IJRPC 2019, 9(3), 78-84 Anvar et al ISSN: 22312781

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY

Available online at www.ijrpc.com Research Article

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.33289/IJRPC.9.3.2019.937 AN ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY ON ADULTERANTS OF MEDICINAL USED BY TRADITIONAL PRACTITIONERS OF PALAKKAD DISTRICT, , INDIA MK. Prasanth and K. Anvar* Department of Botany, Government Victoria College, Palakkad, Kerala-678 001, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

ABSTRACT Adulteration of is a crucial issue in the present scenario and the study of adulteration in medicinal plants is the most relevant in the present context. As we depend on local markets for medicinal plants there are chances for adulteration. So, adulteration can be defined as the addition of low grade or harmful substances with a crude drug which does not conform with the official standards. The details documented here are collected by having oral communication and interview with the local people, native herbalists, traditional practitioners and practitioners of Palakkad district in Kerala, India. In this study, we have documented 124 plants of which 82 are adulterants of about 41 crude drug plants belongs to 39 families. Majority of the species belongs to the family LEGUMINOSAE with 13 species and then in EUPHORBIACEAE with 9 species. This article deals with adulteration in medicinal plants prevalent in Palakkad district Kerala, India.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Medicinal plant, Adulteration and Adulterant.

INTRODUCTION substances. So, Adulteration is a practice of Plants have been used as medicine since time substituting the original crude drug partially or immemorial. Practitioners used these plants as fully with other substances which is either free a medicinal commodity to cure simple cuts to from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical complex ailments from prehistoric times. So, a properties or addition of low grade/ spoiled/ plant which contains chemical compounds that entirely different drug similar to that of original can be used for therapeutic purposes or which drug substituted with an intention of are precursors for the synthesis of drugs is enhancement of profits.2,3 Such inferior/low termed as medicinal plants. grade/spoiled substances are termed as An aggressive human intervention in the adulterants. ecosystem has resulted in a significant This is the first time that a survey on the decrease in the medicinal plant population. practice of Adulteration in Medicinal Plants The key threats that faced by the medicinal conducted in Palakkad district and it helped to plant aficionado community are that the losses gain knowledge on different adulterants used due to deforestation, extinction of plants by with medicinal plants. It is very difficult to trace anthropogenic interference and the erroneous adulterants from the crude drug for a common identification of plants. This resulted in man. So, providing information on adulterants practising adulteration. in the common market is most relevant in such In Indian traditional system of medicine since a context. raw materials (i.e. whole plant or plant parts) The deforestation, massive exploitation and are used for treatment there are chances for extinction of many plants, incorrect adulteration. This practice may be intentional identification of plants and intentionally mixing or accidental.1 A drug is treated as adulterant if inferior/ low-grade substances resulted in it consists of any putrid, decomposed or filthy adulteration of raw drugs. Adulteration lead to

78 IJRPC 2019, 9(3), 78-84 Anvar et al ISSN: 22312781 the decline of faith in herbal drugs and its asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Some of the other impact was negative on Ayurveda, Siddha and popular adulterants are Pinus palustris Mill Unani system of medicines as the faith lost adulterant of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.ex D.Don) and followers decreased. G.Don ,Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.)W.T.Aiton MATERIALS AND METHODS adulterant of Hemidesmus indicus (L.)R.Br.ex In the present study ethnobotanical Schult , Sida spinosa L. adulterant of Sida investigations were carried out in the rural and rhombifolia L. urban areas of the district especially Attappady Adulteration had become a popular practise in to the north, Peringottukurussi to the south, herbal industry; particularly during drug Kozhinjampara to the east, Mannarkkad to the production, along with dried specimens, west and central Palakkad. The people of the powdered and used with other formulations, rural area of Palakkad widely follow traditional etc. Various reasons for adulteration includes medicines and customs related to their the least availability and high cost of drug religious beliefs. The methods are very much plants, commercial benefit by using cheap varied within different communities. products, more expense in processing Oral communication with the local people and medicinal plant or sometimes it may happen interviews with traditional Ayurvedic inadvertently due to changes in vernacular practitioners in this region were adopted to name, resemblance in morphology, colour, collect information about the plants used as negligence in collection, lack of information Adulterants. The interviewers include laymen, about authentic species, etc. An adulterant native herbalist, local pharmacists and doesn't have any therapeutic effect that of the Ayurvedic doctors. main plant and sometimes they may cause Vernacular name mentioned by the local side effects due to the presence of harmful people was clarified with the help of Ayurveda chemical constituents and it also dilutes the Practitioners and related literature.4,5,6,7 The effect of major plants. Adulteration is mainly plants used were further authenticated using practised for commercial benefits and it is flora of the region and valid reference obtained neither useful nor beneficial for the society and by Ayurvedic practitioners of that region.4,5,8,9 such a practise should be banned by law since it is a malpractice. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A detailed information about the adulteration in TABLE medicinal plants is not available as the To our knowledge, the present study is the first herbalists and traditional practitioners are report documenting adulterants used along unwilling to disclose their secrets and refuses with medicinal plants in various localities of to respond to our questions. Further Palakkad district, Kerala, South India. We had phytochemical studies can be conducted in tried to approach people of various age groups this topic to find the ill effects of adulterants and most of the respondents were of the age over human population. group between 50 to 60 years with 34% of total respondents and then of the age group SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION between 60 to 70 years with nearly 23% of Adulteration had become a popular practice in total respondents. The young generation the herbal industry. Various reasons for which consist of the age group between 20 to adulteration include; 30 years old have least adequate knowledge about traditional medicinal practises. The *Least availability of drug plants majority of respondents who have knowledge Due to the massive explosion of medicinal about the traditional medicines are either plants the availability of Drug plants is herbalists/traditional practitioners/house wives decreasing day by day. So instead of drug by occupation and females constitute the 60% plant, other plants are collected and mixed of total respondents. with the crude drug which is considered as a We had documented 123 plants of which 82 type of adulteration. are adulterants of 41 crude drug medicinal plants which belongs to 39 plant families. Most *Commercial benefit by using cheap of the plants are herbaceous in nature and products they are wholly used as dried products. Some drug plants are very costly and are Adulteration is most common when the bark distributed to specific geographic regions. So, and are used as medicinally useful parts in such cases, other plants or artificial and it is severe when they are used as dried substances are added to the crude drug products. The most popular adulterant is Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites which is *Expensive processing procedure of used as adulterant for medicinal plant Saraca medicinal plants

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The extraction of some volatile oils and some alnifolia (L.)Ugbor. chemicals from medicinal plants are complicated processes and require more time to get the resultant products. For the ease, plants are substituted with other harmful *Adding other vegetative parts of the same chemicals which have the almost similar plant chemical constitution. If the morphologically useful part of a plant is May happen inadvertently due to rhizome it may be substituted with other plant parts like stem, etc. Such parts used may *Changes in the vernacular name not have the chemical composition similar to Sometimes different plants will be known by a the useful part. So, they will be therapeutically common name in different locations. ineffective. E.g. Tuber of Hemidesmus indicus E.g. Iris germanica L. and Inula racemosa (L.)R.Br.ex Schult. substituted with roots. Hook.f are commonly known as Pushkaramula in . *Using exhausted drug So the plants may be wrongly used in herbal Sometimes the crude drug used may be preparations which cause the quality of the already used for extracting medicinally active drug. substances and volatile oils, such substances used for the preparation of medicine will be *Resemblance in morphology, colour therapeutically ineffective and this can be The plants which are similar in morphology or considered as adulteration. E.g. Oil extracted colour are adulterated with crude drug plants Clove using for medicines which are either costly or are least available. In the above kind of adulterations either the whole plant or plant parts are used as *Negligence in the collection adulterant, but we came to know that, there When collecting herbaceous plants, especially are instances where other substances which grasses there are chances for mixing other are not plant origin were used as adulterants, plants or plant parts which affect the quality of such kind of adulteration are mentioned below; the drug. *With Artificially manufactured substances *Lack of information about authentic If the crude drug is costly it will be adulterated species with artificially prepared substances which are The plants prescribed in Ayurveda texts may similar to morphology with the crude drug and be wrongly interpreted in cases of differences without having any quality of it. E.g. Crocus in vernacular names, availability and sativus L. adulterated with artificially prepared distribution in various geographical locations substances and coloured stamens of other etc. Since the crude plant gets substituted in . such cases it is considered as adulteration. * Adulteration by Synthetic Chemicals Types of Adulterants This method is employed when the collected Drugs are adulterated mainly with inferior low- drug lost its chemical quality and freshness. In grade, spoiled or artificial substances.2,10,11 such case, the synthetic chemicals are used for maintaining its natural character and *Mixing with Superficially Similar qualities. E.g. Citral using with Citrus oil. Substances Here the adulterant used along with the crude *Using Harmful adulterants drug resembles only morphologically and it Sometimes the crude drug may be adulterated doesn’t have any therapeutic effect. It is with waste materials which may not be of plant difficult to separate such similar substances origin and they can enhance the weight, colour from the crude drug. and flavour of the crude drug and it will chemically harmful to us. E.g. Ferula assa- E.g. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. adulterated foetida L. adulterated with stones for with Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites increasing weight.

*Substitution with substandard varieties *Adulteration in powder The adulterant used with the crude drug If we are using the powdered drug, there are a resembles morphologically and chemically. lot of chances for getting it adulterated with They have the least therapeutic effect and are other substances which are similar in colour cheap in cost. E.g. Sida cordifolia L. and can increase the weight of the product. adulterated with Sida rhombifolia subsp. E.g. Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. adulterated

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with brick powder. as the adulterant of Cinnamomum verum The increasing demand for medicinal plants J.Presl, Cinnomomum cassia (L.) J. Presl and more people is holding faith in Ayurveda contains many benzene derived compounds and similar kinds of treatments, the which cause many diseases in man. So, this requirements for medicinal plants has been survey is just a gateway to explore the increasing. These leads to the over adulterants used in herbal industry and further exploitation of plants and which resulted in studies can be done on phytochemical their least availability. So as to meet the analysis to determine the ill effect of chemicals current requirement of medicinal plants in the present in the adulterant. market, their increasing demand, tremendous increase in their price etc. made the traders to ACKNOWLEDGEMENT sell them adding with adulterants. Now this We thank all the traditional medicinal had become a kind of business in the herbal practitioners, herbalists and local people of market which paved a huge profit for the Palakkad district, who generously shared their traders. Since the medicines of Ayurveda, valuable experiences and knowledge. We Siddha and Unani systems are completely extend our sincere gratitude to all Ayurveda prepared from plants, the practise of doctors of District Ayurveda Hospital Palakkad adulteration will adversely affect the quality of and Dr. Anjali for providing authentic drugs. information on medicinal plants. The adulterant used will have a completely different or partially different chemical Conflict of interest statement composition, for e.g. in this work we We declare that we have no conflict of interest. documented Cinnomomum cassia (L.) J. Presl

Medicinal Plants and their Adulterants Sl. Botanical name of plant/ Family Common name Habit Part used No. adulterant plant 1 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)Willd. Leguminosae Vellavelam Tree Gum of stems 1.1 Acacia ferruginea DC. Leguminosae Karivelam Tree Gum of stems Terminalia cuneata Roth Combretaceae Nirmaruthu Tree Whole plant 2 2.1 Terminalia elliptica Willd. Combretaceae Karimaruthu Tree Whole plant Firmiana simplex (L.) W. 2.2 Malvaceae Paravakka Tree Whole plant Wight Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) 2.3 Lythraceae Manimaruthu Tree Whole plant Pers. bark of roots and Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze. Lamiaceae Periyalam Shrub 3 Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane bark of roots and 3.1 Lamiaceae Kanakabharani Shrub & Mabb. leaves Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) bark of roots and 3.2 Malankara Tree Tirveng. leaves Cassine glauca (Rottb.) bark of roots and 3.3 Celastraceae Thonnimaram Tree Kuntze leaves Slender twigs & Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Kadalody Herb roots 4 Slender twigs & 4.1 Cyathula prostrate (L.)Blume Amaranthaceae Cherukadalody Herb roots

Slender twigs & 4.2 Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae Pypal valli Herb roots Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Lauraceae Karuva Tree Bark and 5 Cinnomomum cassia (L.) J. 5.1 Lauraceae Chinese patta Tree Bark and leaf Presl Peucedanum grande C.B.Clarke Apiaceae Wild carrot Herb 6 Elettaria cardamomum 6.1 Zingiberaceae Elam Herb Fruit (L.)Maton

6.2 Amomum subulatum Roxb. Zingiberaceae Kattuelam Herb Fruit Acorus calamus L. Acoraceae Vayambu Herb Rhizome 7 7.1 Iris×germanica L. Iridaceae Pushkaramulam Herb Rhizome

7.2 Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Zingiberaceae Chittaratta Herb Rhizome

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) 7.3 Zingiberaceae Mala inji Herb Rhizome Roscoe. ex Sm. 8 Iris × germanica L. Iridaceae Pushkaramulam Herb Rhizome 8.1 Inula racemosa Hook.f Compositae Pushkaramula Herb Rhizome Saussurea costus (Falc.) 8.2 Compositae Kottam Herb Rhizome Lipsch.

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8.3 Hedychium spicatum Sm. Zingiberaceae Kacholam Herb Rhizome 9 Salvia canariensis L. Lamiaceae Salvia Herb Root 9.1 Inula royleana DC. Compositae Herb Root 9.2 Iris × germanica L. Iridaceae Pushkaramulam Herb Rhizome Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Primulaceae Ammimuriyan Shrub , Bark of root 10 Schult.) A.DC.

10.1 Maesa indica (Roxb.)A.DC. Primulaceae Kuttivizhal Shrub Seed, Bark of root Holarrhena pubescens Wall.ex Apocynaceae Kutagappala Tree Bark 11 G.Don 11.1 Wrightia tinctoria R.Br Apocynaceae Manthappala Tree Bark Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) 11.2 Apocynaceae Ayyappala Tree Bark Mabb. Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Kadukka Tree Bark, Fruit 12 12.1 Terminalia pallida Brandis Combretaceae Tree Bark, Fruit

Terminalia citrina Roxb.ex 12.1 Combretaceae Tree Bark, Fruit Fleming Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Thymeleaceae Karakil Tree Wood, Extracted oil 13 Dysoxylum malabaricum 13.1 Meliaceae Vellakil Tree Wood, Extracted oil Bedd.ex C.DC. 14 Premna serratifolia L. Lamiaceae Munja Shrub Root, Leaves 14.1 Premna mollissima Roth Lamiaceae Knappa, Nappa Shrub Root, Leaves 14.2 Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f Lamiaceae Kozhiappa Tree Root, Leaves Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Convolvulaceae Elicheviyan Climber Leaves 15 Hallier f. Hemionitis arifolia (Burm.f.) 15.2 Pteridaceae Climber Leaves T.Moore 16 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae Moodillathali Climber Whole plant 16.1 Cassytha filiformis L. Lauraceae Neyyuvalli Climber Whole plant Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae Acrot Tree Whole plant 17 Aleurites moluccanus (L.) 17.1 Euphorbiaceae Akshotam Tree Whole plant Willd. 18 Limnophila aromatica (Lam.)Merr. Plantaginaceae Manganarri Herb Rhizome 18.1 Limnophila indica (L.) Druce Plantaginaceae Cheriya manganarri Herb Rhizome Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Leguminosae Ashokam Tree Bark of tree 19 19.1 Bauhinia variegate L. Leguminosae Chuvanna mandaram Tree Bark of tree

Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) 19.2 Annonaceae Aranamaram Tree Bark of tree Thwaites heterophyllum Wall.ex Ativitayam Herb Root 20 Royle Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz.) 20.1 Araceae Thakaram Herb Root Fisch.ex Wydler Paederia foetida L. Rubiaceae Thaalaneeli Climber Whole plant 21 Merremia tridentata (L.) 21.1 Convolvulaceae Sitarmudi Climber Whole plant Hallier f. Leptadenia pyrotechnica 21.2 Apocynaceae Shrub Whole plant (Forssk.)Decne. 21.3 Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae Climber Whole plant Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) 22 Compositae Kadal kayyonni Herb Whole plant Pruski

22.1 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Compositae Kayyunni Herb Whole plant Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. 23 Simaroubaceae Matti Tree Leaves, Bark 23.1 Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Aadalodakam Shrub Leaves, Bark 23.2 Justicia gendarussa Burm.f Acanthaceae Vathamkolli Shrub Leaves, Bark

23.3 Justicia carnea Lindl. Acanthaceae Herb Leaves, Bark Berberis aristata DC. Berberidaceae Kuthiramanjal/Maramanjal Shrub Rhizome 24 Coscinium fenestratum 24.1 Menispermaceae Maramanjal Climber Rhizome (Goetgh.)Colebr. wightianus Blume Maravatta Tree Seed oil 25 25.1 odorata R.Br. Achariaceae Marotti Tree Seed oil 25.2 Avicennia officinalis L. Acanthaceae Uppatti Tree Seed oil Hydnocarpus kurzii 25.3 Achariaceae Niradimuttu Tree Seed oil (King)Warb. Clitoria ternatea L. Leguminosae Shankupushpam Climber Whole plant 26 26.1 Canscora alata (Roth)Wall. Gentianaceae Kanjenkora Herb Whole plant

Convolvulus prostratus 26.2 Convolvulaceae Shankupushpi Herb Whole plant Forssk. 27 Alhagi maurorum Medik. Leguminosae Kappathumba Herb Whole plant 27.1 Fagonia arabica L. Zygophyllaceae Dhanvayaasam Shrub Whole plant

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27.2 Tragia involucrata L. Euphorbiaceae Kodithoova Climber Whole plant Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Vally kurunthotty Herb Root 28 Sida rhombifolia subsp. 28.1 Malvaceae Vankurunthotty Herb Root alnifolia (L.)Ugbor. 29 Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae Kurunthotty Herb Root 29.1 Sida spinosa L. Malvaceae Kattuventiyam Herb Root Cedrus deodara (Roxb.ex D.Don) Bark, heartwood, Pinaceae Devatharu Tree G.Don resin 30 Bark, heartwood, 30.1 Picea abies (L.) H.Karst Pinaceae Charalam Tree resin

Bark, heartwood, 30.2 Pinus palustris Mill Pinaceae Chirpine Tree resin Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Ranunculaceae Herb Root 31 Holmes 31.1 Aconitum napellus L. Ranunculaceae Herb Root

31.2 Aconitum ferox Wall.ex Ser. Ranunculaceae Herb Root

31.3 Aconitum lethale Griff. Ranunculaceae Herb Root Baliospermum solanifolium Euphorbiaceae Nagadanti Shrub Root 32 (Burm.) Suresh 32.1 Croton tiglium L. Euphorbiaceae Neervalam Shrub Root 32.2 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Aavanakku Shrub Root

32.3 Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Katalavanakku Shrub Root Croton tiglium L. Euphorbiaceae Neervalam Shrub Leaf,root,seed 33 Jatropha pelargoniifolia 33.1 Euphorbiaceae Shrub Leaf,root,seed Courbai

33.2 Croton polyandrous Spreng. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Leaf,root,seed

33.3 Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Kally Shrub Leaf,root,seed Abies spectabilis (D.Don)Mirb. Pinaceae Talisapatram Tree Leaves 34 34.1 Taxus baccata L. Taxaceae Tree Leaves

Rhododendron lepidanthum 34.2 Ericacaceae Tree Leaves Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.

Desmodium gangeticum (L.)DC. Leguminosae Oorila Shrub Whole plant Pseudarthria viscida 35.1 Leguminosae Moovila Shrub Whole plant 35 (L.)Wight & Arn. Desmodium heterocarpon 35.2 Leguminosae Nilathevara Herb Whole plant (L.)DC. 35.3 Uraria lagopodoides (L.) DC. Leguminosae Cheriyaoorila Herb Whole plant

Uraria rufescens (DC.) 35.4 Leguminosae Moovila Herb Whole plant Schindl. 35.5 Flemingia paniculata Benth. Leguminosae Herb Whole plant 36 cordifolia L. Rubiaceae Manjatty Climber Root 36.1 purpurea L. Rubiaceae Herb Root Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC. Leguminosae Herb Root 37 Desmodium gangeticum (L.) 37.1 Leguminosae Oorila Shrub Root DC. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Cucurbitaceae Kattuvellari Climber Root, Fruit 38 38.1 Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae Andanga Climber Root, Fruit Ceratosanthes palmata (L.) 38.2 Cucurbitaceae Kakkattonti Climber Root, Fruit Urb. Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Nerinnil Climber Whole plant 39 39.1 Martynia annua L. Martyniaceae Kakkachundu Herb Whole plant

Acanthospermum hispidum 39.2 Compositae Pulinagham Herb Whole plant DC.

39.3 Pedalium murex L. Pedaliaceae Ananerinnil Herb Whole plant (Lam.) Hook.f. & Menispermaceae Padathali Climber Whole plant 40 Thomson 40.1 Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Karanakodi Climber Whole plant 40.2 Rivea ornata Choisy Convolvulaceae Musta Climber Whole plant Rivea hypocrateriformis 40.3 Convolvulaceae Climber Whole plant Choisy Hemidesmus indicus (L.)R.Br.ex Apocynaceae Nannari Herb Tuber 41 Schult. Ichnocarpus frutescens 41.1 Apocynaceae Palvalli Climber Tuber (L.)W.T.Aiton Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) 41.2 Apocynaceae Kattupalvalli Climber Tuber M.R.Almeida

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