waste. The growing and saline Lake Beseka is also a major threat to the nearby Awash River which is extensively used for irrigation purpose.

The presence of socio- economic activities in the basin increases pollution threat from point and nonpoint sources. The sustainability of this water resource remains imbalance if appropriate and sustainable water quality monitoring and management measures are not put in place. To ensure an efficient sustainable management of the water resources of the basin, water quality should be considered as a major priority area. Hence, to devise a mechanism for sustainable use of water resources in the basin, this plan will be carried out with general objective to make the water quality of the basin suitable for intended purpose.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Every human being, present and future, should have access to safe water. Water is the basis for all living ecosystems and habitats and part of an immutable hydrological cycle. It must be cherished if the development of human activity and wellbeing is to be sustainable. These days the pressure on natural water resources in many regions of the world has been increasing dramatically. Two-thirds of water consumption already goes to irrigation and still agricultural needs are increasing. Meanwhile, industrialization is also taking a heavy toll on our fragile water supplies, creating both new demands and risks of pollution.

It is customary to define water quality by several parameters known as physical, chemical and biological. It is widely accepted that the deterioration of the quality of surface water, groundwater and coastal water system is mainly controlled by the geological structure and lithology of the watershed, the chemical reactions that takes place within the watershed and the type of land uses and the anthropogenic activities (Alexakis 2008, Loukas 2010, Mlideis et al. 2007, Naseem et al. and Tsakiris et al. 2009). Further, the quality of water resources is vulnerable to a wide range of chemical compounds including organic pollutants (materials), salts, nutrients, sediments, heavy metals etc (Gamvroula et al 2012, Kofali and Jurdi 2011, Mosley et al. 2012).

There are different sources of water pollution. Some of the pollutants may expose human beings and other lives to series problems. For instance, it is observed that industries discharge their residuals directly into waterways, which implies that industrialization has positive relationship with increment of organic and inorganic water pollution.

Surface and ground waters can be contaminated by several sources. In urban areas, careless disposal of industrial effluents and domestic wastes contribute greatly to have poor water quality. Agricultural drain waters especially from salty agricultural lands are also creating great

1 environmental concern. The agricultural inputs like pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers contribute much to introduce pollutants to water bodies.

Most of the rivers in the urban areas of the developing world are the end points of effluents discharged from the industries. Worldwide, it is estimated that industrial sector is responsible for dumping 300-400 million tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge, and other waste into water sources each year (UNEP, 2010). While significant progress has been made in many developed nations to reduce direct discharges of pollutants into water bodies, more than 70 percent of industrial and domestic wastes in developing countries are dumped untreated into water bodies.

Most of the industries in Ethiopia discharge their waste water into the environment without any form of prior treatment. For instance, a number of studies have indicated that among the industries located in Addis Ababa, 90 percent discharge their waste without treatment into nearby water bodies and open spaces(EPA, 2003). A study on effluents of selected industries in and around Addis Ababa indicated that all the industries studied generate wastes that carry pollutants in excess of the internationally accepted pollutions standard (UNIDO, ESID, 2001).

Water pollution from poor domestic solid and liquid waste management can also be a major problem. According to the recent census data of CSA (2008), about 70 % of the generated solid waste in urban areas is indiscriminately dumped in rivers, drainage ditches, street sides and vacant lots.Liquid waste management in urban centers of the country is by far inadequate. The 2007 CSA survey indicated that 28.2% of the urban housing units do not have any toilet facility. This fact, together withinadequate public toilets, resulted in open air defecation. Major urban centers of the country are not served by a sewerage system except the limited coverage in Addis Ababa (MoUDC, 2012).

The discharges of strong domestic and industrial wastes definitely pollute fresh water systems of riversand jeopardize their socio-economic and ecological values. For instance, pollution of streams that drain Addis Ababa due to poor waste management practices is considered to be a

2 major problem with adverse public health and ecological impacts (Nigussie, 1999; Gebre and Rooijen, 2009).

The Awash Basin is the most utilized river basin in Ethiopia with a number of small, medium and large scale irrigation schemes; industries located along the river; urban and rural water supply schemes (both from surface and groundwater), etc. Many of the big industrial hotspots in the country are found inside the Awash Basin. These include the industrial corridor extending from Addis Ababa to Adama town, Metehara area, Kombolcha and Dire Dawa City. For several industries the Awash River is used as source for water consumption and for disposing of their waste. The growing and saline Lake Beseka is also a major threat to the nearby Awash River which is extensively used for irrigation purpose (Elleni, 2009). The Awash River Basin is known with significant water resource potential involved in variety of development activities. The river basin contains rivers and large tributaries, natural lakes, swamps and springs, reservoirs and dams expended for different uses: domestic, livestock,irrigation, industry, hydropower, tourism and recreation with high exploitation. Its strategic location for development has made the basin corridor of intensive urbanization, industrialization and mechanized irrigation farming.

All parts of the basin utilize the river primarily for domestic purpose. Furthermore, the Up- Stream Koka Sub-Basin is characterized by industries and hydropower plants. The water in this sub-basin is also used for the industrial purpose and hydropower generation. The Awash-Awash, Awash-Adaitu, Awash-Halidabi and Awash Terminal Sub-Basins use the available water mainly for irrigation and livestock. The Eastern Catchment is characterized by its ground water that is mainly used for domestic purpose, industry and irrigation.

In GTP II of the country more focus have been given to water sectors in expansion of water supply projects, irrigation and industrialization, which lead to high utilization of water.Such an extensive use of water bodies is expected to affect the water qualityif appropriate utilization and mitigation measures are not in place.

The Ethiopian Water Resources Management (EWRM) regulation of 2005 sets out boldly as water is natural endowment commonly owned by all the people of Ethiopia; all Ethiopian citizen

3 shall have access to sufficient water of acceptable quality to satisfy basic human needs; water shall be recognized both as economic and social good; shall be under pinned on rural centered, decentralized management, participatory approach as well as integrated frame work; management of water resources shall ensure social equity, economic efficient, system reliability and sustainability.

It has often been advocated that the most logical unit for water resources planning and optimum utilization of available water resources is the river basin. Accordingly, it is desirable that all major river basins in Ethiopia have an integrated development master plan study, and their potential in terms of economic development be known. Therefore, in order to mitigate water quality problems in the Awash Basin, the strategic river basin water quality plan for the basin is prepared with the objective to make the water quality of the basin suitable for intended use with acceptable quality.

1.2. Vision

To see a model basin in which the surface and ground water shall have acceptable quality for intended purpose.

1.3. Scope of the Plan

To implement the principle of an integrated water resources management, River Basin High Council and Authorities were established under the Proclamation No. 534/2007. Awash Basin was instituted in accordance with Awash Basin High Council and Authorities Establishment Council of Ministers Regulation No. 156/2008. Based on these proclamation and regulation, this plan presents the direction and implementation framework for the Awash Basin to achieve the goals for sustainable development.

The scope of this plan covers the entire Awash River Basin, by dividing it in to six planning areas or sub-basins as Upstream Koka, Awash-Awash, Awash Halidebi, Awash Adaitu, Awash Terminal and Eastern Catchment with a time horizon of eight years (2010-2017 EC).

2. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

Policies and institutional frameworks serve as instruments for human cooperation and for reducing uncertainty by establishing a stable structure to human interaction. Accordingly, in the context of river basins, since coordination among various human efforts to use the water available within a basin is at the heart of integrated water resource management (IWRM), policies and institutional frameworks are of paramount significance. Therefore, the fundamental purpose of policy and institutional analysis is to explore this coordinating role of institutions.

2.1. Legal and Institutional Frame work

2.1.1. The Federal Constitution

The institutional framework for water resources management in a river basin consists of established rules, norms, practices and systems that provide a structure to actions related to water management. Laws, policies and regulations are the three pillars of the institutional framework for IWRM. Constitution of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) states that all national policies, laws and institutional arrangements of the country, including those related to the management and administration of water resources must be in line with its provisions. Among these provisions is the utilization of rivers and lakes linking two or more regional states or crossing the boundaries of the national territorial jurisdiction [Article 51(11),]. This provision gives the Federal Government the mandate to manage and administer such rivers and lakes determining of the use, allocation and protection of water resources. The Constitution also provides the Federal Government (or its executive arm, MoIWE) with the right to delegate its powers and functions given to it to Regional States and/or any other water resources management institution [Article 50(9); Article 50 (50)].

2.1.2. The Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy

The Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy, coined with constitutional provisions and IWRM, is essential instrument to further articulate and elaborate the overall principles and directions the country should follow regarding water resources management. One of such 5 principles is as far as conditionspermit, every Ethiopian citizen shall have access to sufficient water of acceptable quality, to satisfy basic human needs.Consequently, to satisfy these basic needs the policy framed the following water resources protection principle ‘create appropriate mechanism to protect the water resource of the country from pollution and depletion so as maintain sustainable development and utilization of water resource’.

The policy provides basin planning to take the hydrologic basin boundary as the fundamental planning unit and water resources management domain by establishing water quality standards, procedures and mechanisms for all actions that are detrimental to water resource including waste discharge, source development, catchment management etc. through concerted efforts of relevant parties by providing the legal basis for active and meaningful participation of all stakeholders.

2.1.3. The Ethiopian Water ResourceManagement Proclamation

The Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy is backed by the Ethiopian Water Resources Management Proclamation No. 197/2000 and Regulation No. 115/2005 for water resources administration, allocation and protection of aquatic ecosystems. The proclamation ensures that the water resources of the country are protected from pollution and deployed for the highest social and economic benefits of the people of Ethiopia. It also lays down fundamental principles that water resources management and administration in the country should be based on the policy and the water resources laws of the country and that the supervising body, defined as the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE), shall ensure that any water resources related activities in the country are conducted accordingly.

2.1.4. Institutional Setup

The Council of Ministers established River Basin Authority for the Awash Basin by Proclamation No. 534/2007 and the MoWIE delegated a substantial portion of its administrative power in the Awash Basin to the Awash Basin High Council and Awash Basin Authority (AwBA). The Basin High Council (BHC) and the Ministry of Water Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE) are the decision making and advising arms on policy, strategic, technical and legal issues for regional water sectors and AwBA. 6

Accordingly, the central objective of AwBA, as supra-regional organization, is to promote and monitor the integrated water resources management in its jurisdictions for the socio-economic welfare of the people in an equitable and viable manner, without compromising the sustainability of the aquatic ecosystems through building knowledge for informed decisions, networking with stakeholders and regulating and enforcement of water use for sustainable and equitable development in the basin.

The institutional framework of AwBA to comply with the roles and mandates specified in the legal documents (Regulation No. 156/2008) needs the structuring of the basin authority in such a way that core regulatory tasks fall under:

 Basin Study, Research and Information Management  Basin Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation  Water Resource Administration and  Watershed Management and River Training.

The responsibility of promoting and monitoring IWRM and related sustainable development goals are achieved not only by AwBA but also other appropriate public bodies. Federal and regional governments are also responsible for the implementation of the strategic plan. Main institutions that are given responsibility to deal with water quality and related issues are described below: 1. Ministry of Environment,Forest and Climate Change and Regional Environmental Agencies The Environmental Protection Authority, which was established by the Federal Government Environmental Protection Organs Establishment Proclamation No. 295/2002, in which its duties and responsibilities are now transferred to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, is given responsibility by the Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002 to formulate, in consultation with competent agencies, practicable environmental standards based on scientific and environmental principles. Standards for the discharge of effluents into water bodies and sewage systems and management standards specifying the levels allowed and the methods to be used in thegeneration, handling, storage, treatment, transport and disposal of the various types of waste are some of the sectors that require standards, as stated by 7 the proclamation. The ministry is also responsible to prescribe different environmental standards for different areas as it may findnecessary to protect or rehabilitate the environment.

The Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation acknowledges Regional Environmental Agency as any regional government organ entrusted, by the government of that region, with responsibility for the protection or regulation of the environment and natural resources. The proclamation also provides mandate to National Regional States to adopt environmental standards, based on their specific situation, that are more stringent than those determined at the Federal level. However, they shall not adopt standards which are less rigorous than those determined at the Federal level.

2. The Ethiopian Standards Agency The agency is established by Council of Ministers Regulation No. 193/2010 under Ministry of Science and Technology. As per the proclamation, the agency has a mandate to develop the standards of the country. Some of the powers and duties of the agency with this respect include  develop, implement and follow up standardization strategy for the purpose of quality promotion activities which are in line with the country's developmental programs;  develop, through stakeholders involvement, approve and publicize Ethiopian standards;  establish national technical committees for the purpose of developing Ethiopian standards and determine their working guidelines;  promote the use of technologies, in the industries, which help to reduce pollution and wastage during production process;  develop and implement awareness creation strategies for consumers on quality and standards.

3. Urban and Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sewerage Services

As per the Federal Government Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002, all urban administrations shall ensure the collection, transportation, and, as appropriate, the recycling, treatment or safe disposal of municipal waste through the institution of an integrated municipal waste management system.

The Amhara National Regional State Urban and Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sewerage Services Organizing Proclamation Executive, Council of Regional Government Regulation No. 34/2005 gives responsibility for Drinking Water Supply and Sewerage Service to regularly verify, through the laboratory test of a sample taken, as to whether the pot-able water it supplies for the user community meets the standards set in the guideline issued by the Federal Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity.

4. Oromia Bureau of Land and Environmental Protection The Bureau isestablished by Proclamation No. 147/2009of the Oromia Regional State, its powers and duties include  Based on the objective situation of the region prepare environmental standards; after approval regulates and follow up its implementation by the concerned bodies;  Regulate and follow up that any development activity is planned and implemented without damaging the environment;  Regulate and follow up that any development body shall conduct environmental impact assessment prior to project implementation; prepare environmental standards and make them available for use; regulate its implementation;  Regulate the disposal of different pollutants and waste materials from factories, cities not to pollute the environment and take or cause to be taken proper action if it caused any damage;  Undertake environmental auditing on the manner of liquid and toxic wastes disposal management by factories and industries so that it may not damage the environment;

5. Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority The authority is re-established by the Addis Ababa City Government Executive and Municipal Service Organs Reestablishment Proclamation No. 35/2012, its powers and functions include  preparing the City’s environmental protection standards in accordance with the standards prepared by the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Climate Change;  design strategies to protect theenvironment from pollutions; coordinate stakeholders with regards to environmental protection;

 follow up and control the disposition of industrial residue, by-products and waste in accordance with the law.

2.2. Significant Pressures

The relatively good infrastructures and its proximity for large cities make Awash Basin highly valuable for investment. Accordingly, it is center for the development of industrial, agricultural and other economic activities. These activities have contributed to the increment of population, expansion of urbanization as well as pollution from municipal, industrial, and agricultural sources that impose significant pressure on the water quality of the basin. To understand the challenges and address their significant pressures, the problems are generally categorized as social, economic and environmental pressures.

2.2.1. Social pressures

One of the factors that affect the water quality is over population. In Ethiopia, observations indicate that over the last couple of decades the population carrying capacity of the environment decreased as the number of population increases. A high population growth rate induces increased demand for water and other resources and the rate at which these resources are exploited. Moreover it also causes resources to degrade or deteriorate. In Ethiopia the population is increasing with dramatic rate. According to the Ethiopian 3rd Population and Housing Census of 2007 (CSA, 2008) the growth rate is calculated to be 2.6%. Currently, out of the total population in the country, there is a significant share of 17.1% in Awash Basin which shows an increase of 13.8% in the last seven years. Of the total population, 37.3% and 62.7% resides in urban and rural areas of the basin, respectively. The traditional practice of using streams and rivers for human and livestock bathing, sink for excretions and laundry purposes is getting more intense as the population increases and resource scarcity prevails. Unless the community awareness regarding the impact of over population is improved the problem may become even worse.

2.2.2. Economical Pressures

The basin is found being a home in accommodating industries, agricultural activities and urbanization in the central part of Ethiopia. A number of large and small scale industries with diverse nature have been established in the basin and also agricultural activities in terms of various irrigation and livestock activities are observed. From the point of water quality view, the expansion of urbanization, industry and irrigation have significant impact on the water quality of the basin. Detail descriptions of socioeconomic pressure in the basin are discussed as follows.

A. Industries

It is observed that there are large numbers of industries booming in Awash Basin which have impact on water quality in the basin. Most industrial facilities within the basin do not treat their wastewater before directly discharging into open areas or water bodies. In the basin, along the river flow, there are industrial areas located mainly in Addis Ababa, AlemGena, Dukem, Bishoftu, Mojo, Dire Dawa, Kombolcha and Adama. Industries in the basin can be principally categorized as food, beverages, pharmaceutical industries; chemical and construction inputs industries; metal engineering industry; textile industry; tannery industry; meat and dairy industries; and agro-industries.

Industrial facilities produce solid, liquid and gaseous wastes that are disposed or discharged to the main river or streams. The solid industrial wastes are disposed into municipal dump sites or incinerated in open air. The liquid industrial wastes are released to the river, to its tributaries or into closed valleys. Gaseous waste is released into the air, but can deposit, by absorption and adsorption, into the watershed. In addition to polluting the surface water, these pollutants percolate into the subsurface, thus posing a threat to groundwater as well.

Some of the waste produced by the industries in the basin have potential toxicity or are hazardous to living things and should not be released into the environment without pre-treatment. Each industry has its own contaminant characteristics of waste as summarized in Table 1.

Table 1- Summary of industry types with their associated contaminant characteristics of waste

No Industry Contaminant Characteristics 1 Textile and Garment Industry High Suspended Solid & BOD, Alkaline Effluent 2 Leather and Leather Products High BOD, Total Solids, Hardness, Chlorides, Industry Sulphides, Chromium 3 Tannery Industry High BOD, Total Solids, Hardness, Chlorides, Sulphides, Chromium 4 Leather Goods & Garment High BOD, Total Solids, Hardness, Chlorides, Producers Industry Sulphides, Chromium, Alkaline Effluent 5 Chemicals and Construction Inputs Low pH, High BOD, High TOC, Toxic Benzene Industry Derivatives 6 Meat and Milk Industry Suspended Solids, BOD, Nitrogen, High faecal coliforms and streptococci 7 Food and Beverages Industry High BOD, High Suspended Solids, Colloidal and Dissolved Organic Substances, Odors 8 Brewery Industry Colloidal and Dissolved Organic Substances 9 Metal Industry Low pH, High content of toxic metals

The distribution of industries in Awash Basin is indicated in Figure 1. According to the Ethiopian Investment Agency (2008) the concenration of industries are observed in Addis Ababa, Alem-Gena, Bishoftu and Adama with 69.11, 6.91, 5.69 and 4.07 percent, repectively.

Figure 1-. Industry distribution by local name in Awash Basin

B. Agricultural activities

The rapid expansion of agriculture over the past few centuries led to conversion of natural or native vegetation to cultivated agricultural systems. Such changes to land use and agricultural practices have significantly increased leaching of chemicals to surface and ground waters (Carpenter et al. 1998). The basin is characterized by large, medium and small agricultural activities. Such activities are highly dependent on the utilization of agricultural inputs. Fertilizers to be applied on the farmlands and pesticides that are applied onto the plants are finally washed down to rivers and streams and add up organic and inorganic materials to the water system. With this respect, the basin is host for the country’s big agro industries that have significant effect on water quality. Table 2 summarizes the large and medium farms and agro-industries in the basin. The Table shows how extensive agricultural activities are going on in the basin that put the basin in intense water quality pressures.

Table 2.Distribution of large and mediumfarms in Awash River Basin (Gedion, 2009)

Location Farms Gross Remark Area (ha) Upper Wonji/Shoa Sugar Estate 6,000 Sugarcane plantation with two factories; Valley pump supplied; Future expansion include Dodota and Welenchiti areas Wonji Out-growers (Kuriftu, Boku, 1,100 Sugarcane plots run by farmers' Adulala, Wake Mea, Wake Tio, associations/cooperatives Bishola, Hargeti) Upper Valley Agro Complex and 9,000 Horticulture (fruits & vegetables) and cotton; other farms (Degaga, Tibila, MertiJeju farms located on the right bank of MertiJeju, Nura Hera & others) Awash while Nura Hera farms on the left bank; diversion weirs and pump stations Metahara Sugar Estate 10,000 Sugarcane plantation with a factory; limited (Abadir&Merti) orchard area (citrus fruit); diversion weirs; Future expansion areas include over 3,000ha in the immediate vicinity Middle Kesem-Kebena Schemes 1,900 Over 10,000ha additional area envisaged for Valley (AwaraMelka and Yalo) irrigation development after completion of Kesem dam Amibara Irrigation Schemes 15,000 Right bank schemes in Amibara area; Mainly (MelkaSadi, Former MelkaSadi gravity supplied, about 10,000ha (MelkaSadi Banana, MelkaWerer, Former diversion wier), while others are pump Amibara Settlement, Werer schemes; main crop grown is cotton; Sublale Research Center, Ambash, Algeta farm (about 600ha) is considered as part of &Sublale farms) Angelele farms in other studies DofenBolhamo-Gidaro 1,700 Left bank farms in Amibara area, abandoned for years; Considered in the future planned development areas of Kesem dam project Angelele and Haledebi 1,200 Except Asoba area (covered by cotton), the rest abandoned Gewane Area Complexes including 2,700 Considerable portions of the farms have been BureModaytu abondoned; very recently some farmers area (Kuda, Debel, Gewane, reengaged in limited areas; Future plans RasAdas, IntaAdoyta, include expansion and reinstatement of farm Ayroli, Gel Ela Dora & Others) areas Lower Mile Farms 1,000 Abandoned farms; very recently limited area Valley covered by crops Lower Dubti, DitBahri, TangayKuma, 25,000 Cotton growing farms; Considerable area Plains Senbeleta, Awsa abandoned; Future expansion planned in the Assaita& others area include additional area of over 30,000ha, mainly for sugarcane plantation, after completion of Tendaho dam

Improper irrigation practices, poor water use, and intensive use of agrochemicals by farmers in the area results in significant pollution of the River. Most farmers within the basin are not well

informed about the appropriate amounts of pesticides and nutrients (e.g., potassium, phosphorous, and nitrogen) to be applied to their crops and lands, considering that these substances – especially nitrogen – dissolve in water and percolate to the groundwater and nearby streams (Nimah, 1998).The pressures are mainly related to releasing nutrients from agriculture to the river system (fertilizer or manure runoff from farmlands). It is also observed that large farms as well as medium and small cooperation farms are using different pesticides like malathion, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin and diazinon which end up in the river. Due to the stated pressures, water quality deterioration due to agricultural activities is one of the main impacts in the basin.

C. Urbanization

Marching of population from rural to cities and towns increase the burden on the land use system of the basin which forced the land to be changed to settlements. The main population centers in the Awash Basin fall within the upstream side of the basin. In major cities including the capital city of Addis Ababa, the sewerage network is not interconnected. The overall sewage disposal systems in the big cities are on an infant stage. Raw, untreated wastewater from residents, various municipalities and industries within these areas are discharged directly into natural water courses. Moreover, septic tank overflow into streets and public areas is often reported during heavy rains as a consequence of mishandling and over use of septic tanks. It is also observed that there are no controlled and regular services for solid waste and sludge disposal. As a result, tributary rivers flowing in to the Awash River and shallow ground water schemes are highly polluted. This brings high impact on water quality of the basin.

Moreover, institutions like universities and hospitals which accommodate many people at once have also their own contribution to affect water quality when it comes to discharging untreated wastes. The basin is host for one third of the government universities and most of the government general hospitals. It is also observed that as towns and cities expand, the service giving sectors develop and bring a significant effect on the surrounding environment. Health care facilities, slaughter houses, garages, car wash services, etc are discharging their waste directly into the drainage system of the cities and towns that finally joins the tributaries of the river.

2.2.3. Environmental Pressures

The industrial and agricultural expansion in Awash Basin is high and dynamic for socio economic development. For that reason, emphasis is given to economic growth than dealing with environmental issues. Though environmental institutions are established and laws are enacted in the basin which seems a commitment from the government still the established institutions suffer from heavy political pressures. Most relevant institutions which deal with environmental issues lack the necessary power to fulfill their duties. Since the existing laws do not have enforcement mechanisms, they are not dynamic; they are feeble and easily circumvented by economically oriented legislations.

Lake Beseka and saline hot springs like Sodere has potential risk as their areal extent and discharge requirement is growing from time to time. This also increases the EC, sodium and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) of the water in the Awash-Awash, Awash-Halidebi and Awash- Terminal Sub Basins. Water scarcityduring dry season is one of the major issues for water quality deterioration. The low flow of the river decreases the dilution power of the river system that leads to increased pollutant concentrations. Water-logging problem is a serious issue in Becho plain, Gedabassa and Borkona Swamps which can form algal bloom and some water borne diseases in the basin. Flooding hazard in the Awash-Awash, Awash-Halidebi, Awash-Adaitu and Awash- Terminal Sub Basins are also the other threatening phenomenon which is critical to the basin that increases the turbidity of the water.

The diverse geological make-up of the basin that comprises basalts, sedimentary rocks, and aluminum silicates minerals are responsible to affect the quality of surface and ground waters. This is evidenced by the high sodium and potassium concentrations in rift valley soda springs, alkaline lakes and deep boreholes which are primarily related to reverse weathering or formation of aluminum silicates minerals. High calcium and magnesium contents characterize wells in the central and northwest plateau drilled in basaltic terrain as well as highland lakes. Leaching of host basalts result in high magnesium content, typical examples of such process exist in the Hayq and Ardibo lakes catchments. The sedimentary rocks with higher sulphate make the waters more

16 sulphate and chloride dominated. This is particularly more common in the northern and central Afar isolated depressions, where evaporate deposits exist (Ayenewet al, 2008). The basin is characterized by various soil types and vegetation. A reconnaissance study of FAO (1965) shows that there are diverse soil types in the basin. About one fourth of the basin is composed of lithosol with stony and rocky surfaces. The highlands are mostly Vertisols and small areas of Regosols. Alluvial soils, which are young soils on alluvial deposits, characterize limited areas of the middle valley. The middle valley is further characterized by semi-arid brown soils on old alluvial and colluvial soils, vertisols and regosols. Appreciable quantities of hydromorphic soils are also observed along the Awash in the Middle Valley. The lower plains are mainly saline and semi-arid brown soils.

The basin is also distinguished by different vegetation types. The various vegetations of the basin are comprised of grassland, shrubland, woodland and forests. Shrublands dominate the north- eastern and south eastern escarpments. The rift in Awash Basin is characterized by semi-desert grassland with shrubs. The mainstream of Awash is characterized by some riparian vegetation. There are also barelands in some parts of the rift valley which are exposed volcanic rocks. The basin is also a place for various wetlands like Gedebasa and Borkena swamps. Generally, the geological phenomena, the diverse soil and vegetation types that exist in the basin result in increased environmental pressure in the water quality of the basin.

3. WATER QUALITY SCENARIO

Water quality impairment from point and diffuse sources is an issue of concern in the Awash Basin due to the diverse polluting activities and its socio-economic and ecological significances. The major point sources of pollution include discharges from industries and domestic activities and Runoff from urban and agricultural areas are major sources of diffuse pollution.

Most of the industries in the basin discharge their waste water into the environment without any form of prior treatment as a result of this the water quality of the basin is threatened and it is deteriorated from time to time. Therefore, the water quality issue has been identified as one of the major strategic concern.

In order to address this concern, all the water sectors in the entire basin has the mandate to assess, control and monitor the water quality in the basin. Hence, AwBA and all water sectors in the entire basin have compiled and used previous studies output and primary information to develop the current and future water quality scenario in the basin. This relevant information are brought together and used based on the planning area sub basins.

3.1. Current Scenario of the Water quality of the Basin

The surface and ground water quality of Awash Basin is deteriorating from time to time. In the basin there are different types of pollution sources which have slight difference from sub basin to sub basin. Each sub basin is characterized with different pollutant sources. Accordingly, the six sub basins water quality current scenario for surface and ground water is described as follows.

3.1.1. Surface water quality current scenario

Awash Basin has six sub basins which are divided based on hydrologic boundary. This section deals with the current scenario of the surface water quality of each sub basin.

A. Awash Upstream Koka Sub basin

The Upstream Koka sub basin is dominantly threatened by wastes from industries and urban areas including Addis Ababa, Special Oromia Zone, Bishoftu and Modjo, as reported by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MEFCC, 2008). Studies by AWSSA (2005, 2010), and EPA (2010) indicated that 80% of the investigated 70 factories dump their untreated effluent directly to nearby river system. Moreover, only 8% of industries had effluent treatment plant. UN-WATER (2007) reported that people and cattle around Aba Samuel reservoir have been severely affected by contamination resulted from effluent discharge from nearby industries and waste from Addis Ababa City. It is also reported that domestic and septic wastes contribute to a greater amount towards the water pollution of this sub basin. For instance, in Addis Ababa about 14 % of the population has no access to sanitary facilities, while only 6.5% of the population is served by central sewer system which is managed by AWSSA (AWSSA, 2011). About 80.2% of the population mainly use pit latrine and septic tank systems. However, considerable portion of the population living in the vicinity of the natural water systems dump and even connect their septic tank wastes to the river system. The fact that there is no active law enforcing and penalizing mechanism, pollution from the septic origins is being aggravated from time to time.

The river systems also receive pollutants from artificial drainage systems which were meant to collect run-off water. Nevertheless, these drainage systems are being used for disposal of almost all categories of wastes including solid wastes and grit. Water pollution from open solid waste dump sites has become a concern in urban areas. Leachates from these dump sites were investigated to contain heavy metals with ecological and public health risks. These phenomena are witnessed in all major towns of the Awash Basin as shown in Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Figure 2. Addis Ababa solid waste dump site [Source: Tamiru (2205)]

Figure 3.Adama town solid and liquid waste disposal sites [Source: Planet IWRMPLC (2012)]

Figure 4. Waste disposal sites of Bishoftu town [Source: Planet IWRMPLC (2012)]

Figure 5.Sebeta town solid waste disposal site [Source: Planet IWRMPLC (2012)]

B. Awash-Awash Sub basin

Awash River water quality continues to decline in the subsequent sub basins even though the source of pollution varies. Spatial and temporal variability of Awash River at selected sampling points were assessed along the main river courses from the Awash-Awash sub basin to the reaches of Awash Terminal sub basin. Based on the primary and secondary data eight years mean annual physicochemical analysis results of 11 surface water samples are summarized in Table 3. From the table, regarding the physicochemical parameters, spatial variability is observed in the Awash River along the river course due to inflows from other tributaries and natural thermal springs that are hydrologically connected to the Awash River. Parameters like fluoride, nitrite and dissolved manganese exceed the maximum limits of WHO Water Quality Standards (WHO, 2011) for certain sample sites at Awash-Awash sub basin. The percentage of

21 samples which exceed the water quality standards for fluoride, nitrite and dissolved manganese parameters are 43%, 30% and 10%, respectively. But the other parameters (i.e calcium, magnesium, sodium potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, carbonate, sulphate, nitrate, total hardness and ammonia) fall below the maximum limit as it is indicated in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Awash-Awash WHO water quality standard detection summary

The dominant water pollution in Awash-Awash sub basin comes from agriculture, saline hot springs and Lake Beseka. Sodium concentration is 1467 mg/L at Beseka station which is beyond the maximum limit set by FAO for irrigation water quality. Discharge from saline hot springs around Sodere (KidaneMihret, Abadir, Giyorgis, Mariam) and Doni area, with EC values above 1dS/m, are directly discharged into Awash River deteriorating its quality for domestic and irrigation use. In addition to the thermal springs, discharge from Lake Beseka into Awash River has also contributed to downstream salt load. The return flow from agricultural lands, though not properly quantified, has its own significant effect on quality of the river water. While inflows from Keleta, Werenso and Awash Arba streams tend to counter balance the effects from the

22 above mentioned sources during the rainy season, the deterioration is aggravated during the dry low flow seasons. As shown in the figure below the highest concentration of sodium is observed at Awash-Awash sub basin thatranges from 63.89 to 1448.38 mg/L which may adversely affect the irrigation activity. Furthermore, the value of SAR also ranges from 16.0936-684.09 which is beyond the maximum limit of FAO severe irrigation water standard.

Figure 7. Sodium map of Awash-Adaitu and Awash-Awash sub basins

C. Awash- Halidebi and Awash-Adaitu sub basins

In these sub basins, unlike Awash-Awash sub basin, parameters which exceed the maximum limit of the standards are only fluoride and nitrite. The percentage of samples with exceeding the fluoride concentration from the maximum limits is about 89% which by far is greater than Awash-Awash sub basin. Whereas the percentage of samples that exceednitritestandard value is about 41%, which also is a bit greater than Awash-Awashsub basin. But all the other parameters (i.e calcium, magnesium, sodium potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, dissolved manganese, carbonate, sulphate, nitrate, total hardness and ammonia) are below the maximum limits of the

23 standard in all observed samples at this sub basin. Figure 8 shows the summary of parameters in comparison with WHO standards.

Figure 8. WHO water quality standard detection summary for Awash-Adaitu planning area

The mean electrical conductivity (EC) of the Awash River was observed to generally increase downstream ranging from 0.347 to 0.636 dS/m. The mean EC value of Lake Beseka is around 5.6 dS/m. Even though the mean EC value increases downstream, the salinity of Awash River varies seasonally signifying that the river could contain significant amount of salt during low flow seasons. Similarly, the mean values of most anionic and cationic constituents of Awash River showed increasing trend downstream of the course. The reason for increasing trend of these constituents were attributed by the impact of Lake Beseka, inflow of different hot springs and inflow of Tikurwuha swamp. On the contrary the river showed decreasing trend in rainy seasons because of the inflows of different tributaries, mainly from the western catchments which are responsible for the dilution effect of the river. D. Awash-Terminal Sub basin

Awash terminal covers area downstream of Tendaho up to the farthest lake called Abe. In this sub basin Mile River and Logia River are located and drained into the main Awash River. In this sub basin it is reported thatmagnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, carbonate and ammonia 24 exceed the maximum limit of Ethiopian aquatic species protection water quality standards in the entire samples collected, as it is shown in Figure 9. Unlike the Awash-Adaitu and Awash- Halidebi the subbasins, the percentage of samples which exceed the maximum limit of the standard for the fluoride concentration is about 82 %. But the other parameters concentration (i.e chloride and dissolved manganese) are observed to be below the maximum limit of the standard. The presence of high amount of magnesium and calcium make the water hard. So the presence of such minerals in hard water often leads to pipes becoming clogged. With the clogged pipes, the installed hydraulic machine may run less efficiently. This will lead the water utilities in the sub basin to expend higher energy bills. It also makes the water utilities to spend extra money to repair the damaged water supply components.

Similar to Awash Halidebi Sub basin and unlike Awash-Awash sub basin parameters which exceed the maximum limit of the standards are only fluoride and nitrite (Figure 10). The percentage of samples that exceed the maximum limit of fluoride concentration is about 29 % which by far is less than Awash Halidebi sub basin. Whereas 30 % of the samples show nitrite concentration that exceeds the maximum limit, which is similar to Awash-Awashsub basin but a bit less than Awash Halidebi Sub basin.

The low laying three sub basins stretching from Awash Arba to Awash terminal exhibit similar water quality deterioration trend with Awash-Awash sub basin from some water quality parameters like TDS and others point of view. Furthermore, due to high evaporation, and low rainfall and flow rates, the Awash River water quality decline as a result of brackish water incorporation from other hot springs and Tikurwuha swamp which as well are saline.

Figure 9.Awash Terminal Sub Basin Ethiopian aquatic water standard detection summary

Figure 10.Awash Terminal Sub Basin WHO water quality standard detection summary

E .Eastern catchments

The difference in the topographical and landscape condition in Awash Basin creates an environment like Eastern Catchment with a very less degree of stream network and dominance of groundwater resources. Majorly the water in this sub basin is utilized for drinking purpose. Based on the water quality modeling study done by Adama Science and Technology University it is reported that the biological water quality parameter of some of the tested water wells do not fit WHO Drinking Water Standard. Table 3.Eight years mean annual physico-chemical analysis result of Awash River (2008-2015)

Water quality Water quality parameter status by sub basin standard Parameter FAO EPA standard standad Upstream Awash Eastern Awash Awash Awash for for koka Awash catchment Halidebi Adaytu terminal Irrigation Aquatic Ammonia1 1.12 0.23 0.18 0.03 0.7 0.25 Bicarbonate1 223.4 266 8.5 Calcium1 37.4 21 58.7 33.1 34.9 200 Carbonate1 42.95 42.5 15.2 214 Chloride1 212.9 46.9 250 Fluoride1 0.48 4.28 1.46 0.54 1 Magnesium1 143.7 5.34 7.25 16.9 150 Nitrate1 7.44 0.28 2.31 3 1.41 30 50 Nitrite1 0.46 0.07 0.01 0.1 0.06 0.1 pH 8.14 8.5 7.09 6.8 7.37 6.5-9 6.5-9 Phosphate1 70.9 15.7 25 0.67 31.4 Potassium1 8.075 7.4 Sodium1 616.41 80.875 99.7 9 Sulphate1 110.67 70.27 49 48.9 31.1 Total dissolved solid1 518.9 1426 710.7 801 416 461 2000 25 Total Hardness1 253.33 358.67 42.5 108 214 Turbidity2 573.34 162.53 0.206 0.23 1413.1 42.35 1= expressed in mg/L, 2= expressed in NTU Source: Awash Basin Authority

3.1.2. Ground water quality current scenario

The quality and characteristics of ground water is predominately depending on the geological formation of the basin i,e the rock and soil types in which water interacts with. Hydro chemical study applied to surface and ground water interactions in Awash Basin revealed that the geology and hydrogeology of the basin is complex. Most of the highlands are covered with early Cenozoic Trap Series volcanics (dominantly basalt, rhyolite and ignimbrite); the rift with acidic volcanics of the Nazreth Group and a relatively younger basic volcanics of the Afar Group (Zanettinet al., 1980); and the east is characterized by limited Mesozoic sedimentary rocks which include the Adigrat Sandstone and the Hamanlei Formations consisting of dolomites, limestones, the AmbaAradam sandstones and shale and marl formations. A simplified geological feature of the basin is shown in Figure 11 (Ayenew et al, 2008).

1. The rift valley soda, springs, alkaline lakes and deep boreholes tends to ward, the Na+ K+ and with low calcium and magnesium. This is related mainly to reverse weathering or formation of Aluminum silicate minerals which is major process incorporating the alkalinity deficit - -2 (Wood and Talling 1988) and the dominate of acidic volcanic (in the Afar, Cl and SO4 play a local role in deep wells far from the alluvial plains.) 2. The water with high Ca and Mg content are localized in the highland basic volcanic area (wells in the central and north west Plato drilled in basaltic terrain and highland lakes. The high Mg content is related to preferential leaching of host basalts. A typical example of such process exists in the Hayq and Ardibo lakes catchment (Semile 2000). In view of the general similarity of rock types drained by streams and rivers in the highland volcanic, the major ion chemistry is not significantly variable. Almost all water are CaMg , bicarbonate and type with a TDS of less than 1000mg/L . 3. The transition escarpment has mixed water in terms of the Na, Ca, and Mg cations. However bicarbonate is still the dominant anions expect in the northern and northest part of the basin. -2 -2 - Where the sedimentary rocks with higher SO4 make the water more So4 and Cl dominantly. This is particularly more common in northern and central Afar isolated depressions, where evaporate deposit exist.

Figure 11. Simplified geological map of Awash Basin (modified from Halcrow, 1989)

Thermal manifestation or geothermal centres: 1: Addis Ababa (Filwuha); 2: SodereWonji; 3: Methara- Fantale; 4: Awash–Dofan; 5: Meteka area; 6: Gewane; 7: Theo–Allelobaddo; 8: Tendaho–Abhe. Detailed studied areas: A: Alidghe plain; B: TendahoGraben and the surrounding areas [Source: Ayenew et al (2008)]. 29

Generally, three distinct regions with varying ground water circulation and evolution history can be identified in the Awash River Basin (Ayenewet al, 2008), these are i. Shallow fresh water ii. Intermediate and deep ground water with variable ionic concentration and isotopic signature and iii. Deep fractionated thermal water with very high salinity and TDS.

From the hydro chemical and isotope data, five categories of ground water can be identified in the basin (Ayenewet al, 2008). These are

1. The depleted, high TDS, NaHCO3 type thermal water of upper Awash basin, 2. The depleted, low TDS, low 3H waters which occurs in deeper basaltic or ignimbrific aquifer between the head water of Awash and Metehara, 3. The shallow, isotopically enriched high 3H (often> 2 Tu), low TDS (<1000mg/L),Ca, Mg and bicarbonate type water in the highland aquifers, 4. The isotopically enriched, high TDS (>1500mg/L) thermal or ground water from deep wells east of Lake Beseka and in Asaita area, and 5. The isotopically enriched, intermediate TDS (500-1500mg/L) thermal water in the axial parts of the rift between Addis Ababa and Metehara.

3.2. Future Scenario of the Water Quality of the Basin

As described in sub section 3.1, Awash Basin is divided into six main sub basins for the purpose of efficient management of water quality. To propose water quality management in a sustainable way it is very important to estimate the future scenario of water quality in the basin. Accordingly, the future water quality scenario of each sub basin is presented in this sub section.

A. Awash Up stream Koka Sub basin

The future development trend in the upstream Koka Sub basin will continue to be dominated by urbanization and industrialization as per the Awash River Water Quality Assessment Report (MEFCC, 2008) and as an example the federal government alone announced its plan to construct

200,000 condominium houses in the coming few years let alone the regional governments’ plans and individual housing. With these developments, more domestic and septic wastes and effluents from households will increase. At the same time demand for water for domestic and industry use will increase reducing the Awash River flow which has a direct impact in losing the dilution potential of the river. Considering the future developments, in order to maintain the water quality of Awash River, it is binding to introduce controlling mechanisms for treated effluent discharge and design and implement proper water quality monitoring systems.The sub basin is also home for most of the industries to be established. The effect of future industrialization is addressed in the next chapter, under emerging issues.

B. Awash –Awash Sub basin

The future development trend in the Awash-Awash sub basin will continue to be dominated by irrigation. For instance, the federal and regional governments together announce to expand the irrigation of the sub basin to its maximum potential, as it is planned in GTP II. The supply of improved inputs that help increase agricultural production and productivity has expanded significantly at national level. This circumstance induces large scale non-point source pollution from agricultural inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, etc not only at Awash-Awash Subbasin level but also at national level, too. The local communities are engaged in irrigation and water resources development activities mainly in the Awash Valley. Large scale schemes like Fentale and Welenchiti irrigation developments, extension works to the existing state farms and community schemes (Wonji, Metehara, Nura Era, etc) are currently existing and expanding as future development activities which will have significant pressure on the water resources of the basin thereby influencing the availability and quality of the river water.

The irrigation in Awash-Awash sub basin started towards late sixties. The soils at the farm area were generally non-saline and ground water in the area below 10m (Halcrow, 1983). Subsequent long years of surface irrigation and miss-management of irrigation water, in the absence of a well sustained complementary drainage system have affected the area and resulted in salinity of the farm lands. The expansion of such practices in the subbasin will have significant impact on the

31 water quality of the basin and because of salinity problem in this area most of the lands will have low productivity.

C. Awash-Halidebi and Awash-Adaitu Sub basins

The future development trend in the Awash-Halidebi and Awash-Adaitu sub basin will continue to be dominated by irrigation. The same national circumstance mentioned in Growth and Transformation Plan II document cited in Awash-Awash Subbasin Future Scenario also has major impact on the deterioriation of water qulity in Awash Halidebi and Awash Adaitu Sub- basins, too. For instance, the local communities are engaged in irrigation and water resources development activities mainly in this basin. Large scale schemes like Kesem, Amibara, Bedahmo, Blen, Gewane and Debel irrigation farms are the current and future development activities which will have significant pressure on the water resources of the basin thereby influencing the availability and quality of the river water. However, an increased pollution threat from no point sources is creating havoc in this basin. The sustainability of this water resource remains imbalance if appropriate and sustainable water quality monitoring and management measures are not put in place such as proper surface and sub-surface drainage facilities.

D. Awash Terminal Sub basin

Unlike the other sub basins the water quality in awash terminal sub basin is affected by flooding. It is observed that the flooding frequency at lower awash is high. A number of tributary rivers draining the highlands eastwards will increase the water level of the Awash River in period of short duration of time which in turn cause flooding in this sub basin. Furthermore, tributaries in this sub basin like Mille and Logiya Rivers contribute most to the flooding in this sub basin (Yidenkachew, 2008). Flooding has adverse effect on the water quality of the river basinDuring floods, water often comes in contact with things it shouldn't, such as dry waste from cities, broken sewer line, and pesticides from agricultural field, allowing a higher pollutant load than normal potential for contamination. Drinking water can also be contaminated if floodwater gets into a water main. Due to the contamination of water main and water logging, waterborne diseases expected to occur. In the year 1996 the flooding of the Awash River produced a major

32 disaster at a town called Deatbahari. In the mentioned town after the incidence of the flood waterborne epidemics is reported. Due to climate change, urbanization and deforestation on the upstream of the sub basin the problem associated with flooding in the next 10 years will be expected to be worse.

E. Eastern Catchment

Some of the ground water wells in eastern catchment is observed to be open. These ground water wells are shallow and utilized for drinking purpose. Some of the observed open ground water wells in eastern catchment mentioned in Adama Science and Technology University water quality modeling project include Toni farm 1&2, Adele and Biyodileat Aysha. Toni farm 1&2 are utilized for both irrigation and drinking purpose whereas the other utilized for only drinking purpose. Except the above mentioned well all the other ground water well observed in this sub basin are deep well. The open wells are highly vulnerable for pollution. During 2008 water quality analysis the result of laboratory analysis for the samples obtained from these well reveal the existence of fecal coliform bacteria. As a result in the next 8 years unless some intervention is done the problem will be even worse. For the closed deep well significant water quality change is not expected in the next 8 years.

4. EMERGING ISSUES

Awash River Basin is a place for different natural water bodies with unique characterstics. Among such water bodies, Lake Beseka is one that shows distinctive expansion and salinity. The basin is also one of the river basins with active development activities in the country. The country’s growth and transformation plan is bringing in lots of industrial and agricultural activities to the basin. Such natural and socio economic developments are becoming emerging issues in affecting the water quality of the basin.

4.1. Lake Beseka Expansion

Lake Basaka is located in the middle Awash River Basin, Awash-Awash Subbasin, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia, at about 200 Km South•East of the capital, Addis Ababa. The lake is expanding as opposed to the other rift valley lakes in Ethiopia, which are shrinking (Alemayehu et al., 2006). Before the establishment of the Matahara Sugar Estate (MSE), in the 1970’s, according to the information from elders of the indigenous people, the Lake was like a small surface pond created during the rainy season and used as grazing area and watering for their livestock during the dry season. Currently, the total surface area of the lake is estimated to be 42 km2, which was about 3 km2 in the 1960’s (Gulilat, 2000; Alemayehu et al., 2006). The average annual increment of the lake was 0.2 m and the level of the lake has rose by 4 m from 1976-1997 (Zemedeagegneh and Egizabher, 2004).

Such expansion of the lake would not be as such alarming if the water could be used as drinking or irrigation water, but unfortunately the lake water is saline and alkaline. The drastic expansion of the lake led to many problems in the surrounding area, and is severe threat to the well-being of the local people and the economic welfare of the nation in general. The expansion of Lake Beseka is startling and has had detrimental effect on the surrounding biological, physical, hydrological and infrastructural environment.

To illustrate the detrimental effects, for instance the estimated cost expected from the government to raise the submerged part of the railway and highway is about 1.5 million US Dollar according to WWDSE (1999). In addition, the lake advancement caused the inundation of about 35 km2 of the nearby grazing land and displaced 910 people (WWDSE, 1999).

The rate of expansion of the lake is considered as emerging issue in the basin. At present the expanding lake is less than 3 km away from the River Awash, which is the source of drinking and irrigation for millions of people downstream. According to Elleni(2009), Lake Beseka is gaining water from the west and south part of the watershed and the estimated groundwater inflow annually is 5.4Mm3 on average for the last 31years.If the lake continues to expand at current rate and other influencing factors remain the same, the lake will cross the natural water divide and invade the Addis Ketema area in Metahara town and join the River Awash. This would be disastrous, as the quality of the river water will be deteriorated such that agricultural developmentsand domestic water use downstream would be at risk.

4.2. Expansion of Industrial Developments

The status of GDP by Industrial Classification Matrix of the year 2003 to 2008EC indicates that Industrial Sector has increased by 151% or 83.1 billion birr on average as per the Brief Note on the 2008 Ethiopian Fiscal Year National Accounts Statistics Estimates. This national financial index implies that the industrial development is growing at an alarming rate in the country as well as in Awash River Basin, as this basin is one of the active industrial development corridors at national level.

As per Industrial Park Five Years Strategy, The Planned Industrial Park developments are ten or 71% that fall in Awash River Basin of the total fourteen at national level. The ten industrial parks which are found or to be found in the basin are Bole Lemi Industrial Park Phase II, Kilinto Industrial Park, Air Lines Logistics Park, Dire Dawa Industrial Park, Adama Industrial Park, Kombolcha Industrial Park, AwshArba Industrial Park, Andido Industrial Park, Bishoftu Industrial Park, and AsaytaSemera Industrial Park. As per Agro Industry Sector Strategy (2009), the planned agro industry growth corridors that fall in Awash River Basin are four or 24% of the total selected seventeen agro industry growth corridors at national level. The Agro Industry Strategy recommends development of Integrated Agro Industrial Parks (IAIPs). Thus the national industrial development direction put immense pressure on Awash River Basin.

4.3. Expansion of Agricultural Developments

As indicated in GTP II document, Agriculture Development Sector has got attention. Accordingly, the year 2003 to 2008EC status of GDP by Industrial Classification Matrix indicates that Agriculture Sector has increased by 28.9% and 244.6 billion birr on average. This national financial index implies that agricultural development is growing at higher rate in the country as well as in Awash River Basin, as this basin is one of the active irrigation development domains at national level.

The supply of improved inputs that help to increase agricultural production and productivity has expanded significantly at national level in the first growth and transformation period, as it is reported in GTP II document. The second growth and transformation period and subsequent times will also result in utilization of more agricultural inputs as agroindustry is given priority in the coming few years. This circumstance induces large scale non-point source pollution from agricultural inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, etc not only at Awash Basin level but also at national level, too.

5. GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND MEASURES LOGICAL FRAME WORK

5.1. Goal

In order to mitigate water quality problems it requires designing an integrated water resources management strategy. The overall goal of Awash Basin Water Quality Strategic Plan is to make the water quality of the basin suitable for intended use and improve its aquatic ecosystem by 2017 Ethiopian Calendar. With this respect, the water quality in the basin will be improved significantly, with a sharp decline in heavily polluted water areas. In sub basins where the river is utilized for drinking purpose the water safety guarantee level will be raised continuously. Ground water pollution will be strictly controlled. The river water of Awash will be favorable for aquatic life. The water ecological environment in Upper-Awash, Awash-Awash, Awash-Halidebi, Awash-Adaitu and Awash- Terminal sub basins will be considerably improved.

5.2. Objectives

The main objective of this plan is to ensure acceptable water quality of the basin sustainably as it is detailed in this section and shown in the objective tree (Figure 12).

A. Develop/update and implement a water quality monitoring program/strategy

Assessment of the temporal and spatial water quality of the basin is a crucial activity. This helps to know the status of water in each sub basin in terms of its suitability for the intended purpose. At first, intensive survey will be carried out to detect potential point and non-point pollutantsources. Then, representative sampling sites for both the surface and groundwater will be determined in each sub basin and samples will be collected periodically. To distinguish the water in terms of suitability for different uses, important indicator parameters need to be determined and analyzed and preparation of water quality standards is also required. Therefore, this objective also includes preparation or adaptation of water quality standards.

With the consideration of the above facts, the plan is designed with the following specific objectives. 37

Specific objectives:

 Update or re-design the water quality monitoring program/strategy  To establish and up grading water quality laboratories  To capacitate relevant stakeholders

B. Establish permit system for treated waste water

There is a need to optimize the assessment system on water resource protection, enhance supervision and management of water functional areas and evaluate the pollutant carrying capacity of water. It is also required to regulate waste disposal of institutions (industries, municipalities, irrigation farms etc.). So basin permit system i.e. polluters payprinciplewill be developed to control the effluents discharged to the river. The regulation will include setting appropriate fee to the waste water discharge. The complaint (grievance) handling mechanism for stakeholders regarding discharge fee will also be developed.

With the consideration of the above facts, the planis developed with the following specific objectives.

Specific objectives:

 To set permit system for treated waste water discharge  To implement treated waste water discharge permit system  Establish/strengthen/coordinate regulatory inspection and eenforcement mechanism  To establish complaint handling mechanism for the wastewater discharge permit system

C. Implement waste removal and remediation plan

It is important to strengthenurban, industrial and agricultural pollution prevention and controlling by applying corrective measures on municipalities, companies and agricultural estates which are not in accordance with the national urban, industrial and agricultural policies. Cities and towns without sewage treatment and solid waste management systems, industries with treatment plant but not effective or malfunctioning, industries without treatment plant, and irrigation farms without proper drainage systems will be identified. Strategy needs to be designed such cities and 38 towns to have a proper waste treatment and management systems, industries to have waste treatment plants and agricultural firms to implement proper drainage systems. With the consideration of the above facts, the plan includes the following specific objectives.

Specific objectives:

 To enable agricultural farms to have a functional drainage system  To transfer new waste treatment technology to industries  To ensure cities and big towns to have a sewerage and sewage treatment system  To ensure cities, industries and big towns to have a silage and solid waste management system

5.3. Objective Tree

To achieve the aforementioned goal, the following objectives and measures have been set. Figure 12 shows the objective tree in relation to water quality.

GOAL OBJECTIVE MEASURE

Update/re-design the water quality monitoring program /strategy

Develop/update Testing water quality parameters and implement a water quality Establishing and up grading water qualitylaboratories monitoring

program/strategy Capacitate and empower relevant stakeholders

Setting permit system for treated waste water discharge

Implement fees for treated waste water discharge Make the water Establish permit quality of the basin system for treated To establish complaint handling mechanism for the wastewaterdischarge permit system suitable for wastewater discharge permit system intended use and waste water Establish/strengthen/coordinate regulatory inspection and eenforcement mechanism improve its aquatic discharge. ecosystem Improve awareness and participation of stakeholders

Enable agricultural farms to have functional drainagesystem

Implement waste Transfer new waste treatment technology water removal and

remediation plan Ensure Cities, industries and big towns to have solid waste management system

Ensure cities and big towns to have a sewerage and sewage treatment System

Figure 12. Objective tree for improvement of water quality

5.4. Target and Evaluation Criteria

To achieve the aforementioned general objectives, the following target and evaluation criteria have been set. Table4 shows the evaluation criteria for the desired objectives. Table 4. Target and evaluation criteria

General objective Specific objective Target Evaluation Criteria Ensuring the water quality as per the standards One water quality status document to be producedper-year Update/re-design the water quality monitoring Develop/update and program /strategy implement a water quality By the end of 2017 establishment of 1 new class A Number of Established laboratories monitoring program/strategy Establishing water quality laboratories water quality laboratories per year By the end of 2017 Up grading 10 intermediate water Number of up graded laboratories per Up grading water quality laboratories quality laboratories year Capacitate and empower relevant stakeholders To get qualified experts in water quality Number of trained experts per year Setting permit system for treated waste water To ensure treated waste water discharge as per the Number of test reports produced per- discharge standard year Implement treated waste water discharge permit To sustain the water quality Number of polluters per-year system Establish permit system for Establish/strengthen/coordinate regulatory To check the implementation of the permit system Number of polluters per-year treated waste water inspection and enforcement mechanism

To establish complaint handling mechanism for Customer satisfaction Feedback from customers in % the wastewater discharge permit system

By the end of 2017 E.C 465 agricultural farms that Number of farms with functional Enable Agricultural farms to have a functional release treated waste water drainage system to release treated drainage system and treatment facility waste water per-year Transfer new waste treatment technologies to B y the end of 2017 all industries to have treatment Number of industries received industries technology plant treatment technologies per year Number of big cities and towns with Implement waste removal and Ensure cities and big towns to have a sewerage B y the end of 2017 E.C big cities and towns to sewerage treatment plant per-year remediation plan and sewage treatment system release treated domestic waste water Number of big cities, towns and B y the end of 2017 E.C 26big cities, towns and Ensure cities, industries and big towns to have a industries with appropriate silage and industries to implement appropriate silage and solid silage and solid waste management system solid waste management system per waste management system year

6. DETAIL ACTION PLAN

To ensure the water quality’s of the basin, goal, objective, measures, activities and target have been set as described in the tables below. Table 5. Goal, objective and measures list

Goal Objective Measure Update/re-design the water quality monitoring programe Develop/update and implement a water /strategy Testing water quality parameters quality monitoring program/strategy Establishing and up grading water quality laboratories Capacitate and empower relevant stakeholders Improve awareness and participation of stakeholders Setting up permit system for treated waste water discharge Implement treated waste water discharge permit system Establish permit system for treated Establish complaint handling mechanism for the wastewater Make the water quality of the basin waste water discharge permit suitable for intended use and Establish/strengthen/coordinate regulatory inspection and improve its aquatic ecosystem. enforcement mechanism Improve awareness and participation of stakeholders Enable agricultural farms to have a functional drainage system Transfer new waste treatment technologies Ensure cities, industries and big towns to have silage and solid Implement waste removal and waste management system remediation plan Ensure cities and big towns to have a sewerage and sewage treatment system

Improve awareness and participation of stakeholders

Table 6:Eight years Awash Basin water quality plan

Design the surface Determine the type of water quality physical, chemical and No of 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 monitoring network biological parameters to parameters and determine the be analyzed in each of the /sample required monitoring water quality stations. stations. Develop a sampling 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 strategy/guideline Doc. Determine the frequency No of & monitoring of frequency 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 sampling /sample site/year Identify and decide No of 14 14 15 12 5 22 82 113 representative borehole sample site sampling sites. Strengthening the Determine the frequency No of & monitoring of 12 12 12 12 12 12 existing stations and frequency 12 12 establish additional boreholes sampling site /sample groundwater site/year monitoring stations No of Install piezometric 30 30 x 6 22 10 98 125 sampling sites. Sample site Rehabilitate piezometric No of 3 3 39 x 3 x 48 56 sampling sites Sample site

Sub Basins 3 Awash Basin Year Total Targets (2010 – 12EC) (2010-17 EC) Activity Sub-activity Unit Awash Awash- Awash Awash Awash Eastern 3 yearTotal Total Upstream Awash Halidebi Adaitu Terminal Catchment Target Target Koka (2010-2012 (2013- E.C) 2017E.C) No of Determine the frequency frequency/s 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 & monitoring of piezometric sampling ample site /year Identify measure point & % of non-point pollutant 80 80 80 80 80 95 80 95 sources. polluters Sampling and analyses of No of discharged water from 57 57 85 85 85 95 464 600 major polluters. polluters Enforce to construct Manage water modern effluent pollution from point treatment plant for No 2 2 2 2 1 2 7 10 and non point industrial park and pollutant sources. clustered industries Initiate, enforce and install effluent treatment No of 8 8 1 10 1 6 18 30 plants for the existing industries industries Monitor and evaluate No of discharged water from 57 57 5 40 6 85 250 1755 major polluters polluters Develop National 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 %. Criteria Reviewing existing % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Develop/adopt basin national and international wide water quality water quality standards standards. Setting draft standards % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Presenting the draft 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 %. standards for 44

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Ratifying the standards %. Adopting/Implementing 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 %. the standards documents. Develop/select a database, data processing and 1 1 1 1 1 1 No 6 6 Adopt and modelling system for the implement water quality monitoring. appropriate water Develop manuals and quality modeling provide tranings on water 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 quality modeling tools %. and GIS. Establish Accredited/CertifiedAdva 1 - - - - - No 1 1 nced Central Reference Laboratory Establish Certified Establish water No 1 1 - - 1 1 4 4 Intermediate laboratory quality laboratories equip Purchase of Mobile Water Quality testing No 1 1 - - 1 1 3 3 laboratories Install Automatic Water Quality Monitoring No 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 stations Equip water quality Upgrading water laboratories with Noof lab 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 5 quality laboroatories appropriate facilities.

Sub Basins 3 Awash Basin Year Total Targets (2010 – 12EC) (2010-17 EC) Activity Sub-activity Unit Awash Awash- Awash Awash Awash Eastern 3 yearTotal Total Upstream Awash Halidebi Adaitu Terminal Catchment Target Target Koka (2010-2012 (2013- E.C) 2017E.C) Upgrade the level of water quality laboratories No 1 1 1 - 1 1 5 5 in the basin. Create educational opportunities for water No of 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 75 quality Experts (long Trainees term). Organize experience sharing visit for water No of visits 4 4 4 4 4 4 24 60 quality Experts. Capacitate Water Organize and conduct No of quality Experts. capacity building 16 16 4 4 4 4 48 50 trainings (short term). Training Facilitate conducive working environment for water quality experts and 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 %. stakeholders through provision of IT and other required facilities No of Awareness creation. 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 18000 22500 Empower Relevant Participants Stakeholders. Organize experience No of Visit 4 4 4 4 4 4 24 30 sharing. Develop/set national 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 %. criteria Conduct waste 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 %. Develop basin wide characterization treated waste water discharge standards. Reviewing the existing 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 national and international %. treated waste water quality standards 46

Prepare draft wastewater 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 %. emission standards Conduct stakeholder No of consultation including Workshop members of the regulated 1 1 1 1 1 1 community on the draft 6 6 wastewater emission standards Presenting the draft 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 wastewater standards for %. ratification Prepare implementation plan for enforcing the 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 %. ratified wastewater emission standards Develop treated waste 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 water discharge permit %. system. Develop treated waste 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Setup treated waste water discharge tariff %. water discharge document. permit system Develop enabling guidelines necessary to 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 administer the wastewater %. discharge permit system

Sub Basins 3 Awash Basin Year Total Targets (2010 – 12EC) (2010-17 EC) Activity Sub-activity Unit Awash Awash- Awash Awash Awash Eastern 3 yearTotal Total Upstream Awash Halidebi Adaitu Terminal Catchment Target Target Koka (2010-2012 (2013- E.C) 2017E.C) Implement treated waste water discharging permit % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 system . Implement waste water Implement treated % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 waste water discharge tariffs. discharge permit Collect fees for license system. and treated waste water % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 discharge. Renew license on regular % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 base. Prepare draft enforcement tools such as 2 2 1 1 2 2 regulations, MoUs, Doc 10 10 Develop /strengthen guidelines ,directives, and implement protocols etc. Regulations, guidelines,directives Approve/ratify the draft % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 ,protocols and enforcement tools. MoUs. Prepare appropriate enforcement plan to 1 1 1 1 1 1 Doc 6 6 implement the ratified tools. Develop Monitoring Monitor and System for the % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 evaluate the effectiveness of the application of enforcement tools enforcement and Monitor and evaluate the compliance enforcement and % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 mechanisms compliance mechanisms

Reviewing existing % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 irrigation guideline. Setting draft irrigation % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 guideline. No of Preparation of Presenting the draft 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x 6 6 1 1 irrigation guideline. irrigation guideline to Workshop stakeholder. x x x x x Submission and approval % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 1 of irrigation guideline Implementing the % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 irrigation guideline. Identification of farms 108360 ha 20680 20680 35,000 5000 20,000 7000 109600 Manage agrictural with and without surface and drainage system. Construct agriculural subsurface drainage ha 35568 surface drainage system systems 1034 1034 5,000 5000 20,000 3500 43167.5 for newly established irrigation farms. 49

Sub Basins 3 Awash Basin Year Total Targets (2010 – 12EC) (2010-17 EC) Activity Sub-activity Unit Awash Awash- Awash Awash Awash Eastern 3 yearTotal Total Upstream Awash Halidebi Adaitu Terminal Catchment Target Target Koka (2010-2012 (2013- E.C) 2017E.C) ha - Install subsurface ------drainage system for problematic soils Rehabilitate the existing ha 11600 agricultural surface and - 800 800 5000 - 5,000 13500 subsurface drainage structures Identify industires by type No 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Identify treatment Identify industries technologies by industries No 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 and treatment types technologies Select exemplary technologies by industries No 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 types promote the selected No 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Promote and apply examplary technologies exemplary technologies Apply the selected No 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 examplary technologies Assessment of Identify the status of sewerage and sewerage and sewage % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 sewage treatment treatment system. system Identify cities and big 3 3 3 3 3 3 towns with and without No 18 20 sewerage and sewage treatment system. Preparation of Reviewing existing sewerage and sewerage and sewage % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 sewege treatment treatment guideline.

Construct sewerage and - 1 sewage treatment plants No 1 - - - - 1 Establish sewerage for cities and big towns. and sewage treament system Rehabilitate the existing sewerage and sewage No 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 treatment systems Identify the status of solid wastemanagement % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Assessment of solid, system. sludge and Identify cities and big hazardous waste towns with and without management system No. 3 3 x 3 8 4 21 30 solid waste management system. Preparation of solid Reviewing existing solid & sludge waste and sludge waste % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 management system management guideline.

Sub Basins 3 Awash Basin Year Total Targets (2010 – 12EC) (2010-17 EC) Activity Sub-activity Unit Awash Awash- Awash Awash Awash Eastern 3 yearTotal Total Upstream Awash Halidebi Adaitu Terminal Catchment Target Target Koka (2010-2012 (2013- E.C) 2017E.C) design guideline . Setting draft solid and sludge waste management % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 system design guideline. presenting the draft solid No of and sludge waste Workshop 1 1 1 1 1 1 management system 6 6 design guideline to stakeholders. Submission and approval of solid and sludge waste % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 management system design guideline Implementing the solid and sludge waste % 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 management system guideline Construct Sanitary No of city 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 8 Landfill Construct solid and construct control land fill No of city 2 2 0 1 6 3 14 20 sludge waste Rehabilitate the existing management No 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 infrastructure & solid waste management disposal system Equip Solid waste management No of city 3 3 0 3 8 2 19 25 infrastructure Identify and characterize No of city 4 4 0 3 8 4 23 30 Establish polluted sites remediation mechanism for Formulate treatment and No of city 4 4 0 2 4 4 18 21 polluted solid waste remediation plans disposal sites Carryout treatment and No of city 4 4 0 2 2 2 14 16 remediation

Sub Basins 3 Awash Basin Year Total Targets (2010 – 12EC) (2010-17 EC) Activity Sub-activity Unit Awash Awash- Awash Awash Awash Eastern 3 yearTotal Total Upstream Awash Halidebi Adaitu Terminal Catchment Target Target Koka (2010-2012 (2013- E.C) 2017E.C) monitor and evaluate No of city 4 4 0 3 2 4 17 24 1 - - 1 1 Install automatic water No 1 4 4 quality monitoring station Install electromechanical - - - - - Controling The gate at the out let of the No 2 2 2 Water Level and lake Monitoring The Fix the mix ratio of Lake Water Quality of Beseka with Awash River Lake Beseka - - - - - based on research 2 2 2 findings and the acceptable water quality standards for intended use No. of study Apply new Review the existing 5 - - - - 5 5 technologies to use document on Lake Beseka No. of Doc Lake Beseka for intended purpose Conduct Research on - 2 - - - - 2 2 Lake Beseka No of study Adopt and implement the selected technologies to No - 2 - - - - 2 2 use the lake for different purpose

Table 7: Action Owners and Other Actors with Measures, Activities and Sub-activities

Measure Activity Sub activity Action Owners Other Actors

Identify and decide Higher institutions, R&D representative institutions ,ECWDC monitoring/sampling sites from laboratories existing & additional new AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water ,BHC,Community , Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and EFCCB NGO. Determine the type of physical, ,Higher institutions, R&D chemical and biological institutions ,,ECWDC parameters to be analyzed in laboratories each of the water quality AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water ,BHC,Community , Design the surface water stations. Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and quality monitoring network EFCCB NGO. and determine the required Develop a sampling ,Higher institutions, R&D monitoring stations. strategy/guideline institutions ,,ECWDC laboratories AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water ,BHC,Community , Update or re-design the Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and water quality monitoring EFCCB NGO. programe/strategy Determine the frequency and ,Higher institutions, R&D monitoring of sampling sites institutions ,,ECWDC laboratories AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water ,BHC,Community , Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and EFCCB NGO. ,Higher institutions, R&D institutions ,,ECWDC laboratories Strengthening the existing Identify and decide AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water ,BHC,Community , stations and establish representative borehole Bureau,MoEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and additional groundwater sampling sites. EFCCB NGO. monitoring stations ,Higher institutions, R&D Determine the frequency and AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water institutions ,,ECWDC monitoring of boreholes Bureau,MoEFCC, ,Regional laboratories sampling sites EFCCB ,BHC,Community ,

MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and NGO.

Install piezometric sampling AwBA,MoANR,Investment sites. State farms /investers agency,BHC Rehabilitate piezometric AwBA,MoANR,Investment sampling sites State farms /investers agency,BHC Determine the frequency and ,Higher institutions, R&D monitoring of piezometric institutions ,BHC,MEFCC. sampling AwBA ,Higher institutions, R&D institutions ,,ECWDC Identify non-point pollutant laboratories sources. AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water ,BHC,Community , Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and EFCCB NGO. ,Higher institutions, R&D institutions ,,ECWDC laboratories Identify point pollutant sources. AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water ,BHC,Community , Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and EFCCB NGO. Textil ,tanery , cotton , Manage water pollution from Sampling and analyses of flowery point and non point pollutant discharged water from major cultur&pharmacitcular,Meta sources. polluters. AwBA,MEFCC, ,Regional l&chemical instituit Higher EFCCB,MoI institutions,,MoUD&HBC. Textil ,tanery , cotton , enforce to construct modern flowery effluent treatment plant for cultur&pharmacitcular,Meta industrial park and clustered AwBA,MEFCC, ,Regional l&chemical instituit Higher industries EFCCB,MoI institutions,,MoUD&HBC. Textil ,tanery , cotton , flowery Initiate, enforce and install cultur&pharmacitcular,Meta effluent treatment plants for the l&chemical instituit Higher existing industries AwBA,MEFCC, ,Regional institutions,MoI,MoUD&HB EFCCB, C.

Monitor and evaluate MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD discharged water from major &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss polluters MEFCC inAutthorities

MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD Develop National Criteria &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss MEFCC inAutthorities

Reviewing existing national and MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD international water quality &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss standards MEFCC inAutthorities

MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD Setting draft standards Develop/adopt water quality &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss standards. MEFCC inAutthorities

Presenting the draft standards MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD for stakeholders. &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss MEFCC inAutthorities MoI,MoWIE,,MoUD Ratifying the standards .MoANR,MoLSF, Higher institutions, R&D MoH,BssinAutthorities institutions,BHC MoI,MoWIE,,MoUD Adopting/Implementing the .MoANR,MoLSF, Higher institutions, R&D standards documents. MoH,BssinAutthorities institutions,BHC Develop/select a database, data processing and modelling system for the water quality Regional water bureou ,AwBA Higher institutions, R&D Adopt and implement monitoring. institution appropriate water quality Develop guidelines/manuals ,Higher institutions, R&D modeling and provide tranings about institutions ,,ECWDC water quality modeling tools AwBA& Institute of water laboratories ,BHC, and GIS. resource MoWIE,MoANR and NGO. Establish class A Establishing and up (Accredited/Certified) Water technology instituite MoWIE, Higher institutions Establish water quality grading water quality laboratory . laboratories equip laboratories Establish intermidate AwBA& Institute of water ,Higher institutions, R&D (Accredited/Certified) resource institutions ,,ECWDC 56

laboratory . laboratories ,BHC, MoWIE,MoANR and NGO. ,Higher institutions, R&D Purchase of Mobile Water institutions ,,ECWDC Quality testing laboratories AwBA, MEFCC & Institute of laboratories ,BHC, water resource MoWIE,MoANR and NGO. ,Higher institutions, R&D Install Automatic Water Quality AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water institutions ,,ECWDC Monitoring stations Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional laboratories ,BHC, EFCCB MoWIE,MoANR and NGO. ,Higher institutions, R&D Equip water quality laboratories AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water institutions ,,ECWDC with appropriate facilities. Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional laboratories,MoI ,BHC, EFCCB MoWIE,MoANR and NGO. Upgrading water quality Upgrade the level of water ,Higher institutions, R&D laboroatories quality laboratories in the basin. institutions ,,ECWDC AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water laboratories ,BHC, Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and EFCCB NGO. ,Higher institutions, R&D Create educational institutions ,,ECWDC opportunities for water quality AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water laboratories ,BHC, Expets (long term). Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and EFCCB NGO. ,Higher institutions, R&D institutions ,,ECWDC Organize experience sharing AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water laboratories ,BHC, , visit for water quality Experts. Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and Capacitate and empower Capacitate Water quality EFCCB NGO. relevant stakeholders Experts. Higher institutions, R&D institutions ,,ECWDC Organize and conduct capacity AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water laboratories ,BHC, , building trainings (short term). Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and EFCCB NGO. Facilitate conducive working ,Higher institutions, R&D environment for water quality institutions ,,ECWDC experts and stakeholders AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water laboratories ,BHC, , through provision of IT and Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and other required facilities EFCCB NGO.

,Higher institutions, R&D institutions ,ECWDC Awareness creation. AwBA,MoWIE,Regional Water laboratories ,BHC, , Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional MoI,MoANR,MoLSF, and Empower Relevant EFCCB NGO. Stakeholders.

MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD Organize experience sharing. &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss MEFCC inAutthorities

MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD Develop/set national criteria &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss MEFCC inAutthorities

MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD Conduct waste characterization &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss MEFCC inAutthorities Reviewing the existing national and international treated waste MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD water quality standards &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss documents. MEFCC inAutthorities

Develop treated waste water Prepare draft wastewater MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD Setting up and impliment discharge standards. emission standards &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss permit system for treated MEFCC inAutthorities waste water discharge Conduct stakeholder consultation including members of the regulated community on MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD the draft wastewater emission &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Bss standards MEFCC inAutthorities Presenting the draft wastewater MoI,MoWIE,,MoUD standards for ratification .MoANR,MoLSF, MoH,BasinAutthorities Prepare implementation plan for MoWIE,Regional Water enforcing the ratified Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional wastewater emission standards AwBA EFCCB Develop treated waste water MoWIE,Regional Water Setup treated waste water discharge permit system. Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional discharge permit system AwBA EFCCB

MoWIE,Regional Water Develop treated waste water Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional discharge tariffs. AwBA EFCCB Develop enabling regulations, guidelines, and operational MEFCC, Higher manuals necessary to administer institutions, R&D the wastewater discharge permit institutions ,BHC, MoI, system AwBA,MoFEc MoANR,MoLSF, MoWIE,Regional Water Implement treated waste water Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional discharging permit system . AwBA,MoFEc EFCCB MoWIE,Regional Water Implement waste water Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional discharge tariffs. AwBA,MoFEc EFCCB Implement treated waste water MoWIE,Regional Water discharge permit system. Collect fees for license and Bureau,MEFCC, ,Regional treated waste water discharge. AwBA EFCCB

MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD Renew license on regular base. &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Ba MEFCC sinAutthorities Prepare draft enforcement tools such as regulations, MoUs, MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD guidelines ,directives, protocols &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Ba etc. MEFCC sinAutthorities Develop /strengthen and

implement Regulations, MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD guidelines,directives,protocols Approve/ratify the draft &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF,Ba Establish/strengthen/coor and MoUs. enforcement tools. MEFCC sinAutthorities dinate regulatory Prepare appropriate AwBA,Regional Water inspection and enforcement plan to implement Bureau,MEFCC,Regional MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD enforcement mechanism the ratified tools. EFCCB &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF Develop Monitoring System for AwBA,Regional Water the effectiveness of the Bureau,MEFCC,Regional MoI,MoH,MoWIE,,MoUD Monitor and evaluate the enforcement tools EFCCB &HBC.MoANR,MoLSF application of enforcement and Monitor and evaluate the Higher institutions, R&D compliance mechanisms enforcement and compliance institutions mechanisms MoWIE, MoANR, ,BHC,MEFCC.MoLSF

Review national and international water quality Higher institutions, R&D enforcement and compliant institutions handling mechanisms MoWIE, MoANR, ,BHC,MEFCC.MoLSF ,Higher institutions, R&D Prepare compliant handling institutions Preparation of compliant draft guideline document MoWIE, MoANR, ,BHC,MEFCC.MoLSF handling guideline Higher institutions, R&D Present the draft guideline to the institutions relevant stakeholders MoWIE, MoANR, ,BHC,MEFCC.MoLSF Higher institutions, R&D Establish complaint Ratifying the guideline institutions handling mechanism for document the the wastewater MoWIE, MoANR, ,BHC,MEFCC.MoLSF Prepare compliant submission discharge permit Develop an open and easily formats for office and online - accessible platform by which application - - complaints can be submitted to Prepare and communicate the regulating bodies (e.g Hot Hotline calling numbers for the - -- line phone, Website, e.t.c) regulated bodies

Develop complaint verification - Develop a complaint system - - verification and response

delivery mechanism Develop response delivery - -- system Higher institutions, R&D institutions Reviewing existing irrigation ,BHC,MEFCC.MoLSF guideline. MoWIE, MoANR, Higher institutions, R&D Enable Agricultural Setting draft irrigation institutions farms to have a Preparation of irrigation guide guideline. ,BHC,MEFCC.MoLSF functional drainage line. MoWIE, MoANR, system Higher institutions, R&D institutions presenting the draft irrigation ,BHC,MEFCC.MoLSF guideline to stakeholder. MoWIE, MoANR,

Submission and approval of irrigation guideline MoWIE, MoANR, 60

Implementing the irrigation MoANR,Investmentagency, guideline. AwBA BHC

Identification of farms with and AwBA,MoANR,Investment without drainage system. agricuturalschime agency,BHC ,MoLSF Construct agriculural surface drainage system for newly AwBA,MoANR,Investment established irrigation farms. agricuturalschime agency,BHC,MoLSF Manage agrictural surface and subsurface drainage systems Install subsurface drainage AwBA,MoANR,Investment system for problematic soils agricuturalschime agency,BHC,MoLSF Textil ,tanery , cotton , Rehabilitate the existing flowery agricultural surface and cultur&pharmacitcular,Meta subsurface drainage structures l&chemical instituit Higher MoI,AwBA, MEFCC institutions,,MoUD&HBC. Textil ,tanery , cotton , flowery Identify industires by type cultur&pharmacitcular,Meta l&chemical instituit Higher MoI,AwBA, MEFCC institutions,,MoUD&HBC. Textil ,tanery , cotton , flowery Identify industries and Identify treatment technologies cultur&pharmacitcular,Meta treatment technologies by industries types l&chemical instituit Higher MoI,AwBA, MEFCC institutions,,MoUD&HBC. Textil ,tanery , cotton , Transfer new waste flowery treatment technology to cultur&pharmacitcular,Meta industries Select exemplary technologies l&chemical instituit Higher by industries types MoI,AwBA, MEFCC institutions,,MoUD&HBC. Textil ,tanery , cotton , flowery promote the selected examplary cultur&pharmacitcular,Meta technologies l&chemical instituit Higher Promote and apply exemplary MoI,AwBA, MEFCC institutions,,MoUD&HBC. technologies Textil ,tanery , cotton , flowery Apply the selected examplary cultur&pharmacitcular,Meta technologies MoI,AwBA, MEFCC l&chemical instituit Higher 61

institutions,,MoUD&HBC.

Assessment of sewerage and Identify the status of sewerage AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC Higher institutions, R&D sewage treatment system and sewage treatment system. ,Regional Water Bureau, institutions ,BHC, and Regional MEFCC MoWIE, Identify cities and big towns AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC Higher institutions, R&D with and without sewerage and ,Regional Water Bureau, institutions ,BHC, and sewage treatment system. Regional MEFCC MoWIE,MoC Reviewing existing sewerage AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC Higher institutions, MoH and sewage treatment ,Regional Water Bureau, ,R&D institutions ,BHC, and guideline. Regional MEFCC MoWIE,MoC Setting draft sewerage and AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC Higher institutions, sewage treatment design ,Regional Water Bureau, MoH,R&D institutions guideline. Regional MEFCC ,BHC, and MoWIE,MoC Ensure cities and big Preparation of sewerage and presenting the draft sewerage AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC Higher institutions,MoH, towns to have a sewerage sewege treatment design and sewage treatment design ,Regional Water Bureau, R&D institutions ,BHC, and and sewage treatment guideline. guideline to stakeholder. Regional MEFCC MoWIE,MoC system Submission and approval of AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC Higher institutions, sewerage and sewage treament ,Regional Water Bureau, MoH,R&D institutions design guideline Regional MEFCC ,BHC, and MoWIE,MoC Implementing the sewerage and AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC Higher institutions, MoH sewage treatment guideline. ,Regional Water Bureau, ,R&D institutions ,BHC, and Regional MEFCC MoWIE,MoC Higher institutions, Construct sewerage and sewage MoH,R&D institutions treatment plants for cities and ,BHC, aMoWIE,MoC and Establish sewerage and sewage big towns. MoUD,Regional Water Bureau, NGOs treament system Rehabilitate the existing Higher institutions, R&D sewerage and sewage treatment institutions ,BHC, and systems MoUD,Regional Water Bureau, MoWIE,MoC and NGOs Identify the status of solid Higher institutions, R&D waste management system. AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC , institutions ,BHC, and Assessment of solid, sludge Regional MEFCC MoWIE,MoC Ensure cities, industries and hazardous waste Identify cities and big towns Higher institutions, R&D and big towns to have management system with and without solid waste AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC institutions ,BHC, and integrated solid waste management system. ,Regional MEFCC MoWIE,MoC management system. Preparation of solid & sludge Reviewing existing solid and AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC , Higher institutions, waste management system sludge waste management Regional MEFCC MoH,R&D institutions design guideline . guideline. ConsernedMunicipalitie ,MoI ,BHC, and MoWIE,MoC

Setting draft solid and sludge AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC , Higher institutions, waste management system Regional MEFCC, MoH,R&D institutions design guideline. ConsernedMunicipalitie, MoI ,BHC, and MoWIE,MoC presenting the draft solid and sludge waste management AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC , Higher institutions, R&D system design guideline to Regional MEFCC , institutions stakeholders. ConsernedMunicipalitie, MoI ,BHC,MEFCC.MoLSF Submission and approval of solid and sludge waste AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC , management system design Regional MEFCC , Higher institutions, R&D guideline ConsernedMunicipalitie , MoI institutions ,BHC.MoLSF Implementing the solid and AwBA, MoUD,MEFCC , sludge waste management Regional MEFCC , Higher institutions, R&D system guideline ConsernedMunicipalitie , MoI institutions ,BHC.MoLSF Higher institutions, MoH,R&D institutions Construct Sanitary Landfill MoUD, Conserned ,BHC, MoWIE,MoC and Municipalities , MoI NGOs Higher institutions, Construct solid and sludge MoH,R&D institutions constract control land fill waste management MoUD, Conserned ,BHC, and MoWIE,MoC infrastructure & disposal Municipalities, MoI and NGOs system Rehabilitate the existing solid MoUD, Conserned waste management Municipalities, MoI MoUD

Equip Solid waste management MoUD, Conserned infrastructure Municipalities, MoI MoUD

Identify and characterize polluted sites Conserned Municipalities MoUD

Formulate treatment and Establish remediation remediation plans Conserned Municipalities MoUD mechanism for polluted solid waste disposal sites Carryout treatment and remediation Conserned Municipalities MoUD

monitor and evaluate Conserned Municipalities MoUD

Install automatic water quality monitoring station AwBA Higher institutions,

Controling The Water Level Install electromechanical gate at AwBA and Monitoring The Water the out let of the lake Higher institutions, Quality of Lake Beseka Fix the mix ratio of Lake Beseka with Awash River based on research findings and the Lake Beseka acceptable water quality Management standards for intended use AwBA Higher institutions, Apply new technologies to use Lake Beseka for intended Review the existing document AwBA , Regional Water berou purpose on Lake Beseka ,Regional EFCC Higher institutions,

Conduct Research on Lake Beseka AwBA , Higher institutions, Higher institutions, Adopt and implement the selected technologies to use the lake for different purpose

Table 8-Awash up stream Budget including 5% contingencies & 7 % inflation Awash up stream( including inf. and cont.) Activity Sub activity Total 2010 E.C 2011 E.C 2012 E.C sum(2010- 2012) E.C Design the surface water quality Identify and decide representative monitoring/sampling sites from - monitoring network and existing & additional new 235,065.60 - 235,065.60

64 determine the required Determine the type of physical, chemical and biological parameters to - monitoring stations. be analyzed in each of the water quality stations. 27,720.00 - 27,720.00

Develop a sampling strategy/guideline - 1,236,000.00 - 1,236,000.00

Determine the frequency and continuous monitoring of sampling site 241,920.00 345,139.20 553,948.42 1,141,007.62

Identify and decide representative borehole sampling sites. - 197,144.64 - 197,144.64 Determine the frequency and continuous monitoring of bore hole sampling site 2,580,641.28 5,062,357.98 5,416,723.04 13,059,722.29 Strengthening the existing stations and establish additional Install piezometric sampling sites. - - - - groundwater monitoring stations

Rehabilitate piezometric sampling sites - - - - Determine the frequency and continuous monitoring of pizometric - sampling site - - -

Identify non-point pollutant sources. 6,966.40 7,454.05 7,975.83 22,396.28

Identify point pollutant sources. 3,483.20 3,727.02 3,987.92 11,198.14

Sampling and analyses of discharged water from major polluters. Manage water pollution from 3,772,608.00 6,055,035.84 10,798,147.25 20,625,791.09 point and non point pollutant enforce to construct modern effluent treatment plant for industrial park sources. and clustered industries - 106,400,000.00 113,848,000.00 220,248,000.00 Initiate, enforce and install effluent treatment plants for the existing industries 33,600,000.00 35,952,000.00 76,937,280.00 146,489,280.00

Monitor and evaluate discharged water from major polluters - - - -

Develop National Criteria 896,000.00 - - 896,000.00

Reviewing existing national and international water quality standards 1,344,000.00 - - 1,344,000.00

Develop/adopt water quality Setting draft standards 1,792,000.00 1,917,440.00 - 3,709,440.00 standards. Presenting the draft standards for stakeholders. - 896,000.00 - 896,000.00

Ratifying the standards - 896,000.00 - 896,000.00

Adopting/Implementing the standards documents. - 1,344,000.00 - 1,344,000.00 Adopt and implement appropriate Develop/select a database, data processing and modeling system for the - water quality modeling water quality monitoring. - - - 65

Develop guidelines/manuals and provide trainings about water quality modeling tools and GIS. 850,000.00 275,000.00 - 1,125,000.00

Establish class A (Accredited/Certified) laboratory . 134,400,000.00 - - 134,400,000.00

Establish intermediate (Accredited/Certified) laboratory . - Establish water quality - 1,600,000.00 1,600,000.00 laboratories equip Purchase of Mobile Water Quality testing laboratories - - 7,100,000.00 7,100,000.00

Install Automatic Water Quality Monitoring stations - - 5,600,000.00 5,600,000.00

Equip water quality laboratories with appropriate facilities. - Upgrading water quality - 1,360,000.00 1,360,000.00 laboratories Upgrade the level of water quality laboratories in the basin. 1,000,480.00 651,000.00 - 1,651,480.00

Create educational opportunities for water quality Experts (long term). 100,800.00 161,784.00 288,514.80 551,098.80

Organize experience sharing visit for water quality Experts. 158,592.00 169,693.44 181,571.98 509,857.42 Capacitate Water quality Experts. Organize and conduct capacity building trainings (short term). 325,000.00 388,000.00 415,136.23 1,128,136.23 Facilitate conducive working environment for water quality experts and stakeholders through provision of IT and other required facilities - - - -

Awareness creation. 2,513,952.00 3,810,732.24 5,756,447.29 12,081,131.53 Empower Relevant Stakeholders.

Organize experience sharing. 123,760.00 132,423.20 141,692.82 397,876.02

Develop/set national criteria 896,000.00 - - 896,000.00

Conduct waste characterization 1,344,000.00 - - 1,344,000.00 Reviewing the existing national and international treated waste water quality standards documents. 896,000.00 - - 896,000.00

Develop treated waste water Prepare draft wastewater emission standards discharge standards. 1,792,000.00 1,917,440.00 - 3,709,440.00 Conduct stakeholder consultation including members of the regulated - community on the draft wastewater emission standards - 671,104.00 671,104.00 Presenting the draft wastewater standards for ratification - 766,976.00 - 766,976.00 Prepare implementation plan for enforcing the ratified wastewater emission standards - 958,720.00 - 958,720.00 Setup treated waste water Develop treated waste water discharge permit system. discharge permit system 1,686,070.55 - - 1,686,070.55 66

Develop treated waste water discharge tariffs. 3,536,000.00 - - 3,536,000.00 Develop enabling regulations, guidelines, and operational manuals - necessary to administer the wastewater discharge permit system 1,360,800.00 - 1,360,800.00

Implement treated waste water discharging permit system . 275,520.00 442,209.60 788,607.12 1,506,336.72

Implement waste water discharge tariffs. Implement treated waste water - - - - discharge permit system. Collect fees for license and treated waste water discharge. - - - -

Renew license on regular base. 137,760.00 294,806.40 630,885.70 1,063,452.10 Prepare draft enforcement tools such as regulations, MoUs, guidelines

,directives, protocols etc. 1,559,040.00 Develop /strengthen and 840,000.00 719,040.00 - implement Regulations, guidelines,directives,protocols Approve/ratify the draft enforcement tools. - 539,280.00 - 539,280.00 and MoUs.

Prepare appropriate enforcement plan to implement the ratified tools. - - 577,029.60 577,029.60

Monitor and evaluate the Develop Monitoring System for the effectiveness of the enforcement 56,000.00 application of enforcement and tools - - 56,000.00 compliance mechanisms Monitor and evaluate the enforcement and compliance mechanisms - - - - Review national and international water quality enforcement and compliant handling mechanisms - - - -

Prepare compliant handling draft guideline document Preparation of compliant 336,000.00 366,470.72 - 702,470.72 handling guideline Present the draft guideline to the relevant stakeholders - 179,760.00 - 179,760.00

Ratifying the guideline document - - - -

Reviewing existing irrigation guideline. - 121,184.00 - 121,184.00

Setting draft irrigation guideline. - 342,496.00 359,520.00 702,016.00 Preparation of irrigation guide line. presenting the draft irrigation guideline to stakeholder. - - 179,760.00 179,760.00

Submission and approval of irrigation guideline - - 23,968.00 23,968.00

Implementing the irrigation guideline. - - 91,078.40 91,078.40

Identification of farms with and without drainage system. - - - -

Construct agricultural surface drainage system for newly established - Manage agricultural surface and irrigation farms. - - - subsurface drnage systems Install subsurface drainage system for problematic soils - - - - Rehabilitate the existing agricultural surface and subsurface drainage structures 6,720,000.00 11,984,000.00 20,516,608.00 39,220,608.00

Identify industries by type 2,239.63 - - 2,239.63 Identify industries and treatment Identify treatment technologies by industries types technologies 164,183.04 - - 164,183.04

Select exemplary technologies by industries types 19,420.80 - - 19,420.80

promote the selected exemplary technologies Promote and apply exemplary 840,000.00 898,800.00 641,144.00 2,379,944.00 technologies Apply the selected exemplary technologies 44,800,000.00 95,872,000.00 102,583,040.00 243,255,040.00 Assessment of sewerage and Identify the status of sewerage and sewage treatment system. sewage treatment system 437,472.00 - - 437,472.00 Identify cities and big towns with and without sewerage and sewage treatment system. 437,472.00 - - 437,472.00

Reviewing existing sewerage and sewage treatment guideline. - - 121,184.00 121,184.00

Setting draft sewerage and sewage treatment design guideline. - 387,296.00 359,520.00 746,816.00 Preparation of sewerage and presenting the draft sewerage and sewage treatment design guideline sewege treatment design to stakeholder. - - 179,760.00 179,760.00 guideline. Submission and approval of sewerage and sewage treatment design guideline - - 23,968.00 23,968.00 Implementing the sewerage and sewage treatment guideline. - - - - Construct sewerage and sewage treatment plants for cities and big Establish sewerage and sewage towns. 44,800,000.00 - 448,000,000.00 492,800,000.00 treament system Rehabilitate the existing sewerage and sewage treatment systems - - 1,240,000.00 1,240,000.00 Identify the status of solid waste management system. Assessment of solid, sludge and 337,472.00 - - 337,472.00 hazardous waste management Identify cities and big towns with and without solid waste management system system. - 337,472.00 - 337,472.00

Reviewing existing solid and sludge waste management guideline. - - - - Setting draft solid and sludge waste management system design guideline. 761,600.00 732,941.44 - 1,494,541.44 Preparation of solid & sludge presenting the draft solid and sludge waste management system design waste management system design guideline to stakeholders. 359,520.00 guideline . - 359,520.00 - Submission and approval of solid and sludge waste management system design guideline - 47,936.00 - 47,936.00

Implementing the solid and sludge waste management system guideline - 182,156.80 - 182,156.80

Construct Sanitary Landfill - - 89,600,000.00 89,600,000.00

Construct solid and sludge waste construct control land fill - 33,600,000.00 35,952,000.00 69,552,000.00 management infrastructure & disposal system Rehabilitate the existing solid waste management - - 1,680,000.00 1,680,000.00

Equip Solid waste management infrastructure - 33,600,000.00 35,952,000.00 69,552,000.00

Identify and characterize polluted sites 336,000.00 359,520.00 384,686.40 1,080,206.40

Establish remediation mechanism Formulate treatment and remediation plans 56,000.00 59,920.00 64,114.40 180,034.40 for polluted solid waste disposal sites Carryout treatment and remediation 11,200,000.00 11,984,000.00 12,822,880.00 36,006,880.00

monitor and evaluate 72,912.00 156,031.68 250,430.85 479,374.53

1,654,927,532.78 Total 309,491,055.14 371,030,051.61 974,406,426.03

Table -9-Awash Awash Budget including 5% contingencies & 7 % inflation

Awash @Awash including inf.and cont.) Activity Sub activity Total 2010 E.C 2011 E.C 2012 E.C sum(2010- 2012) E.C Design the surface water Identify and decide representative monitoring/sampling quality monitoring network sites from existing & additional new 141,039.36 - - 141,039.36

69 and determine the required Determine the type of physical, chemical and biological monitoring stations. parameters to be analyzed in each of the water quality 27,720.00 stations. 27,720.00 - -

Develop a sampling strategy/guideline - - - - Determine the frequency and continuous moniteringof sampling site 354,816.00 379,653.12 406,228.84 1,140,697.96 Identify and decide representative borehole sampling sites. 125,455.68 - - 125,455.68 Determine the frequency and continuous moniteringof Strengthening the existing bore hole sampling site 1,290,320.64 2,301,071.81 3,447,005.57 7,038,398.02 stations and establish additional groundwater Install piezometric sampling sites. 862,848.00 1,154,059.20 1,481,812.01 3,498,719.21 monitoring stations Rehabilitate piezometric sampling sites - - 64,713.60 64,713.60 Determine the frequency and continuous monitoring of pizometric sampling site 34,105.34 82,108.62 146,427.03 262,640.99

Identify non-point pollutant sources. 6,966.40 7,454.05 7,975.83 22,396.28

Identify point pollutant sources. 3,483.20 3,727.02 3,987.92 11,198.14 Sampling and analyses of discharged water from major Manage water pollution from polluters. 320,671.68 645,870.49 1,230,988.79 2,197,530.96 point and non point pollutant enforce to construct modern effluent treatment plant for sources. industrial park and clustered industries - - - - Initiate, enforce and install effluent treatment plants for the existing industries - - - - Monitor and evaluate discharged water from major polluters - - - -

Develop National Criteria - - - - Reviewing existing national and international water Develop/adopt water quality quality standards - - - - standards.

Setting draft standards - - - - Presenting the draft standards for stakeholders. 70

- - - -

Ratifying the standards - - - -

Adopting/Implementing the standards documents. - - - - Develop/select a database, data processing and modelling Adopt and implement system for the water quality monitoring. - - - - appropriate water quality modeling Develop guidelines/manuals and provide tranings about water quality modeling tools and GIS. - - - -

Establish class A (Accredited/Certified) laboratory . -

Establish water quality Establish intermediate (Accredited/Certified) laboratory . 1,600,000.00 - - 1,600,000.00 laboratories equip Purchase of Mobile Water Quality testing laboratories - - 7,100,000.00 7,100,000.00

Install Automatic Water Quality Monitoring stations - 5,600,000.00 - 5,600,000.00 Equip water quality laboratories with appropriate Upgrading water quality facilities. - 1,360,000.00 - 1,360,000.00 laboroatories Upgrade the level of water quality laboratories in the basin. 1,764,000.00 - - 1,764,000.00 Create educational opportunities for water quality Expets (long term). 100,800.00 161,784.00 288,514.80 551,098.80 Organize experience sharing visit for water quality Experts. 158,592.00 169,693.44 181,571.98 509,857.42 Capacitate Water quality Experts. Organize and conduct capacity building trainings (short term). 325,000.00 388,000.00 415,136.23 1,128,136.23

Facilitate conducive working environment for water quality experts and stakeholders through provision of IT - and other required facilities - - -

Empower Relevant Awareness creation. 2,513,952.00 3,810,732.24 5,756,447.29 12,081,131.53 Stakeholders. Organize experience sharing. 123,760.00 132,423.20 141,692.82 397,876.02

Develop treated waste water Develop/set national criteria - - - - discharge standards. Conduct waste characterization 71

- - - - Reviewing the existing national and international treated waste water quality standards documents. - - - -

Prepare draft wastewater emission standards - - - -

Conduct stakeholder consultation including members of the regulated community on the draft wastewater emission - standards - - -

Presenting the draft wastewater standards for ratification - - - - Prepare implementation plan for enforcing the ratified wastewater emission standards - - - -

Develop treated waste water discharge permit system. - - - -

Setup treated waste water Develop treated waste water discharge tariffs. - - - - discharge permit system Develop enabling regulations, guidelines, and operational manuals necessary to administer the wastewater discharge - permit system - - - Implement treated waste water discharging permit system . 23,419.20 47,169.02 89,901.21 160,489.44

Implement treated waste Implement waste water discharge tariffs. - - - - water discharge permit Collect fees for license and treated waste water system. discharge. - - - -

Renew license on regular base. 16,531.20 42,746.93 96,210.07 155,488.20 Prepare draft enforcement tools such as regulations, Develop /strengthen and MoUs, guidelines ,directives, protocols etc. - - - - implement Regulations, guidelines,directives,protocols Approve/ratify the draft enforcement tools. - - - - and MoUs. Prepare appropriate enforcement plan to implement the ratified tools. - - - - Monitor and evaluate the Develop Monitoring System for the effectiveness of the application of enforcement enforcement tools - - - -

72 and compliance mechanisms Monitor and evaluate the enforcement and compliance mechanisms - - - - Review national and international water quality enforcement and compliant handling mechanisms - - - -

Preparation of compliant Prepare compliant handling draft guideline document - - - - handling guideline Present the draft guideline to the relevant stakeholders - - - -

Ratifying the guideline document - - - -

Reviewing existing irrigation guideline. - - - -

Setting draft irrigation guideline. - - - - Preparation of irrigation guide line. presenting the draft irrigation guideline to stakeholder. - - - -

Submission and approval of irrigation guideline - - - -

Implementing the irrigation guideline. - - - - Identification of farms with and without drainage system. 1,158,080.00 - - 1,158,080.00 Manage agricultural surface Construct agricultural surface drainage system for newly and subsurface derange established irrigation farms. 554,960.00 669,814.52 889,523.19 2,114,297.71 systems Install subsurface drainage system for problematic soils - - - - Rehabilitate the existing agricultural surface and subsurface drainage structures 6,720,000.00 11,984,000.00 20,516,608.00 39,220,608.00

Identify industries by type 2,239.63 - - 2,239.63 Identify industries and treatment technologies Identify treatment technologies by industries types 27,363.84 58,558.62 62,657.72 148,580.18

Select exemplary technologies by industries types 3,236.80 6,926.75 7,411.62 17,575.18

Promote and apply exemplary promote the selected exemplary technologies 280,000.00 599,200.00 641,144.00 1,520,344.00 technologies Apply the selected exemplary technologies 44,800,000.00 95,872,000.00 102,583,040.00 243,255,040.00

Assessment of sewerage and Identify the status of sewerage and sewage treatment sewage treatment system system. 218,736.00 - - 218,736.00 Identify cities and big towns with and without sewerage and sewage treatment system. - 60,950.40 - 60,950.40 Reviewing existing sewerage and sewage treatment guideline. - - - - Setting draft sewerage and sewage treatment design guideline. - - - - Preparation of sewerage and sewege treatment design presenting the draft sewerage and sewage treatment - guideline. design guideline to stakeholder. - - - Submission and approval of sewerage and sewage treatment design guideline - - - - Implementing the sewerage and sewage treatment guideline. - - - - Construct sewerage and sewage treatment plants for Establish sewerage and cities and big towns. - - 448,000,000.00 448,000,000.00 sewage treatment system Rehabilitate the existing sewerage and sewage treatment systems - - - -

Assessment of solid, sludge Identify the status of solid waste management system. 118,736.00 - - 118,736.00 and hazardous waste management system Identify cities and big towns with and without solid waste management system. - 118,736.00 - 118,736.00 Reviewing existing solid and sludge waste management guideline. - - - - Setting draft solid and sludge waste management system design guideline. - - - - Preparation of solid & sludge waste management system presenting the draft solid and sludge waste management - design guideline . system design guideline to stakeholders. - - - Submission and approval of solid and sludge waste management system design guideline - - - - Implementing the solid and sludge waste management system guideline - - - - Construct solid and sludge waste management Construct Sanitary Landfill - - 89,600,000.00 89,600,000.00 infrastructure & disposal construct control land fill 74 system - 16,800,000.00 17,976,000.00 34,776,000.00

Rehabilitate the existing solid waste management - - - -

Equip Solid waste management infrastructure - 11,200,000.00 23,968,000.00 35,168,000.00

Identify and characterize polluted sites 168,000.00 179,760.00 384,686.40 732,446.40

Establish remediation Formulate treatment and remediation plans 56,000.00 59,920.00 128,228.80 244,148.80 mechanism for polluted solid waste disposal sites Carryout treatment and remediation 11,200,000.00 11,984,000.00 25,645,760.00 48,829,760.00

monitor and evaluate 72,912.00 156,031.68 250,430.85 479,374.53

Install automatic water quality monitoring station - 5,600,000.00 - 5,600,000.00 Controlling The Water Level and Monitoring The Water Install electromechanical gate at the out let of the lake - - - - Quality of Lake Beseka Fix the mix ratio of Lake Beseka with Awash River based on research findings and the acceptable water quality - 599,200.00 - 599,200.00 standards for intended use Apply new technologies to use Lake Beseka for intended Review the existing document on Lake Beseka 168,000.00 179,760.00 - 347,760.00 purpose Conduct Research on Lake Beseka - 1,996,000.00 - 1,996,000.00 Adopt and implement the selected technologies to use the lake for different purpose - - - - Total 75,341,744.97 174,411,351.11 751,512,104.57 1,001,265,200.65

Table 10- Awash Halidebi Budget including 5% contingencies & 7 % inflation Activity Sub activity Awash Halide( including inf. and cont.)

Total sum(2010- 2010 E.C 2011 E.C 2012 E.C 2012) E.C

Identify and decide representative monitoring/sampling sites from existing & 129,286.08 - - 129,286.08 additional new Design the surface water quality monitoring network and Determine the type of physical, chemical and determine the required biological parameters to be analyzed in each 27,720.00 - - 27,720.00 monitoring stations. of the water quality stations. Develop a sampling strategy/guideline - - - - Determine the frequency and continuous 80,640.00 155,312.64 240,044.31 475,996.95 moniteringof sampling site Identify and decide representative borehole 134,416.80 - - 134,416.80 sampling sites. Determine the frequency and continuous 1,075,267.20 2,301,071.81 3,693,220.25 7,069,559.26 Strengthening the existing moniteringof bore hole sampling site stations and establish additional groundwater monitoring stations Install piezometric sampling sites. - - - - Rehabilitate piezometric sampling sites 80,640.00 323,568.00 431,424.00 835,632.00 Determine the frequency and continuous 74,605.44 136,847.69 22,777.54 234,230.67 monitoring of pizometric sampling site Identify non-point pollutant sources. - - - - Identify point pollutant sources. - - - - Sampling and analyses of discharged water 37,726.08 60,550.36 107,981.47 206,257.91 from major polluters. Manage water pollution from enforce to construct modern effluent point and non point pollutant treatment plant for industrial park and - 106,400,000.00 113,848,000.00 220,248,000.00 sources. clustered industries Initiate, enforce and install effluent 3,360,000.00 - - 3,360,000.00 treatment plants for the existing industries Monitor and evaluate discharged water from - - - - major polluters Develop National Criteria - - - - Develop/adopt water quality Reviewing existing national and international standards. - - - - water quality standards 76

Setting draft standards - - - - Presenting the draft standards for - - - - stakeholders. Ratifying the standards - - - - Adopting/Implementing the standards - - - - documents. Develop/select a database, data processing and modelling system for the water quality - - - - Adopt and implement monitoring. appropriate water quality Develop guidelines/manuals and provide modeling tranings about water quality modeling tools - - - - and GIS. Establish class A (Accredited/Certified) - laboratory . Establish intermediate (Accredited/Certified) 1,600,000.00 - - 1,600,000.00 Establish water quality laboratory . laboratories equip Purchase of Mobile Water Quality testing - - - - laboratories Install Automatic Water Quality Monitoring - - - - stations Equip water quality laboratories with 1,360,000.00 - - 1,360,000.00 Upgrading water quality appropriate facilities. laboratories’ Upgrade the level of water quality - 168,000.00 - 168,000.00 laboratories in the basin. Create educational opportunities for water 100,800.00 161,784.00 288,514.80 551,098.80 quality Experts (long term). Organize experience sharing visit for water 158,592.00 169,693.44 181,571.98 509,857.42 quality Experts. Capacitate Water quality Organize and conduct capacity building 165,490.08 177,074.39 189,469.59 532,034.06 Experts. trainings (short term). Facilitate conducive working environment for water quality experts and stakeholders - - - - through provision of IT and other required facilities Empower Relevant Awareness creation. 4,189,920.00 4,483,214.40 4,797,039.41 13,470,173.81 Stakeholders. Organize experience sharing. 123,760.00 132,423.20 141,692.82 397,876.02

Develop/set national criteria - - - - Conduct waste characterization - - - - Reviewing the existing national and international treated waste water quality - - - - standards documents. Develop treated waste water Prepare draft wastewater emission standards - - - - discharge standards. Conduct stakeholder consultation including members of the regulated community on the - - - - draft wastewater emission standards Presenting the draft wastewater standards for - - - - ratification Prepare implementation plan for enforcing - - - - the ratified wastewater emission standards Develop treated waste water discharge permit - - - - system. Develop treated waste water discharge - - - - Setup treated waste water tariffs. discharge permit system Develop enabling regulations, guidelines, and operational manuals necessary to administer - - - - the wastewater discharge permit system Implement treated waste water discharging 2,755.20 7,370.16 7,886.07 18,011.43 permit system . Implement treated waste water Implement waste water discharge tariffs. - - - - discharge permit system. Collect fees for license and treated waste - - - - water discharge. Renew license on regular base. - 1,377.60 4,422.10 5,799.70 Prepare draft enforcement tools such as Develop /strengthen and regulations, MoUs, guidelines ,directives, - - - - implement Regulations, protocols etc. guidelines,directives,protocols Approve/ratify the draft enforcement tools. - - - - and MoUs. Prepare appropriate enforcement plan to - - - - implement the ratified tools. Monitor and evaluate the Develop Monitoring System for the - - - - application of enforcement and effectiveness of the enforcement tools

78 compliance mechanisms Monitor and evaluate the enforcement and - - - - compliance mechanisms Review national and international water quality enforcement and compliant handling - - - - mechanisms Prepare compliant handling draft guideline Preparation of compliant - - - - handling guideline document Present the draft guideline to the relevant - - - - stakeholders Ratifying the guideline document - - - - Develop an open and easily Prepare compliant submission formats for - - - - accessible platform by which office and online application complaints can be submitted to Prepare and communicate Hotline calling the regulating bodies (e.g Hot - - - - line phone, Website, e.t.c) numbers for the regulated bodies Develop a complaint Develop complaint verification system - - - - verification and response delivery mechanism Develop response delivery system - - - - Reviewing existing irrigation guideline. - - - - Setting draft irrigation guideline. - - - - presenting the draft irrigation guideline to Preparation of irrigation guide - - - - line. stakeholder. Submission and approval of irrigation - - - - guideline Implementing the irrigation guideline. - - - - Identification of farms with and without 1,960,000.00 - - 1,960,000.00 drainage system. Construct agricultural surface drainage 11,099,200.00 - - 11,099,200.00 Manage agricultural surface and system for newly established irrigation farms. subsurface derange systems Install subsurface drainage system for - - - - problematic soils Rehabilitate the existing agricultural surface - 119,840,000.00 128,228,800.00 248,068,800.00 and subsurface drainage structures Identify industries by type 2,239.63 - - 2,239.63 Identify industries and treatment Identify treatment technologies by industries technologies 27,363.84 29,279.31 31,328.86 87,972.01 types

Select exemplary technologies by industries 3,236.80 3,463.38 3,705.81 10,405.99 types Promote and apply exemplary promote the selected exemplary technologies 280,000.00 299,600.00 320,572.00 900,172.00 technologies Apply the selected exemplary technologies - 10,000,000.00 10,027,520.00 20,027,520.00 Assessment of sewerage and Identify the status of sewerage and sewage 21,738.98 - - 21,738.98 sewage treatment system treatment system. Identify cities and big towns with and without 21,738.98 - - 21,738.98 sewerage and sewage treatment system. Reviewing existing sewerage and sewage - - - - treatment guideline. Setting draft sewerage and sewage treatment - - - - design guideline. Preparation of sewerage and presenting the draft sewerage and sewage sewege treatment design - - - - guideline. treatment design guideline to stakeholder. Submission and approval of sewerage and - - - - sewage treatment design guideline Implementing the sewerage and sewage - - - - treatment guideline. Construct sewerage and sewage treatment - - - - Establish sewerage and sewage plants for cities and big towns. treatment system Rehabilitate the existing sewerage and - - - - sewage treatment systems Identify the status of solid waste 78,015.84 - - 78,015.84 Assessment of solid, sludge and management system. hazardous waste management Identify cities and big towns with and without system 78,015.84 - - 78,015.84 solid waste management system. Reviewing existing solid and sludge waste - - - - management guideline. Preparation of solid & sludge Setting draft solid and sludge waste - - - - waste management system management system design guideline. design guideline . presenting the draft solid and sludge waste management system design guideline to - - - - stakeholders.

Submission and approval of solid and sludge - - - - waste management system design guideline Implementing the solid and sludge waste - - - - management system guideline Construct Sanitary Landfill - - - - Construct solid and sludge construct control land fill - 16,800,000.00 - 16,800,000.00 waste management Rehabilitate the existing solid waste infrastructure & disposal - - - - system management Equip Solid waste management infrastructure - - 16,800,000.00 16,800,000.00 Identify and characterize polluted sites - - - - Establish remediation Formulate treatment and remediation plans - - - - mechanism for polluted solid waste disposal sites Carryout treatment and remediation - - - - monitor and evaluate - - - -

Total 26,273,168.78 261,650,630.37 279,365,971.02 567,289,770.17

Table 11-Awash Terminal Budget including 5% contingencies & 7 % inflation

Awash Terminal including inf. and cont.)

Activity Sub activity Total 2010 E.C 2011 E.C 2012 E.C sum(2010- 2012) E.C Identify and decide representative monitoring/sampling sites from existing & additional 129,286.08 new 129,286.08 - - Design the surface water quailty Determine the type of physical, chemical and monitoring network and determine biological parameters to be analyzed in each of the 27,720.00 27,720.00 the required monitoring stations. water quality stations. - - Develop a sampling strategy/guideline - - - - Determine the frequency and continuous moniteringof 577,280.79 sampling site 112,896.00 224,340.48 240,044.31

Identify and decide representative borehole sampling 44,805.60 sites. 44,805.60 - - Determine the frequency and continuous moniteringof 3,026,769.64 Strengthening the existing stations bore hole sampling site 645,160.32 1,150,535.90 1,231,073.42 and establish additional Install piezometric sampling sites. 2,635,871.21 groundwater monitoring stations - 1,154,059.20 1,481,812.01 Rehabilitate piezometric sampling sites - - 64,713.60 64,713.60 Determine the frequency and continuous monitoring 127,496.43 of pizometric sampling site - 38,013.25 89,483.19 Identify non-point pollutant sources. 45,281.60 55,905.36 63,806.65 164,993.61 Identify point pollutant sources. 52,248.00 63,359.41 71,782.48 187,389.89 Sampling and analyses of discharged water from 227,854.21 Manage water pollution from major polluters. 37,726.08 60,550.36 129,577.77 enforce to construct modern effluent treatment plant point and non point pollutant - sources. for industrial park and clustered industries - - - Initiate, enforce and install effluent treatment plants - for the existing industries - - - Monitor and evaluate discharged water from major - polluters - - - Develop National Criteria - - - - Reviewing existing national and international water - quality standards - - - Develop/adopt water quality Setting draft standards - - - - standards. Presenting the draft standards for stakeholders. - - - - Ratifying the standards - - - - Adopting/Implementing the standards documents. - - - - Develop/select a database, data processing and - Adopt and implement appropriate modeling system for the water quality monitoring. - - - water quality modeling Develop guidelines/manuals and provide trainings’ - about water quality modeling tools and GIS. - - - Establish class A (Accredited/Certified) laboratory . - Establish intermediate (Accredited/Certified) 1,600,000.00 1,600,000.00 Establish water quality laboratory . - - laboratories equip Purchase of Mobile Water Quality testing laboratories - - - - Install Automatic Water Quality Monitoring stations - - 5,992,000.00 5,992,000.00 82

Equip water quality laboratories with appropriate 1,595,200.00 1,595,200.00 Upgrading water quality facilities. - - laboratories Upgrade the level of water quality laboratories in the 1,887,480.00 basin. - 1,887,480.00 - Create educational opportunities for water quality 547,323.84 Experts’ (long term). 100,800.00 215,712.00 230,811.84 Organize experience sharing visit for water quality 509,857.42 Experts. 158,592.00 169,693.44 181,571.98 Capacitate Water quality Experts. Organize and conduct capacity building trainings 532,034.06 (short term). 165,490.08 177,074.39 189,469.59 Facilitate conducive working environment for water quality experts and stakeholders through provision of - IT and other required facilities - - - Awareness creation. 3,351,936.00 4,483,214.40 4,317,335.47 12,152,485.87 Empower Relevant Stakeholders. Organize experience sharing. 123,760.00 132,423.20 141,692.82 397,876.02 Develop/set national criteria - - - - Conduct waste characterization - - - - Reviewing the existing national and international - treated waste water quality standards documents. - - - Prepare draft wastewater emission standards - - - - Develop treated waste water Conduct stakeholder consultation including members discharge standards. of the regulated community on the draft wastewater - emission standards - - - Presenting the draft wastewater standards for - ratification - - - Prepare implementation plan for enforcing the ratified - wastewater emission standards - - - Develop treated waste water discharge permit system. - - - - Setup treated waste water Develop treated waste water discharge tariffs. - - - - discharge permit system Develop enabling regulations, guidelines, and operational manuals necessary to administer the - wastewater discharge permit system - - - Implement treated waste water discharging permit 9,153.74 Implement treated waste water system . - 4,422.10 4,731.64 discharge permit system. Implement waste water discharge tariffs. - - - -

Collect fees for license and treated waste water - discharge. - - - Renew license on regular base. - 1,474.03 7,886.07 9,360.10 Prepare draft enforcement tools such as regulations, - Develop /strengthen and MoUs, guidelines ,directives, protocols etc. implement Regulations, - - - guidelines, directives, protocols Approve/ratify the draft enforcement tools. - - - - and MoUs. Prepare appropriate enforcement plan to implement - the ratified tools. - - - Develop Monitoring System for the effectiveness of Monitor and evaluate the - the enforcement tools - - - application of enforcement and Monitor and evaluate the enforcement and compliance mechanisms - compliance mechanisms - - - Review national and international water quality - enforcement and compliant handling mechanisms - - - Preparation of compliant handling Prepare compliant handling draft guideline document - - - - guideline Present the draft guideline to the relevant stakeholders - - - - Ratifying the guideline document - - - - Reviewing existing irrigation guideline. - - - - Setting draft irrigation guideline. - - - - Preparation of irrigation guide presenting the draft irrigation guideline to - line. stakeholder. - - - Submission and approval of irrigation guideline - - - - Implementing the irrigation guideline. - - - - Identification of farms with and without drainage 1,120,000.00 system. 1,120,000.00 - - Construct agricultural surface drainage system for 44,396,800.00 Manage agricultural surface and newly established irrigation farms. 44,396,800.00 - - subsurface drnage systems Install subsurface drainage system for problematic - soils - - - Rehabilitate the existing agricultural surface and 243,474,560.00 subsurface drainage structures 89,600,000.00 - 153,874,560.00 Identify industries and treatment Identify industries by type 2,239.63 - - 2,239.63 technologies Identify treatment technologies by industries types 27,363.84 29,279.31 31,328.86 87,972.01

Select exemplary technologies by industries types 3,236.80 3,463.38 3,705.81 10,405.99 Promote and apply exemplary promote the selected exemplary technologies 280,000.00 299,600.00 320,572.00 900,172.00 technologies Apply the selected exemplary technologies - 10,000,000.00 10,027,520.00 20,027,520.00 Assessment of sewerage and Identify the status of sewerage and sewage treatment 21,738.98 21,738.98 sewage treatment system system. - - Identify cities and big towns with and without 21,738.98 sewerage and sewage treatment system. - - 21,738.98 Reviewing existing sewerage and sewage treatment - guideline. - - - Setting draft sewerage and sewage treatment design - guideline. - - - Preparation of sewerage and presenting the draft sewerage and sewage treatment sewage treatment design - design guideline to stakeholder. - - - guideline. Submission and approval of sewerage and sewage - treatment design guideline - - - Implementing the sewerage and sewage treatment - guideline. - - - Construct sewerage and sewage treatment plants for - Establish sewerage and sewage cities and big towns. - - - treatment system Rehabilitate the existing sewerage and sewage - treatment systems - - - Identify the status of solid waste management 283,296.00 283,296.00 Assessment of solid, sludge and system. - - hazardous waste management Identify cities and big towns with and without solid system 283,296.00 283,296.00 waste management system. - - Reviewing existing solid and sludge waste - management guideline. - - - Setting draft solid and sludge waste management - system design guideline. - - - Preparation of solid & sludge presenting the draft solid and sludge waste waste management system design management system design guideline to - guideline . stakeholders. - - - Submission and approval of solid and sludge waste - management system design guideline - - - Implementing the solid and sludge waste management - system guideline - - -

Construct Sanitary Landfill - - - - Construct solid and sludge waste construct control land fill - 33,600,000.00 35,952,000.00 69,552,000.00 management infrastructure & disposal system Rehabilitate the existing solid waste management - - - - Equip Solid waste management infrastructure - 33,600,000.00 35,952,000.00 69,552,000.00 Identify and characterize polluted sites 336,000.00 539,280.00 577,029.60 1,452,309.60 Establish remediation mechanism Formulate treatment and remediation plans - 119,840.00 128,228.80 248,068.80 for polluted solid waste disposal sites Carryout treatment and remediation - 11,984,000.00 12,822,880.00 24,806,880.00 monitor and evaluate - - 166,953.90 166,953.90 Total 141,327,934.03 101,593,720.20 265,933,249.77 508,854,904.00

Table 12- Eastern Catchments Budget including 5% contingencies & 7 % inflation

Eastern Catchments Budget including inf. and cont.) Activity Sub activity Total 2010 E.C 2011 E.C 2012 E.C sum(2010- 2012) E.C Identify and decide representative monitoring/sampling 58,766.40 sites from existing & additional new 58,766.40 - - Design the surface water quality Determine the type of physical, chemical and biological monitoring network and determine parameters to be analyzed in each of the water quality 27,720.00 27,720.00 the required monitoring stations. stations. - - Develop a sampling strategy/guideline - - - - Determine the frequency and continuous monitoring of 226,993.54 sampling site 48,384.00 86,284.80 92,324.74 Identify and decide representative borehole sampling 197,144.64 sites. 197,144.64 - - Strengthening the existing stations Determine the frequency and continuous monitoring of 12,629,615.41 and establish additional bore hole sampling site 2,150,534.40 5,062,357.98 5,416,723.04 groundwater monitoring stations Install piezometric sampling sites. - - 1,234,843.34 1,234,843.34 Rehabilitate piezometric sampling sites - - - -

Determine the frequency and continuous monitoring of 48,809.01 pizometric sampling site - - 48,809.01 Identify non-point pollutant sources. 45,281.60 55,905.36 75,770.40 176,957.36 Identify point pollutant sources. 52,248.00 59,632.38 67,794.57 179,674.95 Sampling and analyses of discharged water from major 5,377,201.93 polluters. 1,509,043.20 1,816,510.75 2,051,647.98 Manage water pollution from point enforce to construct modern effluent treatment plant for - and non point pollutant sources. industrial park and clustered industries - - - Initiate, enforce and install effluent treatment plants for - the existing industries - - - Monitor and evaluate discharged water from major - polluters - - - Develop National Criteria - - - - Reviewing existing national and international water - quality standards - - - Develop/adopt water quality Setting draft standards - - - - standards. Presenting the draft standards for stakeholders. - - - - Ratifying the standards - - - - Adopting/Implementing the standards documents. - - - - Develop/select a database, data processing and modeling - Adopt and implement appropriate system for the water quality monitoring. - - - water quality modeling Develop guidelines/manuals and provide trainings about - water quality modeling tools and GIS. - - - Establish class A (Accredited/Certified) laboratory . - Establish water quality laboratories Establish intermediate (Accredited/Certified) laboratory . - 1,600,000.00 - 1,600,000.00 equip Purchase of Mobile Water Quality testing laboratories - - 7,100,000.00 7,100,000.00 Install Automatic Water Quality Monitoring stations - - - - Equip water quality laboratories with appropriate 1,955,200.00 1,955,200.00 facilities. - Upgrading water quality laboratories Upgrade the level of water quality laboratories in the 1,764,000.00 basin. 1,764,000.00 - - Create educational opportunities for water quality 558,154.80 Capacitate Water quality Experts. Experts’ (long term). - 269,640.00 288,514.80 Organize experience sharing visit for water quality 158,592.00 169,693.44 181,571.98 509,857.42 87

Experts. Organize and conduct capacity building trainings (short 532,034.06 term). 165,490.08 177,074.39 189,469.59 Facilitate conducive working environment for water quality experts and stakeholders through provision of IT - and other required facilities - - - Awareness creation. 4,189,920.00 4,483,214.40 3,357,927.59 12,031,061.99 Empower Relevant Stakeholders. Organize experience sharing. 123,760.00 132,423.20 141,692.82 397,876.02 Develop/set national criteria - - - - Conduct waste characterization - - - - Reviewing the existing national and international treated - waste water quality standards documents. - - - Prepare draft wastewater emission standards - Develop treated waste water - - - discharge standards. Conduct stakeholder consultation including members of the regulated community on the draft wastewater - emission standards - - - Presenting the draft wastewater standards for ratification - - - - Prepare implementation plan for enforcing the ratified - wastewater emission standards - - - Develop treated waste water discharge permit system. - - - - Setup treated waste water discharge Develop treated waste water discharge tariffs. - - - - permit system Develop enabling regulations, guidelines, and operational manuals necessary to administer the wastewater - discharge permit system - - - Implement treated waste water discharging permit 31,697.20 system . 4,132.80 11,792.26 15,772.14 Implement treated waste water Implement waste water discharge tariffs. - - - - discharge permit system. Collect fees for license and treated waste water - discharge. - - - Renew license on regular base. 1,377.60 2,948.06 9,463.29 13,788.95 Prepare draft enforcement tools such as regulations, Develop /strengthen and implement - Regulations, guidelines ,directives, MoUs, guidelines ,directives, protocols etc. - - - protocols and MoUs. Approve/ratify the draft enforcement tools. - - - -

Prepare appropriate enforcement plan to implement the - ratified tools. - - - Develop Monitoring System for the effectiveness of the Monitor and evaluate the application - enforcement tools of enforcement and compliance - - - Monitor and evaluate the enforcement and compliance mechanisms - mechanisms - - - Review national and international water quality - enforcement and compliant handling mechanisms - - - Preparation of compliant handling Prepare compliant handling draft guideline document - - - - guideline Present the draft guideline to the relevant stakeholders - - - - Ratifying the guideline document - - - - Reviewing existing irrigation guideline. - - - - Setting draft irrigation guideline. - - - - Preparation of irrigation guide line. presenting the draft irrigation guideline to stakeholder. - - - - Submission and approval of irrigation guideline - - - - Implementing the irrigation guideline. - - - - Identification of farms with and without drainage 392,000.00 system. 392,000.00 - - Construct agricultural surface drainage system for newly 8,080,217.60 Manage agricultural surface and established irrigation farms. 3,329,760.00 4,750,457.60 - subsurface derange systems Install subsurface drainage system for problematic soils - - - - Rehabilitate the existing agricultural surface and - subsurface drainage structures - - - Identify industries by type 2,239.63 - - 2,239.63 Identify industries and treatment Identify treatment technologies by industries types 87,972.01 technologies 40,000.00 47,972.01 - Select exemplary technologies by industries types - 10,405.99 - 10,405.99 Promote and apply exemplary promote the selected exemplary technologies - 450,000.00 450,172.00 900,172.00 technologies Apply the selected exemplary technologies - 22,027,000.00 22,000,520.00 44,027,520.00 Identify the status of sewerage and sewage treatment 21,738.98 21,738.98 Assessment of sewerage and sewage system. - - treatment system Identify cities and big towns with and without sewerage 21,738.98 21,738.98 and sewage treatment system. - -

Reviewing existing sewerage and sewage treatment - guideline. - - - Setting draft sewerage and sewage treatment design - guideline. - - - presenting the draft sewerage and sewage treatment Preparation of sewerage and sewage - treatment design guideline. design guideline to stakeholder. - - - Submission and approval of sewerage and sewage - treatment design guideline - - - Implementing the sewerage and sewage treatment - guideline. - - - Construct sewerage and sewage treatment plants for - Establish sewerage and sewage cities and big towns. - - - treatment system Rehabilitate the existing sewerage and sewage treatment - systems - - -

Assessment of solid, sludge and Identify the status of solid waste management system. 191,648.00 - - 191,648.00 hazardous waste management Identify cities and big towns with and without solid system 191,648.00 191,648.00 waste management system. - - Reviewing existing solid and sludge waste management - guideline. - - - Setting draft solid and sludge waste management system - design guideline. - - - Preparation of solid & sludge waste presenting the draft solid and sludge waste management management system design - system design guideline to stakeholders. guideline . - - - Submission and approval of solid and sludge waste - management system design guideline - - - Implementing the solid and sludge waste management - system guideline - - - Construct Sanitary Landfill - - - - Construct solid and sludge waste construct control land fill - 16,800,000.00 17,976,000.00 34,776,000.00 management infrastructure & disposal system Rehabilitate the existing solid waste management - - - - Equip Solid waste management infrastructure - 11,200,000.00 11,984,000.00 23,184,000.00 Identify and characterize polluted sites 168,000.00 179,760.00 384,686.40 732,446.40 Establish remediation mechanism for Formulate treatment and remediation plans 248,068.80 polluted solid waste disposal sites - 119,840.00 128,228.80 Carryout treatment and remediation - 11,984,000.00 12,822,880.00 24,806,880.00

monitor and evaluate 72,912.00 78,015.84 83,476.95 234,404.79 Total 14,928,080.30 81,574,928.46 88,057,489.43 184,560,498.18

Table 13 -Water Quality 8 year( 2010-2017 E.C) Budget Including 5%contagency and 7% inflation (Eth Birr)

2010-2012 2013-2017 Total 2010- Activity Sub activity Total sum(2010-2012) with in a sub basin E.C For All E.C For All 2017 E.C for BASIN Basin all basin Awash up Awash Awash Awash Awash Eastern stream @Awash Halidebi Adaitu Terminal catchment Identify and decide representative

235,066 monitoring/sampling 141,039 129,286 117,533 129,286 58,766 810,976 2,123,235 2,934,211 sites from existing & additional new Determine the type of physical, chemical and biological Design the surface parameters to be 27,720 - water quality 27,720 27,720 27,720 27,720 27,720 166,320 166,320 monitoring network and analyzed in each of determine the required the water quality monitoring stations. stations. Develop a sampling 1,236,000 ------strategy/guideline 1,236,000 1,236,000 Determine the frequency and

1,141,008 continuous 1,140,698 475,997 593,409 577,281 226,994 4,155,386 8,012,207 12,167,593 monitoring of sampling site Identify and decide representative 197,145 Strengthening the borehole sampling 125,456 134,417 107,533 44,806 197,145 806,501 1,524,398 2,330,899 existing stations and sites. establish additional Determine the groundwater monitoring frequency and stations 13,059,722 continuous 7,038,398 7,069,559 6,791,130 3,026,770 12,629,615 49,615,194 8,779,641 58,394,835 monitoring of bore hole sampling site 91

Install piezometric - - - sampling sites. 3,498,719 716,671 2,635,871 1,234,843 8,086,105 8,086,105 Rehabilitate

- - - - piezometric sampling 64,714 835,632 64,714 965,059 965,059 sites Determine the frequency and continuous - - monitoring of 262,641 234,231 28,327 127,496 48,809 701,505 701,505 pizometric sampling site Identify non-point 22,396 - pollutant sources. 22,396 164,994 164,994 176,957 551,737 99,673 651,410 Identify point 11,198 - pollutant sources. 11,198 187,390 187,390 179,675 576,851 101,727 678,578 Sampling and analyses of 20,625,791 discharged water 2,197,531 206,258 1,940,931 227,854 5,377,202 30,575,567 32,194,872 62,770,440 from major polluters. enforce to construct modern effluent Manage water pollution treatment plant for 220,248,000 - - - - from point and non 220,248,000 440,496,000 1,496,978,526 1,937,474,526 point pollutant sources. industrial park and clustered industries Initiate, enforce and install effluent

treatment plants for 146,489,280 - - - - 3,360,000 149,849,280 1,517,463,495 1,667,312,775 the existing industries Monitor and evaluate discharged ------water from major polluters Develop National 896,000 ------Criteria 896,000 896,000 Reviewing existing national and 1,344,000 ------international water 1,344,000 1,344,000 Develop/adopt water quality standards quality standards. Setting draft 3,709,440 ------standards 3,709,440 3,709,440 Presenting the draft

896,000 ------standards for 896,000 896,000 stakeholders. 92

Ratifying the 896,000 ------standards 896,000 896,000 Adopting/Implementi

1,344,000 ------ng the standards 1,344,000 1,344,000 documents. Develop/select a database, data processing and ------modeling system for the water quality Adopt and implement monitoring. appropriate water Develop quality modeling guidelines/manuals and provide trainings 1,125,000 ------about water quality 1,125,000 1,125,000 modeling tools and GIS. Establish class A

134,400,000 ------(Accredited/Certified 134,400,000 134,400,000 ) laboratory . Establish intermediate 1,600,000 (Accredited/Certified 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 9,600,000 47,273,006 56,873,006 Establish water quality ) laboratory . laboratories equip Purchase of Mobile

7,100,000 - - Water Quality testing 7,100,000 7,100,000 7,100,000 28,400,000 104,486,598 132,886,598 laboratories Install Automatic

5,600,000 - - Water Quality 5,600,000 5,600,000 5,992,000 22,792,000 39,394,172 62,186,172 Monitoring stations Equip water quality

1,360,000 laboratories with 1,360,000 1,360,000 1,595,200 1,595,200 1,955,200 9,225,600 47,273,006 56,498,606 appropriate facilities. Upgrading water quality Upgrade the level of laboratories’ water quality 1,651,480 - laboratories in the 1,764,000 168,000 1,887,480 1,764,000 7,234,960 26,555,611 33,790,571 basin. Create educational opportunities for 551,099 water quality 551,099 551,099 561,930 547,324 558,155 3,320,705 5,690,488 9,011,193 Capacitate Water Experts (long term). quality Experts. Organize experience

509,857 sharing visit for 509,857 509,857 509,857 509,857 509,857 3,059,145 5,324,855 8,384,000 water quality 93

Experts.

Organize and conduct capacity 1,128,136 building trainings 1,128,136 532,034 532,034 532,034 532,034 4,384,409 5,210,944 9,595,353 (short term). Facilitate conducive working environment for water quality experts and ------stakeholders through provision of IT and other required facilities

Awareness creation. 12,081,132 Empower Relevant 12,081,132 13,470,174 12,031,062 12,152,486 12,031,062 73,847,047 141,920,773 215,767,820 Organize experience Stakeholders. 397,876 sharing. 397,876 397,876 397,876 397,876 397,876 2,387,256 5,589,324 7,976,580 Develop/set national 896,000 ------criteria 896,000 896,000 Conduct waste 1,344,000 ------characterization 1,344,000 1,344,000 Reviewing the existing national and

896,000 ------international treated 896,000 896,000 waste water quality standards documents. Prepare draft

3,709,440 ------wastewater emission 3,709,440 3,709,440 standards Develop treated waste Conduct stakeholder water discharge consultation standards. including members

671,104 ------of the regulated 671,104 671,104 community on the draft wastewater emission standards Presenting the draft

766,976 ------wastewater standards 766,976 766,976 for ratification Prepare implementation plan 958,720 ------for enforcing the 958,720 958,720 ratified wastewater 94

emission standards

Develop treated waste water 1,686,071 - - - - - discharge permit 1,686,071 1,686,071 3,372,141 system. Develop treated

3,536,000 ------waste water 3,536,000 3,536,000 Setup treated waste discharge tariffs. water discharge permit Develop enabling system regulations, guidelines, and operational manuals 1,360,800 ------necessary to 1,360,800 1,360,800 administer the wastewater discharge permit system Implement treated waste water 1,506,337 discharging permit 160,489 18,011 112,717 9,154 31,697 1,838,406 1,636,281 3,474,687 system . Implement waste Implement treated waste water discharge ------water discharge permit tariffs. system. Collect fees for license and treated ------waste water discharge. Renew license on 1,063,452 regular base. 155,488 5,800 82,713 9,360 13,789 1,330,602 1,316,905 2,647,508 Prepare draft enforcement tools such as regulations, 1,559,040 ------MoUs, guidelines 1,559,040 1,559,040 ,directives, protocols Develop /strengthen and etc. implement Regulations, Approve/ratify the guidelines,directives,pro draft enforcement 539,280 ------tocols and MoUs. 539,280 539,280 tools. Prepare appropriate enforcement plan to 577,030 ------implement the 577,030 577,030 ratified tools. 95

Develop Monitoring System for the 56,000 ------effectiveness of the 56,000 56,000 Monitor and evaluate enforcement tools the application of Monitor and enforcement and evaluate the compliance mechanisms enforcement and ------compliance mechanisms Review national and international water quality enforcement ------and compliant handling mechanisms Preparation of Prepare compliant compliant handling handling draft 702,471 ------guideline 702,471 702,471 guideline document Present the draft

179,760 ------guideline to the 179,760 179,760 relevant stakeholders Ratifying the ------guideline document Develop an open and Prepare compliant easily accessible submission formats ------platform by which for office and online complaints can be application submitted to the Prepare and regulating bodies (e.g communicate Hotline ------Hot line phone, calling numbers for Website, e.t.c) the regulated bodies Develop complaint Develop a complaint ------verification and verification system response delivery Develop response ------mechanism delivery system Reviewing existing 121,184 ------irrigation guideline. 121,184 121,184 Setting draft Preparation of irrigation 702,016 ------irrigation guideline. 702,016 702,016 guide line. presenting the draft

179,760 ------irrigation guideline 179,760 179,760 to stakeholder.

Submission and

23,968 ------approval of irrigation 23,968 23,968 guideline Implementing the 91,078 ------irrigation guideline. 91,078 91,078 Identification of farms with and - - without drainage 1,158,080 1,960,000 280,000 1,120,000 392,000 4,910,080 4,910,080 system. Construct agricultural surface

drainage system for - - 2,114,298 11,099,200 11,099,200 44,396,800 8,080,218 76,789,715 76,789,715 Manage agricultural newly established surface and subsurface irrigation farms. drnage systems Install subsurface drainage system for ------problematic soils Rehabilitate the existing agricultural

surface and 39,220,608 - 39,220,608 248,068,800 51,292 243,474,560 570,035,868 910,478,097 1,480,513,965 subsurface drainage structures Identify industries by 2,240 type 2,240 2,240 2,240 2,240 2,240 13,438 6,292 19,730 Identify treatment

164,183 Identify industries and technologies by 148,580 87,972 87,972 87,972 87,972 664,651 247,164 911,816 treatment technologies industries types Select exemplary

19,421 technologies by 17,575 10,406 10,406 10,406 10,406 78,620 29,236 107,856 industries types promote the selected

2,379,944 exemplary 1,520,344 900,172 900,172 900,172 900,172 7,500,976 2,529,106 10,030,082 Promote and apply technologies exemplary technologies Apply the selected

243,255,040 exemplary 243,255,040 20,027,520 100,027,520 20,027,520 44,027,520 670,620,160 404,656,932 1,075,277,092 technologies Assessment of sewerage Identify the status of and sewage treatment sewerage and 437,472 system sewage treatment 218,736 21,739 21,739 21,739 21,739 743,164 1,097,632 1,840,796 system. Identify cities and big towns with and 437,472 without sewerage 60,950 21,739 21,739 21,739 21,739 585,378 285,844 871,222 and sewage 97

treatment system.

Reviewing existing sewerage and 121,184 ------sewage treatment 121,184 121,184 guideline. Setting draft sewerage and 746,816 ------sewage treatment 746,816 746,816 design guideline. presenting the draft Preparation of sewerage sewerage and

179,760 ------and sewege treatment sewage treatment 179,760 179,760 design guideline. design guideline to stakeholder. Submission and approval of sewerage 23,968 ------and sewage treament 23,968 23,968 design guideline Implementing the sewerage and ------sewage treatment guideline. Construct sewerage and sewage 492,800,000 - - - - treatment plants for 448,000,000 940,800,000 1,712,573,815 2,653,373,815 Establish sewerage and cities and big towns. sewage treament system Rehabilitate the existing sewerage 1,240,000 - - - - - and sewage 1,240,000 2,945,359 4,185,359 treatment systems Identify the status of

solid waste 337,472 Assessment of solid, 118,736 78,016 78,016 283,296 191,648 1,087,184 1,744,080 2,831,264 management system. sludge and hazardous Identify cities and waste management big towns with and system 337,472 without solid waste 118,736 78,016 78,016 283,296 191,648 1,087,184 1,077,473 2,164,656 management system. Preparation of solid & Reviewing existing sludge waste solid and sludge ------management system waste management design guideline . guideline.

Setting draft solid and sludge waste 1,494,541 ------management system 1,494,541 1,494,541 design guideline. presenting the draft solid and sludge waste management 359,520 ------system design 359,520 359,520 guideline to stakeholders. Submission and approval of solid and

47,936 ------sludge waste 47,936 47,936 management system design guideline Implementing the solid and sludge 182,157 ------waste management 182,157 182,157 system guideline Construct Sanitary 89,600,000 - - - Landfill 89,600,000 89,600,000 268,800,000 942,514,763 1,211,314,763 construct control 69,552,000 Construct solid and land fill 34,776,000 16,800,000 16,800,000 69,552,000 34,776,000 242,256,000 472,730,061 714,986,061 sludge waste Rehabilitate the management 1,680,000 - - - - - existing solid waste 1,680,000 17,672,152 19,352,152 infrastructure & management disposal system Equip Solid waste

69,552,000 management 35,168,000 16,800,000 34,384,000 69,552,000 23,184,000 248,640,000 393,941,717 642,581,717 infrastructure Identify and

characterize polluted 1,080,206 - 732,446 551,863 1,452,310 732,446 4,549,272 7,587,317 12,136,589 sites Establish remediation Formulate treatment mechanism for polluted 180,034 - and remediation 244,149 124,034 248,069 248,069 1,044,355 1,770,374 2,814,729 solid waste disposal plans sites Carryout treatment 36,006,880 - and remediation 48,829,760 24,806,880 24,806,880 24,806,880 159,257,280 273,986,464 433,243,744

479,375 - monitor and evaluate 479,375 234,405 166,954 234,405 1,594,513 2,606,876 4,201,388 Controlling The Water Install automatic

- - - - - Level and Monitoring water quality 5,600,000 5,600,000 985 5,600,985 The Water Quality of monitoring station

Lake Beseka Install electromechanical ------gate at the out let of the lake Fix the mix ratio of Lake Beseka with Awash River based on research findings - - - - - and the acceptable 599,200 599,200 2,107,588 2,706,788 water quality standards for intended use Apply new technologies Review the existing

- - - - - to use Lake Beseka for document on Lake 347,760 347,760 632,276 980,036 intended purpose Beseka Conduct Research - - - - - on Lake Beseka 1,996,000 1,996,000 4,537,941 6,533,941 Adopt and implement the

------selected technologies 900,000,000 900,000,000 to use the lake for different purpose

Total 1,654,927,533 1,001,265,201 567,289,770 319,958,521 508,854,904 184,560,498 4,236,856,427 9,558,395,356 13,795,251,782

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Table 14 -Budget summery by contagencies and infilation ( Eth.Birr)

Budget 2010-2012 E.C Eastern Total 2010- From 2013- Total 2010- Description Awash up Awash Awash Awash Awash Cachemen 2012 E.C 2017 E.C 2017 E.C Stream Awash Halidebi Adaitu Terminal t Total cost including 5% conta.& 7% infil.) 1,654,927,533 1,001,265,201 567,289,770 319,958,521 508,854,904 184,560,498 4,236,856,427 9,558,395,356 13,795,251,782

Contagencies (5%) 82,746,377 50,063,260 28,364,489 15,997,926 25,442,745 9,228,025 211,842,821 477,919,768 689,762,589

Infilation (7%) 110,052,681 66,584,136 37,724,770 21,277,242 33,838,851 12,273,273 281,750,952 635,633,291 917,384,244 pure cost (with out conta. & Infil.) 1,462,128,475 884,617,805 501,200,512 282,683,353 449,573,308 163,059,200 3,743,262,653 8,444,842,297 12,188,104,950

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7. PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS

The water quality strategic river basin plan has taken assumption of different enabling conditions, challenges and opportunities. The government’s commitment towards ensuring sustainable development in the country is the main enabling condition for the preparation and implementation of the plan. There are always expected challenges which hinder the progress of the implementation and opportunities (possible solutions) which enhance the smooth implementation of plans. Thus, it is very important to assess beforehand the expected challenges and possible solutions that exist or could emerge during the implementation of the plan and consider mitigation measures to minimize the challenges and efficiently implement the plan.

7.1 .Enabling conditions

The water quality strategic river basin plan considers the different proclamations, rules and regulations of the federal and regional governments (in relation to water resources, environment and related issues), as discussed in section 2.1 of this plan, as main enabling conditions for the preparation and implementation of the strategic plan. Further more, coordination of different sectoral and regional offices; funding from government and non government sectors; commitments of stakeholders;outputs of different researchs’ on Awash River, Lake Beseka and in the basin as a whole; and AquaChem water quality model resultsare to be taken as possible enabling conditions for the preparation and implementation of the plan.

7.2. Expected Challenges

For the implementation of water quality strategic plan, it is important to consider the following most expected challenges to be considered and mitigation measures planned for them to minimize their negative effects: absence of accountability to implement regular measures and enforcement on waste discharge, occurrence of natural disaster, lack of awareness about water pollution, willingness problem to use new waste treatment and removal technologies, high cost for treatment plant construction and low implementation capacity etc. which can be generally listed as:

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 Lack of awareness about water pollution  Staff turnover  Budget problem  Low implementation capacity  Low or inferior standard or quality laboratory in the basin  High cost for construction of waste water treatment plant in industries  Fluctuating electric power in industries for treatment plant  Lack of cooperation and coordination to work together  Lack of proper sewerage system in cities and towns  Absence of modern/proper treatment facilities  Poor maintenance of existing sewerage systems  Absence of accountability to implement regular measures and enforcement on waste discharge  Willingness problem to use new waste treatment and removal technologies etc.

7.3. Possible Solutions

The following are some of the possible solutions, for the aforementioned expected challenges, to create favorable environment for accelerated implementation of the plan:  Proper implementation of water resource and basin management legal packages.  Visible dedication of the government and community’s demand, organization and participation.  Commencement of participation and coordination between governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders.  Providing capacity building training for water quality experts.  Strengthening the participation of local and international non-governmental organizations and private sectors in the implementation of the plan.  Introduce publicity programs to make people aware of pollution measures.  Form informative program for schools about water pollution.

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8. MONITORING AND EVALUATION MECHANISM

Monitoring and evaluation can help organization extract relevant information from past and ongoing activities that can be used as the basis for programmatic fine-tuning, reorientation and future planning. Without effective monitoring and evaluation, it would be impossible to judge if work is going in the right direction, whether progress and success can be claimed, and how future efforts might be improved. Plans with strong monitoring and evaluation components tend to stay on track. Additionally, problems are often detected earlier, which reduce the likelihood of having major cost overruns or time delays later.

The monitoring and evaluation approach employs a continuous check on the progress and results (intermediate and final) obtained at stages through collection and analysis of data on the performance of implementation. This can be realized with detail and agreed monitoring and evaluation plan which have complete sketch of actors, indicators, criteria, budget and calendars.

The monitoring and evaluation task will be done by a multidisciplinary collectively established team from executing organs (action owners and collaborators – as per the plan). In this regard,AwBA will hold the leading actor for initiating and implementing the monitoring and evaluation plan and the team will be accountable to AwBA.

Periodical and seasonal reports on the achievements of sectoral and multi-sectoral goals, objectives or measures will be the hard element of the monitoring and evaluation plan.

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9. REFERENCES

Alexakis, D.(2008) Geochemistry of Stream Sediment as a Tool for assessing Contamination by Arsenic, Chromium and other Toxic element; East Africa Region , Greece European Water, 21/22 ; 57-72

AWSSA, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority (2011).StateoftheEnvironment Report of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

Ayenew T, Alemayehu T, Kebede S. 2006. Environmental Isotopes and Hydrochemical Studies as Applied to Water Resources Assessment in Central and Southern Afar and Adjacent Highlands.Ethiopian Science and Technology Agency.Unpublished Report of the International Atomic Energy Agency Project (ETH/8/008). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 128 pp. Carpenter et al (1998) Non point pollution of surface waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen Chapman, D. Ed. (1996). Water Quality Assessments - A Guide to Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring-Second Edition, UNESCO/WHO/UNEP CSA (2008).Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census, Central Statistical AgencyofEthiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Elleni A. (2009), Growing lake withgrowing problems: integrated hydrogeological investigation onLakeBeseka, Ethiopia, Dissertation, UniversityofBonn.

EPA, FederalEnvironmental Protection Authority(2003). StateoftheEnvironment Report of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia Gamvroula (2012) Diagnosis of ground water quality and assessment of contamination sources in the Megara basin.

(1983) Water Management Manual.Amibara irrigation project. Water Resources Development Authority, Ethiopia.

Halcrow (1989) Master plan for the development of surface water resources in ten Awash basin, vol. 4, 5, 6, 9.Technical report of the Ministry of Water Resources, Addis Ababa. http://forum.europa.eu.int/Public/irc/env/wfd/library?/framework_directive/guidance_documents Korfali, SI, Jurdi, M.(2011) Suitability of surface water for domestic water use; Awali River case study; European water ; 35 ; 3-12.

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Loukas ,A.(2010) Surface water quantity and quality assessment in Pinios River, Thessaly, Greece. Desalination.250 ; 266-273

Mlideis et al (2007) Characterization of rain and roof drainage water quality in xanthi, Greece.

Mosley (2012) the impact of extreme low flow on the water quality of the lower Murray River and lake (South Australia) water resource manage 26 ; 3623 – 3946.

(2009) Assessing the water potential of karstic saline springs by applayingafuzzy approach. The case of Almyros( Heroklion, crete).

Nigussie,Agizew(1999).Evaluationofwaterquality andsuggestedimprovementmeasures: the case of theLittle Akaki River,AddisAbaba,Ethiopia.Master of Science Degree Thesis No. 406, Stockhom: Division OfHydraulicEngineering, TheRoyalInstituteofTechnology.

Nimah (1998) Water and water management for every body. Planet IWRM PLC (2012). Human Right Based Approach to Integrated Water Resource Management

Tamiru. 2005. Ground water pollution in Africa

UNEP- United Nations Environment Program (2010).Clearing the Waters: A focus on water quality solutions.UNON, Publishing Services Section, Nairobi.

UNIDO, Ecological Sustainable Industrial Development Project, 2001: Situational Analysis the industrial sector; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

UN-WATER (2007).Coping with Water Scarcity; Strategic Issue and Priority for System.

WHO (2011).Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality-Fourth Edition.

Wood RB, Talling JF. 1988. Chemical and Algal relationship in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. Hydrobiologia158: 29–67.

Zanettin B, Justin-Visentin E, Niccoletti M, Piccirllo EM(1980). Correlation among Ethiopian volcanic formations with special references to the chronological and stratigraphic problems of the Trap series.AccademiaNazionaledeiLincei, Rome, Italy. 47: 231–252.

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10. APPENDICES 10.1. Appendix I: 8 Years Water Quality Parameter Status of Awash Basin

Appendix Table 1. Water quality parameter status of Awash Upstream Koka sub basin

Parameter Maximum Minimum Mean Turbidity 1050 1.8 573.34 Total dissolved Solid 1468 100 518.9 PH 9.4 7.15 8.14 Ammonia 3.1 0.05 1.12 Potassium 11.9 4.1 8.075 Calcium 73.6 0.001 37.4 Magnesium 1056 4.8 143.7 Fluoride 0.63 0.34 0.48 Chloride 628.36 44.74 212.90 Nitrite 3.3 0.007 0.46 Nitrate 34.5 0.084 7.44 Carbonate 178.2 0 42.95 Bicarbonate 483.12 0 223.38

Appendix Table 2. Water quality parameter status of Awash-Awash sub basin

Parameter Maximum Minimum Mean Turbidity 247 43.6 162.53 Total dissolved Solid 2650 358 1426 PH 9.27 7.35 8.5 Ammonia 0.24 0.21 0.23 Sodium 1467 58.22 616.41 Total Hardness 450 75 253.33 Calcium 31 6.58 21.01 Magnesium 6.92 2.38 5.34 Fluoride 14.1 0.72 4.28 Nitrite 0.105 0.028 0.069 Nitrate 0.57 0.087 0.28 Sulphate 150 56 110.67 Phosphate 107 30.8 70.93

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Appendix Table 3. Water quality parameter status of Eastern catchment

Parameter Maximum Minimum Mean Turbidity 1.01 0.01 0.206 Total dissolved Solid 1470 279 710.7 PH 7.75 6.83 7.09 Ammonia 0.61 0.02 0.184 Total Hardness 650 140 358.67 Nitrite 0.016 0.001 0.006 Nitrate 6.05 0.16 2.31 Sulphate 190 0 70.27 Phosphate 27.4 0.01 15.68

Appendix Table 4. Water quality parameter status of Awash Halidebi

Parameter Maximum Minimum Mean Turbidity 0.59 0.01 0.23 Total dissolved Solid 1140 607 801 PH 6.9 6.66 6.8 Ammonia 0.05 0.01 0.03 Sodium 100.2 61.55 80.875 Total Hardness 70 15 42.5 Calcium 84.24 33.06 58.65 Magnesium 7.84 6.66 7.25 Carbonate 70 15 42.5 Sulphate 51 47 49 Phosphate 29.2 20.7 24.95

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Appendix Table 5. Water quality parameter status Awash Adaitu sub basin

Parameter Maximum Minimum Mean Turbidity 1413.1 1413.1 1413.1 Total dissolved Solid 415.7 415.7 415.7 Ammonia 0.7 0.7 0.7 Sodium 99.71 99.71 99.71 Potassium 7.40 7.40 7.40 Total Hardness 108.4 108.4 108.4 Calcium 33.1 33.1 33.1 Magnesium 16.93 16.93 16.93 Fluoride 1.46 1.46 1.46 Chloride 46.86 46.86 46.86 Nitrite 0.1 0.1 0.1 Nitrate 3.0 3.0 3.0 Carbonate 15.24 15.24 15.24 Bicarbonate 266.46 266.46 266.46 Sulphate 48.88 48.88 48.88 Phosphate 0.67 0.67 0.67

Appendix Table 6. Water quality parameter status Awash Terminal sub basin

Parameter Maximum Minimum Mean Turbidity 221 0.64 42.35 Total dissolved Solid 793 234 461.1 PH 8.38 6.92 7.37 Ammonia 0.56 0.01 0.25 Total Hardness 350 40 213.57 Calcium 86 6 34.86 Fluoride 0.99 0.09 0.54 Nitrite 0.255 0.001 0.064 Nitrate 6.65 0.194 1.41 Carbonate 350 40 213.57 Sulphate 94 1 31.14 Phosphate 81.4 15.6 31.39

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Appendix Table 7. Proposed towns to have sewerage and sewage treatment system

No. Town Name No. Town Name 1 Adama 19 Mieso 2 Addis Abeba 20 Mojo 3 AsbeTeferi 21 Sebeta 4 Dubti 22 Sendafa 5 Awash 23 ShewaRobit 6 DebreZeyt 24 Arerti 7 Dese 25 Debrebrhan 8 Dire Dawa 26 Dukem 9 Burayu 27 Gelan 10 Hayk 28 Gewane 11 Holota 12 JersaWeldiya 13 Kembolsha 14 Bati 15 Asahita 16 Loqiya 17 Metehara 18 Welenchiti Remark –the towns are selected by its poplation and development

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Appendix Table 8. Groundwater quality at selected sub-basins

Sub-basin Temp pH EC TDS Na K Mg Ca Mn Fe NH4 F Cl SO4 NO3 HCO3 CO3 PO4 Hardness SAR Awash Kunture 26.2 7.9 526.3 344.6 65.46 7.6 8.2 44.6 0.04 0.20 0.59 1.27 16.5 9.4 3.5 301.6 4.7 0.28 145.5 4.3 Akaki 28.5 7.2 1392.5 907.2 280.3 17.6 12.0 31.2 0.07 0.11 0.28 1.31 20.0 48.4 0.2 858.1 0 0.50 126.5 10.8 Upstream ofKoka 40.5 7.6 569.5 373.3 82.3 19.4 8.8 33.5 0.02 0.04 0.91 1.76 12.8 5.1 4.4 363.2 0 0.39 123.7 3.7 Mojo 31.6 7.7 690.0 456.8 98.5 13.5 10.0 51.9 0.01 0.05 0.35 2.9 29.4 25.9 5.3 399.3 0 0.48 202.6 5.0 Kesem 20.0 8.5 335.0 202.5 54.5 10.0 3.0 16.6 0.11 0.19 0.8 22.9 15.9 4.4 120.0 14.4 0.08 53.6 3.9 Awash Haledebi 33.2 7.8 1731.7 1213.0 289.8 12.8 32.8 102.6 0.01 0.02 0.13 3.05 255.1 158.9 34.8 458.9 46.3 2.40 394.6 12.6 Awash Awash 32.8 7.6 1613.0 1032.4 297.7 10.5 12.6 47.6 0.02 0.04 0.15 2.72 175.0 148.9 10.0 495.9 4.7 0.66 170.5 17.4 Eastern Catchment 31.5 7.7 1116.6 719.1 187.7 6.0 19.6 76.7 0.01 0.02 0.15 1.63 143.7 61.7 16.1 410.6 49.2 0.57 262.0 7.9 Najeso Gera 38.2 8.4 1182.5 706.0 257.0 9.9 1.4 4.5 0.02 0.03 0.11 1.95 110.4 85.2 6.0 385.8 14.4 0.20 16.7 28.7

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9.2. Appendix II: Sodium and Chloride Concentration Maps of A wash Basin

Appendix Figure 1. Chloride map of Awash Adaitu and Awash Awash sub basin WHO water quality standard detection

Appendix Figure 2. Chloride map of Awash Halidebi and Awash Terminal sub basin WHO water quality standard detection

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Appendix Figure 3. Chloride map of Awash Upstream and Awash Eastern Catchment sub basin WHO water quality standard detection

Appendix Figure 4. Sodium concentration map of Awash Halidebi and Awash Terminal sub basin

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