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International Journal of Integrated Engineering, Vol. 10 No. 8 (2018) p. 43-55 © Penerbit UTHM DOI: https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2018.10.08.006 Classification of Potential Risk Factors through HIRARC Method in Assessing Indoor Environment of Museums Syahrun Neizam Mohd Dzulkifli1, Abd Halid Abdullah1*, Lee Yee Yong2, Mohd Mahathir Suhaimi Shamsuri3, Zawawi Daud1 1Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia 2Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia 3Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Received 12 April 2018; accepted 19 November 2018, available online 29 December 2018 Abstract: Museums were established in Malaysia more than a hundred years ago. Since the year 2005, Malaysian government has discouraged constructing new purposely built museums in favour of refurbishing historic and old buildings to function as adaptive reused museums. Commonly due to insufficient ventilation, fully mechanically ventilated museums can pose critical indoor environmental issues that may lead to health hazards and risks among employees and visitors. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the potential risk factors within the museums based on indoor environmental criteria. This potential risk factors are resulted from the ‘Potential Risk Categories’, which have been developed by adopting the established Hazard Identification, Risks Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) Method. Based on the assessment of four main indoor environmental criteria in the Potential Risk Categories, it was discovered that 8 out of 24 museums are in the range of medium potential risk, while the rest of them are in the range of low potential risk. The ‘Potential Risk Categories’ is important for assessing indoor environment at the museums whereby the most critical risk could be assessed, and then suggestion could be provided to minimize the potential risk within the spaces inside the museums. Keywords: Indoor environment, Museum, Adaptive reused museum, HIRARC method 1. Introduction improvements are necessary to attract more visitors and provide a healthy environment inside the museum. Indoor air quality issues are not new in Malaysia. Since the year 2005, Malaysia has encouraged Nevertheless, the lack of study, data and local regulation refurbishing historic and old buildings to serve as becomes one of the major contributions towards this adaptive reused museums instead of constructing new problem especially with the non-industrial sector [1]. Air purposely built museums due to several reasons such as pollution is a particular problem in historical buildings the economic crisis, land limitation and sustainable issues such as adaptive-reused museums, because they were not [10]. Furthermore, there are about 56 historical adaptive originally built to exhibit and protect art objects in a reused museums which were not originally built for the sustainable way [2]. Due to insufficient ventilation within purpose of being a museum, where few studies have been these environments particularly in tropical regions, conducted on the quality of their indoor environment in people are exposed not only to humid and hotter indoor Malaysia [11]. These museums can be divided into two spaces [3, 4] causing occupants’ discomfort but also to types, namely a purposely built museum, and an adaptive- pollutants emanating from a wide array of sources that reused museum where the building was originally built creates indoor environmental problems which could for other functions such as residential, office, institution, affect their health [5, 6]. etc. For adaptive-reused museums in particular, balancing The museums were established in Malaysia more the requirements of the building fabric, the occupants and than a hundred years ago. Since the founding of the first the contents, while meeting desired environmental criteria museum (i.e. The Perak Museum) in Taiping in 1883, can be extremely difficult. Thus, it is even more crucial more than 100 museums have been set up in this country for museums that require a specialized and strict building [7]. They are managed by various government agencies control systems where thorough investigation of indoor from federal to the state levels [8]. The museums in thermal and air flow conditions using either field study or Malaysia are constantly challenged by poor public computer modelling and simulation are necessary [12, perception as being a dull repository and being queried 13]. from financial providers based on the museum’s performance in generating profit for the nation [9]. Thus, *Corresponding author: [email protected] 43 2011 UTHM Publisher. All right reserved. S. N. Mohd Dzulkifli et al., Int. J. Of Integrated Engineering Vol. 10 No. 8 (2018) p. 43-55 There are numerous techniques, methodologies and tools that can be employed in managing hazards and risks Table 1: HIRARC’s Semi-Quantitative Matrix in museums. An effective approach to indoor health and (Probability vs. Consequences) safety needs a suitable risk assessment phase. However, little attention has been paid to this phase of practice due Cons. Extreme Major Moderate Minor to the lack of appropriate tools and methodologies [14]. Prob. (4) (3) (2) (1) Very Likely Extreme High High Medium Hence, there is an urgent need to develop appropriate (4) (16) (12) (8) (4) techniques or tools that can be used to manage indoor Likely High High Medium Medium hazards and risks. A study conducted by Hariri et al. has (3) (12) (9) (6) (3) developed an index that serves as a ranking tool in Unlikely High Medium Medium Low comparing industrial environmental condition at different (2) (8) (6) (4) (2) location such as for Small and Medium Enterprises Very Unlikely Medium Medium Low Low (SMEs) [15] and welding workplace [16]. (1) (4) (3) (2) (1) Nevertheless, for this study, the established Hazard Identification, Risks Assessment and Risk Control Table 2: Risks Prioritization (HIRARC) method was selected as a base format for (Probability vs. Consequences) indoor environment assessment to develop the Potential Risk Categories, which was used to determine the Risk Description Action potential risk factors inside museums based on indoor 16 Extreme Requires an immediate action to control the hazard as detailed in the 8 - 12 High environment criteria. According to the guidelines for hierarchy of the control. HIRARC provided by Department of Occupational Safety Required a planned approach to and Health (DOSH), the purpose of this HIRARC is to 3 - 6 Medium control the hazard and apply provide a systematic and objective approach to assess the temporary measurement if required Considered as acceptable and hazards and their associated risks, and such risks will also future reduction may not be provide an objective measurement of an identified hazard necessary. However, if the risk can 1 - 2 Low and a method to control the risk [17]. Table 1 be resolved quickly and efficiently, demonstrates that the risk can be calculated by using control measurement should be implemented and recorded Probability multiplying Consequences, whereas Table 2 presents the risks prioritization of HIRARC’s semi– quantitative matrix along with their associated actions 2. Methodology needed. Walkthrough inspections were carried out to assess The primary aim of this study is to determine and determine the potential risk factors of indoor potential risk factors of museums in Melaka, under the environment criteria within the museums by using management of Perbadanan Muzium Melaka (PERZIM). Potential Risk Categories as shown in details in Fig. 1. The potential risk factors are resulted from the Potential These Potential Risk Categories are the risk assessment Risk Categories developed earlier by adopting the tool developed from the established risk assessments established HIRARC Method of DOSH Malaysia. known as the HIRARC Method and is used for analyzing Apparently, the Potential Risk Categories represent the and selecting the suitable museums as case studies by process of walkthrough inspection for indoor categorizing them based on several indoor environment environment assessment, which is utilized as a tool to assessment criteria. determine the potential risk factors within the museums based on indoor environment criteria, especially the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Potential Risk Categories Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Criteria 4 (People Comfort & (Artefact Risk) (Ventilation) (Building Safety) Characteristic) CSR Density Collection Space Area Ratio Ratio Sensitivity (Crowdedness) Artefact Types of Building Age Building Sensitivity Display (Years) Location Fig. 1: Method in Assessing Potential Risk Categories 44 S. N. Mohd Dzulkifli et al., Int. J. Of Integrated Engineering Vol. 10 No. 8 (2018) p. 43-55 Thus, the case studies were conducted around the area (people per m2) of the selected location [18]. Annual vicinity of Bandar Hilir, located in the district of Kota Visitor Report of 2015 was referred to estimate the Melaka, in the state of Melaka, Malaysia. Bandar Hilir number of people, while the area and volume of the room was selected as this town consists of a number of were derived from the building characteristics. Based on museums (where several of them are adaptive reused the factors related to the number of people present and the from historical buildings), and the city also has been room’s size in terms of its