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Population Growth and Forest Degradation in Guwahati City: a GIS Based Approach I.Introduction

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Population Growth and Forest Degradation in Guwahati City: a GIS Based Approach I.Introduction International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science Society and Culture(IJIRSSC) Vol: 1, No.:1, 2015 ISSN 2395-4335, © IJIRSSC www. ijirssc.in ________________________________-________________ Population Growth and Forest Degradation in Guwahati City: A GIS Based Approach 1 Rinku Manta , 2 Dhrubajyoti Rajbangshi 1Research Scholar, Geography Department, Gauhati University, Assam ,India 2Assistant Professor, Guwahati College, Guwahati-21, Assam, India ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT : Being the prime city in the north eastern part of India, the pressure of population growth in the Guwahati city is very high compared to other cities of developing nations. In last few decades, due to ever increasing anthropogenic activities, the city is facing many geo-ecological problems. Naturally the physiographic conditions have cumulative effect on the growth and distribution of population and settlement pattern. This city has been characterized by a complex pattern of human habitation of as many as 809,895 populations within 216 sq. km. geographical area in 2001. The physiography of the area is not plain one and 20 numbers of small and big hillocks are found covered with forest which has great impact on keeping the city pollution free environment with healthy ecological balance. Among these hillocks 9 are identified as a reserve forest. Due to population pressure large number of encroachment and deforestation has been seen, resulting squeezes the area of the hillocks. The study is based on primary and secondary data collected from different sources. The collected data are analyzed through GIS software to find the output explicitly. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this paper to analyze the population pressure, changing forest dynamics and its related phenomena and encroachment pattern in the study area. These problem leads to rapid deforestation, shrinking of wetlands, flash flood and some environmental problems respectively. Some areas of the city are considered as a heavy encroachment area, out of which the Hengerabari is the most significant one and Chandmari, Tarun Nagar and Nabin Nagar etc. are identified as flash flood prone area. Key words: Encroachment, Guwahati city, Population pressure, Forest degradation, GIS. I.Introduction: The equality of the environment is constantly loosing its status due to increase in population growth in most countries of world [2] affirm that population has been a chief agent of environmental degradation in most cities of the world. He further explain that man main occupation’s were hunting and gathering of fruits but later as human population increased, man invented new techniques which has constitute great menace to the natural environment. Enger and Smith (2006) supported Gabriel (1999) idea and state that as population continue to increase it will become more difficult to limit the environmental degradation that accompany it. Out of the total forest cover in India, approximately a quarter of forest cover is found in northeast India with 637,293 km2 within reserved, protected and unclassified forests. Hence, northeast part of India, comprising of seven states namely, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura, is regarded as one of the global biodiversity centers and a hotspot [7] with climate ranging from typical tropical to sub-alpine type [8]. This region has some of the largest reserves of tropical and sub-tropical forests of wet evergreen, semi- evergreen, moist deciduous, coniferous forests, mixed forest and shrubland [1]. www. ijirssc.in Page 84 International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science Society and Culture(IJIRSSC) Vol: 1, No.:1, 2015 ISSN 2395-4335, © IJIRSSC www. ijirssc.in ________________________________-________________ In this region of northeast India, land-use change and modification of the forest to other land use such as agriculture have been increasing and extensively practiced in the past decades. Extensive agricultural practice through shifting cultivation locally called Jhum over the past decades have led to the deforestation of the rich diversity tropical forest of the region. The massive deforestation in the region highlights a combination of different drivers primarily shifting cultivation, increasing human population and increasing demands for agricultural land [6]. Guwahati being an important city in the north-eastern region has witnessed fast population growth in the recent years, also experiencing environmental problems The situation of population in the study area has not only degraded the forest ecosystem but has caused the environment to lose its natural equilibrium at the same time has exert more pressure on the natural resources. Beside, population growth in the region have lead to increasing environmental problems such as loss of plant and animal species, pollution, air population, soil infertility among others. The paper tends to critically examine the impact of population growth on forest degradation [4]. II. Study Area: Guwahati city, the capital of Assam is located on the south bank of river Brahmaputra towards the south eastern side of Kamrup district. The absolute location of the city extends from 910 38/ E to 910 51/ E longitude and from 260 5/ N to 260 12/ N latitude. Fig-1 www. ijirssc.in Page 85 International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science Society and Culture(IJIRSSC) Vol: 1, No.:1, 2015 ISSN 2395-4335, © IJIRSSC www. ijirssc.in ________________________________-________________ In the northern side, the city is bounded by mighty river Brahmaputra and in the southern side; the city is surrounded by hillocks which is the extension of Khasi hills. In the west and the south west there is the Rani Reserve Forest, Deepar Beel wet land and the alluvial tracts of the Brahmaputra plain. The city is situated on an undulating plain with varying altitudes of 49.5 m to 55.5 m above mean sea level. The topography of the city is made up of both high land and low land. At present the city municipal corporation area consists of 60 wards[5]. III. Objectives of the Study: The Objectives of the study are to- 1. Study the population growth and distribution of the study area. 2. Study the impact of population pressure on forest cover. IV. Methodology : The study was based on both primary and secondary information. The primary data were mainly the observation method and data collected randomly from the field by adopting interview method. The secondary data were collected from Census of India, Assam Remote Sensing Application Centre, Guwahati Municipal Corporation Office and many other government office, agencies, institutions. Map work has been done with the help of Geographical Information System software, as it helps to bring out the information explicitly. The conclusions of the study have been drawn on the basis of findings derived from the analysis of both primary and secondary data and also from personal observations in the field. V. Result and Discussion : Population Growth and Distributional Pattern: Guwahati is the business hub and largest city of Assam and North East. It is also the biggest commercial, industrial, educational and health centre of the region. For Look East Policy of Govt. of India, emerging importance of Guwahati will be phenomenal. For all these reasons there is a tremendous pressure of population in Guwahati city. The population distributional pattern in Guwahati is not even. The undulating surface, rapid growth of population, different types of socio-economic activities is impact on distribution pattern of population. According to the 2001 census population in Guwahati was 8, 09,895 against the total population of 2, 66, 55,528 in our state, which is 3.19 percent of total population. The geographical area of Guwahati is 216 square kilometer against the total area of 78,438 km of our state which is only 0.28 percent of total geographical area. This scanty geographical area has to support 3.9 percent of total population of our state. The density of population in Guwahtai is 579 persons per sq.km against the average density of 340 persons per sq.km in our state. www. ijirssc.in Page 86 International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science Society and Culture(IJIRSSC) Vol: 1, No.:1, 2015 ISSN 2395-4335, © IJIRSSC www. ijirssc.in ________________________________-________________ Fig-2: Density of Population and household of Guwahati. The density of population of different wards of the city displays a comparatively lower density of population at the peripheral wards as compared to that of the old inner areas. It is observed that a pocket found in south –western parts in the city comprising wards 2,10,12,13,16,17 encompassing Padumbari, Near Pragjyotish college ,Lalgansh, Kahilipara,Lalmati, Saukuchi,Lokhora Chariali, Narangi , Satgaon, Panjabari and other peripheri area in the city have the lowest density of population. The highest density of population is found in Ward No. 14, 28,29,32,44 and 45 that covers Fancy Bazar, Kadar Road, H.B. Road and T.R. Phukan Road. Etc. In the sample survey the distribution of population have seen differ than the census data. The occupancy rate in sample survey is higher than the census data. It is due to the migration of population in different causes from time to time. It affect on the population distribution. As increased in the rapid land value and shortage of land comparatively people need, many people are settled in the periphery area. But it is noticed that to fulfill the demand of people and lack of area the new development has become vertically and distribution and density is higher than before. This situation has seen mainly in the central region where all civic amenities are available. But with the passes of time the scenario is changing day by day and distribution pattern become more completed. Fig-3: Road map of Guwahati Again, urban population in Assam is 12.72 percent, which is 33,90,583 of total population of Guwahati with total urban population in our state, then we find that Guwahati www.
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