DOCSLIB.ORG

The Genesis of the Textile Industry from Adorned Nudity to Ritual Regalia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Genesis of the Textile Industry from Adorned Nudity to Ritual Regalia The Genesis of the Textile Industry from Adorned Nudity to Ritual Regalia The changing role of fibre crafts and their evolving techniques of manufacture in the Ancient Near East from the Natufian to the Ghassulian Janet Levy Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-448-2 ISBN 978-1-78969-449-9 (e-Pdf) © Janet Levy and Archaeopress 2020 Cover photos: Male/left figurine:Bir Safadi, Beer-Sheva, photograph by Clara Amit, courtesy of Jean Perrot and the Israel Antiquities Authority; Female/right figurine: Tell Halif, northeast Negev, Lahav Project; courtesy of Oded Borowski, Joe Seger and the Israel Antiquities Authority All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Severn, Gloucester This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of Figures.................................................................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1 Objective, methodology, environment and the Natufian to Ghassulian archaeological background 1.1 Objective ...................................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Experimentation ............................................................................................................................................................2 1.2.2 Database: spindle whorls ..............................................................................................................................................2 1.2.3 Iconography....................................................................................................................................................................3 1.2.4 Textual sources ..............................................................................................................................................................3 1.2.5 Ethnography ...................................................................................................................................................................3 1.3 Geography, topography and climate ....................................................................................................................................4 1.4 Overview of local, archaeologically attested, fibre manufacturing techniques ...........................................................5 1.5 Pre-Natufian fibre traditions of the southern Levant .......................................................................................................6 1.6 History of Research .................................................................................................................................................................8 1.6.1 Technological change ....................................................................................................................................................8 1.6.2 The Egyptian sphere......................................................................................................................................................8 1.6.3 The Mesopotamian sphere ...........................................................................................................................................8 1.6.4 Ethnography and ethnoarchaeology ..........................................................................................................................9 1.6.5 Raw materials ...............................................................................................................................................................10 1.6.6 Tools of production .....................................................................................................................................................10 1.6.7 Cordage ..........................................................................................................................................................................11 1.6.8 Netting ...........................................................................................................................................................................12 1.6.9 Basketry .........................................................................................................................................................................12 1.6.10 Matting ........................................................................................................................................................................13 1.6.11 Yarn directionality and technological changes in production ...........................................................................13 1.6.12 Clothing and footwear ..............................................................................................................................................13 1.6.13 Fabrics and textiles ....................................................................................................................................................13 1.6.14 Southern Levant, attire, fabrics, textiles and representations ...........................................................................14 Chapter 2 Natufian 2.1 Cultural overview: settlement pattern, economy, technology and symbolic world ..................................................15 2.2 Cordage ...................................................................................................................................................................................17 2.2.1 Cordage in subsistence ...............................................................................................................................................17 2.2.2 Cordage in ideology .....................................................................................................................................................19 2.3 Netting ....................................................................................................................................................................................19 2.3.1 Fish nets ........................................................................................................................................................................19 2.3.2 Fowling ..........................................................................................................................................................................20 2.3.3 Netting mammals ........................................................................................................................................................21 2.3.4 Carrying nets ................................................................................................................................................................21 2.4 Basketry ..................................................................................................................................................................................21 2.4.1 Basketry in the economy ............................................................................................................................................21 2.5 Ornamentation and wear .....................................................................................................................................................24 2.5.1 Beads and pendants .....................................................................................................................................................25 2.5.2 Apparel ..........................................................................................................................................................................26 2.6 Bone tool repertoire .............................................................................................................................................................28 2.6.1 Craft tools ......................................................................................................................................................................29 2.7 Discussion and conclusions .................................................................................................................................................31 i Chapter 3 The Pre-pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 3.1 Cultural overview: settlement pattern, economy, technology and symbolic world ..................................................33 3.2 Cordage ...................................................................................................................................................................................35
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nile Valley-Levant Interactions: an Eclectic Review
    Nile Valley-Levant interactions: an eclectic review The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Bar-Yosef, Ofer. 2013. Nile Valley-Levant interactions: an eclectic review. In Neolithisation of Northeastern Africa, ed. Noriyuki Shirai. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 16: 237-247. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:31887680 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP In: N. Shirai (ed.) Neolithization of Northeastern Africa. Studies in Early Near Eastern: Production, Subsistence, & Environment 16, ex oriente: Berlin. pp. 237-247. Nile Valley-Levant interactions: an eclectic review Ofer Bar-Yosef Department of Anthropology, Harvard University Opening remarks Writing a review of a prehistoric province as an outsider is not a simple task. The archaeological process, as we know today, is an integration of data sets – the information from the field and the laboratory analyses, and the interpretation that depends on the paradigm held by the writer affected by his or her personal experience. Even monitoring the contents of most of the published and online literature is a daunting task. It is particularly true for looking at the Egyptian Neolithic during the transition from foraging to farming and herding, when most of the difficulties originate from the poorly known bridging regions. A special hurdle is the terminological conundrum of the Neolithic, as Andrew Smith and Alison Smith discusses in this volume, and in particular the term “Neolithisation” that finally made its way to the Levantine literature.
    [Show full text]
  • High Resolution AMS Dates from Shubayqa 1, Northeast Jordan
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN High Resolution AMS Dates from Shubayqa 1, northeast Jordan Reveal Complex Origins of Late Received: 2 October 2017 Accepted: 22 November 2017 Epipalaeolithic Natufan in the Published: xx xx xxxx Levant Tobias Richter 1, Amaia Arranz-Otaegui1, Lisa Yeomans1 & Elisabetta Boaretto2 The Late Epipalaeolithic Natufan (~14,600 − 11,500 cal BP) is a key period in the prehistory of southwest Asia. Often described as a complex hunting and gathering society with increased sedentism, intensive plant exploitation and associated with an increase in artistic and symbolic material culture, it is positioned between the earlier Upper- and Epi-Palaeolithic and the early Neolithic, when plant cultivation and subsequently animal domestication began. The Natufan has thus often been seen as a necessary pre-adaptation for the emergence of Neolithic economies in southwest Asia. Previous work has pointed to the Mediterranean woodland zone of the southern Levant as the ‘core zone’ of the Early Natufan. Here we present a new sequence of 27 AMS radiocarbon dates from the Natufan site Shubayqa 1 in northeast Jordan. The results suggest that the site was occupied intermittently between ~14,600 − 12,000 cal BP. The dates indicate the Natufan emerged just as early in eastern Jordan as it did in the Mediterranean woodland zone. This suggests that the origins and development of the Natufan were not tied to the ecological conditions of the Mediterranean woodlands, and that the evolution of this hunting and gathering society was more complex and heterogeneous than previously thought. Te lack of secure, continuous sequences of radiocarbon dates from Natufan sites has been a long running prob- lem for researchers working on the Late Epipalaeolithic of the Levant1–4, particularly when it comes to the Early Natufan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation
    J Archaeol Res DOI 10.1007/s10814-016-9094-7 The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation Alice Stevenson1 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract When the archaeology of Predynastic Egypt was last appraised in this journal, Savage (2001a, p. 101) expressed optimism that ‘‘a consensus appears to be developing that stresses the gradual development of complex society in Egypt.’’ The picture today is less clear, with new data and alternative theoretical frameworks challenging received wisdom over the pace, direction, and nature of complex social change. Rather than an inexorable march to the beat of the neo-evolutionary drum, primary state formation in Egypt can be seen as a more syncopated phenomenon, characterized by periods of political experimentation and shifting social boundaries. Notably, field projects in Sudan and the Egyptian Delta together with new dating techniques have set older narratives of development into broader frames of refer- ence. In contrast to syntheses that have sought to measure abstract thresholds of complexity, this review of the period between c. 4500 BC and c. 3000 BC tran- scends analytical categories by adopting a practice-based examination of multiple dimensions of social inequality and by considering how the early state may have become a lived reality in Egypt around the end of the fourth millennium BC. Keywords State formation Á Social complexity Á Neo-evolutionary theory Á Practice theory Á Kingship Á Predynastic Egypt Introduction Forty years ago, the sociologist Abrams (1988, p. 63) famously spoke of the difficulty of studying that most ‘‘spurious of sociological objects’’—the modern state.
    [Show full text]
  • Ch. 4. NEOLITHIC PERIOD in JORDAN 25 4.1
    Borsa di studio finanziata da: Ministero degli Affari Esteri di Italia Thanks all …………. I will be glad to give my theses with all my love to my father and mother, all my brothers for their helps since I came to Italy until I got this degree. I am glad because I am one of Dr. Ursula Thun Hohenstein students. I would like to thanks her to her help and support during my research. I would like to thanks Dr.. Maysoon AlNahar and the Museum of the University of Jordan stuff for their help during my work in Jordan. I would like to thank all of Prof. Perreto Carlo and Prof. Benedetto Sala, Dr. Arzarello Marta and all my professors in the University of Ferrara for their support and help during my Phd Research. During my study in Italy I met a lot of friends and specially my colleges in the University of Ferrara. I would like to thanks all for their help and support during these years. Finally I would like to thanks the Minister of Fournier of Italy, Embassy of Italy in Jordan and the University of Ferrara institute for higher studies (IUSS) to fund my PhD research. CONTENTS Ch. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Ch. 2. AIMS OF THE RESEARCH 3 Ch. 3. NEOLITHIC PERIOD IN NEAR EAST 5 3.1. Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) in Near east 5 3.2. Pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) in Near east 10 3.2.A. Early PPNB 10 3.2.B. Middle PPNB 13 3.2.C. Late PPNB 15 3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction at Beidha, Southern Jordan (Ca
    This is a repository copy of Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction at Beidha, Southern Jordan (ca. 18,000-8,500 BP) : Implications for human occupation during the Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/90349/ Version: Published Version Book Section: Rambeau, Claire, Finlayson, Bill, Smith, Sam et al. (3 more authors) (2011) Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction at Beidha, Southern Jordan (ca. 18,000-8,500 BP) : Implications for human occupation during the Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic. In: Mithen, Steven and Black, Emily, (eds.) Water, Life & Civilisation. International Hydrology Series . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , pp. 245-268. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 16 Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction at Beidha, southern Jordan (c. 18,000–8,500 BP): Implications for human occupation during the Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Claire Rambeau, Bill Finlayson, Sam Smith, Stuart Black, Robyn Inglis and Stuart Robinson ABSTRACT background of major events such as the start of the Younger Dryas and the Holocene (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Early and Middle Pleistocene Faunal and Hominins Dispersals Through Southwestern Asia
    Early and Middle Pleistocene Faunal and Hominins Dispersals through Southwestern Asia The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Bar-Yosef, Ofer and Miriam Belmaker. Forthcoming. Early and Middle Pleistocene faunal and hominins dispersals through Southwestern Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 29. Published Version doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.016 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4270472 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 Early and Middle Pleistocene Faunal and Hominins Dispersals through 2 Southwestern Asia 3 4 5 Ofer Bar-Yosef and Miriam Belmaker 6 Department of Anthropology 7 Harvard University 8 11 Divinity Avenue 9 Cambridge MA 02138 10 Phone ++ 1 617 495 1279 11 Fax ++ 1 617 496 8041 12 1 12 Abstract 13 This review summarizes the paleoecology of the Early and Middle Pleistocene of 14 southwestern Asia, based on both flora and fauna, retrieved from a series of ‘windows’ 15 provided by the excavated sites. The incomplete chrono-stratigraphy of this vast region 16 does not allow to accept the direct chronological correlation between the available sites 17 and events of faunal and hominin dispersals from Africa. It also demonstrates that 18 hominins survived in a mixed landscape of open parkland with forested surrounding hills. 19 In addition, the prevailing environmental conditions are not sufficient to explain the 20 differences between ‘core and flake’ and the Acheulian industries that probably reflect 21 the learned traditions of different groups of hominins successful adaptations to new 22 ecological niches away from the African savanna.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between the Badarian and the Amratian in Prehistoric Egypt
    The Relationship between the Badarian and the Amratian in Prehistoric Egypt Justine J James Two Year Paper Stephen. Harvey Gil Stein March 2004 James 1 Introduction Despite over a century of research since Jacques de Morgan and W. M. F. Petrie made the first discovery and identification of prehistoric artifacts in Egypt, the prehistoric or Predynastic period, especially in the final 2000 or so years leading up to the historic period,1 is not clearly understood. One of the major questions still facing Egyptologists is the question of the origins of pharaonic civilization. Specifically, was pharaonic civilization the product of a gradual evolution of a single cultural antecedent in the Nile valley, the product of a combination of a number of different cultural antecedents in the Nile valley, the product of an entirely new culture whose origins are outside the Nile valley, or a combination of all of the above? Answering this question requires a clearer understanding of prehistoric cultures both in the Nile valley proper and in the surrounding deserts and south into the modern Sudan, especially in terms of chronology and geography. In an attempt to clarify one of these cultural relationships, this paper will focus on the Badarian and Amratian cultural units. The Badarian is traditionally described as a Neolithic farming culture dating to between 5000/4000 and 3900 BC focused in a 35 km strip of around 40 settlement areas in Middle Egypt along the Nile, despite finds of Badarian-like materials outside this presumed homeland at Hierakonpolis, Armant, and Wadi Hammamat.2 The Amratian is described as a Predynastic farming culture with a widespread presence in Upper Egypt spanning Matmar in the north to Wadi Kubbaniya in the south, dating to between 3900 and 3650 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Paleo-Anthropocene and the Genesis of the Current Landscape of Israel
    aaaJournal of Landscape Ecology (2017), Vol: 10 / No. 3 THE PALEO-ANTHROPOCENE AND THE GENESIS OF THE CURRENT LANDSCAPE OF ISRAEL OREN ACKERMANN1*, AREN M. MAEIR2, SUEMBIKYA (SUE) FRUMIN2, TAL SVORAY3, EHUD WEISS2, HELENA M. ZHEVELEV4, LIORA KOLSKA HORWITZ5 1Israel Heritage Department and the Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Ariel University, Israel, P.O.B. 3, Ariel 4070000 2The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Israel 3Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel 4The Laboratory of Geomorphology and Soil, The Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900 Israel. [email protected] 5National Natural History Collections, Faculty of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel *The first draft of this paper was written when O.A. was a staff member at Ashkelon Academic College and at Bar-Ilan University, corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 12th August 2017, Accepted: 30th November 2017 ABSTRACT Worldwide, human impact on natural landscapes has intensified since prehistoric times, and this is well documented in the global archaeological record. The period between the earliest hominids and the Industrial Revolution of the late 18-19th centuries is known as the Paleo-Anthropocene. The current study reviews key geoarchaeological, floral and faunal factors of the Paleo-Anthropocene in Israel, an area that has undergone human activities in various intensities since prehistoric times. It discusses significant human imprints on these three features in the Israeli landscape, demonstrating that its current form is almost entirely anthropogenic.
    [Show full text]
  • Biface Distributions and the Movius Line: a Southeast Asian Perspective
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2012 Biface distributions and the Movius Line: A Southeast Asian perspective Adam Brumm University of Wollongong, [email protected] Mark W. Moore University of New England Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers Part of the Life Sciences Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Brumm, Adam and Moore, Mark W.: Biface distributions and the Movius Line: A Southeast Asian perspective 2012, 32-46. https://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers/4441 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Biface distributions and the Movius Line: A Southeast Asian perspective Abstract The ‘Movius Line’ is the putative technological demarcation line mapping the easternmost geographical distribution of Acheulean bifacial tools. It is traditionally argued by proponents of the Movius Line that ‘true’ Acheulean bifaces, especially handaxes, are only found in abundance in Africa and western Eurasia, whereas in eastern Asia, in front of the ‘line’, these implements are rare or absent altogether. Here we argue, however, that the Movius Line relies on classifying undated surface bifaces as Acheulean on typological grounds alone, a long-standing and widely accepted practice in Africa and western Eurasia, but one that is not seen as legitimate in eastern Asian contexts. A review of the literature shows that bifaces are relatively common as surface finds in Southeast Asia and on this basis we argue that the Movius Line is in need of reassessment.
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing Cultural Heritage out of the Shadows
    N EWS F OCUS PROFILE: SEYYED MOHAMMED BEHESHTI A: This started 4 years ago, and now we have cooperation with many nations. We are quite Bringing Cultural Heritage aware that Iran is an important place archae- ologically. Therefore it is our duty to provide Out of the Shadows facilities and possibilities for such work. We have to become part of the larger interna- In a few short years, this unorthodox official has transformed the Iranian Cultural tional system of archaeology; otherwise we Heritage Organization and is turning Iran into a destination of choice for archaeologists will be left behind. So it is good to have this cooperation, but we have our own terms and In a nation where somber, turbaned clerics ICHO, which oversees archaeology and had standards. If there is to be scientific cooper- dominate politics, Seyyed Mohammed Be- long been a backwater in the Ministry of Cul- ation, it should be real cooperation. That heshti stands out. Shortly after he took over ture and Islamic Guidance. He has won means 50-50. as head of the Iranian Cultural Heritage Or- greater government funding, instituted an im- ganization (ICHO), a colleague complained pressive news service and Web site, and that he didn’t go to the mosque for public championed the return of foreign archaeolo- prayers. “But if I did, my toupee would fall gists. “He is a breath of fresh air, and the rea- off,” he replied. Beheshti’s striking reddish- son we’ve been able to do anything is because blonde mop is only the superficial manifes- of that man,” says University of Chicago ar- tation of his nonconformist approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Before the Pyramids Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu Before the pyramids oi.uchicago.edu before the pyramids baked clay, squat, round-bottomed, ledge rim jar. 12.3 x 14.9 cm. Naqada iiC. oim e26239 (photo by anna ressman) 2 oi.uchicago.edu Before the pyramids the origins of egyptian civilization edited by emily teeter oriental institute museum puBlications 33 the oriental institute of the university of chicago oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922920 ISBN-10: 1-885923-82-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-82-0 © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2011. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago This volume has been published in conjunction with the exhibition Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization March 28–December 31, 2011 Oriental Institute Museum Publications 33 Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban Rebecca Cain and Michael Lavoie assisted in the production of this volume. Published by The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 1155 East 58th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA oi.uchicago.edu For Tom and Linda Illustration Credits Front cover illustration: Painted vessel (Catalog No. 2). Cover design by Brian Zimerle Catalog Nos. 1–79, 82–129: Photos by Anna Ressman Catalog Nos. 80–81: Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Printed by M&G Graphics, Chicago, Illinois. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Service — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ∞ oi.uchicago.edu book title TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. Gil J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Environmental Conditions on Ghassulian Settlement (Ca
    The Impact of Environmental Conditions on Ghassulian Settlement (ca. 4,500-3,900 BC): A GIS- based Spatial Analysis Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by Rona Winter-Livneh Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev June 2013 Beer-Sheva The Impact of Environmental Conditions on Ghassulian Settlement (ca. 4,500-3,900 BC): A GIS based Spatial Analysis Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by Rona Winter-Livneh Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Approved by the advisors Approved by the Dean of the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies June 2013 Beer-Sheva This work was carried out under the supervision of Prof. Isaac Gilead In the Department of Bible, Archaeology and the Ancient Near East The Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Prof. Tal Svoray In the Department of Geography and Environmental Development The Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Research-Student's Affidavit when Submitting the Doctoral Thesis for Judgment I Rona Winter-Livneh whose signature appears below, hereby declare that (Please mark the appropriate statements): _X_I have written this Thesis by myself, except for the help and guidance offered by my Thesis Advisors. X The scientific materials included in this Thesis are products of my own research, culled from the period during which I was a research student. X This Thesis incorporates research materials produced in cooperation with others, excluding the technical help commonly received during experimental work.
    [Show full text]