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Dissertation / Doctoral Thesis DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation / Title of the Doctoral Thesis Datenintensiver Journalismus: Erforschung und redaktionelle Routinen einer technisch spezifizierten journalistischen Praxis verfasst von / submitted by Mag. (FH) Julian Ausserhofer angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2017 / Vienna, 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 092 301 Degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Publizistik- und Field of study as it appears on the student Kommunikationswissenschaft record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: emer. o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Thomas A. Bauer 2 Für meine Eltern. 3 4 Danksagung und Anmerkungen zur Form Dieses Buch trägt zwar meinen Namen am Cover, aber es würde nicht existieren ohne die unzähligen Gespräche, Begegnungen, Einsichten, Empfehlungen und Unterstützungen, die mir viele Menschen und Institutionen im Laufe der Jahre zuteilwerden ließen. Thomas A. Bauer möchte ich für die inspirierende, vertrauensvolle und ermutigende Betreuung der Dissertation meinen tiefen Dank aussprechen. Ein weiterer großer Dank gebührt Robert Gutounig, Katharina Serles und Lena Wanner, die den Text vor der Abgabe vollständig gegengelesen haben und wichtige Hinweise gegeben haben. Ein Dankeschön von Herzen ergeht an meine Eltern und deren Partner, meine Freundin Lena, meine Großeltern, meine Brüder, an alle Verwandten, FreundInnen und Bekannten, die mich in den vergangenen Jahren unterstützt haben. Im Laufe der Jahre waren zahlreiche weitere Personen eine große Unterstützung und Inspiration – unter anderem als Co-AutorInnen von Publikationen, die in diese Arbeit eingeflossen sind, als deren KorrekturleserInnen, oder schlicht als GesprächspartnerInnen. Dazu gehören (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge): Wolfgang Aigner, Mercedes Bunz, Paul Duguid, Eva Goldgruber, Markus Hametner, Cori Hayden, Christian Katzenbach, Wiebke Loosen, Noura Maan, Axel Maireder, Annette Markham, Sarah Matiasek, Christina Niederer, Michael Oppermann, Cornelius Puschmann, Alexander Rind, Joseph Robinson, Elena Rudowsky, Christina Schumann, Michael Sedlmair, Monika Taddicken, Heinz Wittenbrink und Thomas Wolkinger. Auch hier zu nennen sind die InterviewpartnerInnen, die mir so bereitwillig Auskunft gegeben haben und in Tabelle 5 aufgeführt sind. Des Weiteren möchte ich den institutionellen UnterstützerInnen und BereitstellerInnen von Forschungsinfrastruktur danken. Die Forschung, die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegt, wurde ermöglicht durch Mittel der Universität Wien und deren HochschülerInnenschaft (ÖH), der FH Joanneum, der Österreichischen Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft bzw. dem Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie (Projekt: 845598), der Internet Privatstiftung Austria sowie der Volkswagenstiftung. Beherbergt wurde ich unter anderem vom Alexander von Humboldt Institut für Internet und Gesellschaft in Berlin, vom Center for Science, Technology, Medicine and Society an der University of California, Berkeley, von Alessandro Bennati in München, von Wilfried Lipp in Altaussee. An diesen Orten haben neben Wien und Graz längere Phasen der Forschung und Textproduktion stattgefunden. 5 Viele der hier genannten Personen und Institutionen werden von der öffentlichen Hand finanziert. So verhält es sich auch mit den Universitäten, an denen ich studiert habe, und mit den meisten der Bibliotheken, die ich für diese Arbeit genützt habe. Sie alle haben viel zum Zustandekommen dieser Arbeit beigetragen. Deshalb möchte ich mich hiermit bei all jenen bedanken, die direkt oder indirekt mitwirken, dass diese Infrastrukturen unserer Gesellschaften funktionieren. Dieser Text profitierte weiters stark von frei zugänglichen Publikationen und Methodenerläuterungen, von offenen Daten und Softwareanwendungen. Deshalb gilt schließlich mein aufrechter Dank all jenen, die Open Science1 und Open Source unterstützen. In Formfragen folgt die Arbeit so weit wie möglich den Empfehlungen der American Psychological Association (2010). Deren Anleitung ist zwar umfassend, kann jedoch nicht alle Fragen beantworten, die bei einer Textproduktion auftauchen. Etwa sind Aspekte wie gendersensible Sprache oder der Umgang mit fremdsprachigen Ausdrücken unzureichend geregelt. Deshalb habe ich parallel zu dieser Arbeit gspusi (Great Scientific Publication Style and Information) geschrieben. Dabei handelt es sich um Gestaltungsrichtlinien für wissenschaftliche Publikationen. gspusi ist unter einer offenen Lizenz auf https://github.com/julianaus/gspusi/ veröffentlicht und wird auch in Zukunft erweitert werden. Diese Publikation wurde in Markdown2 geschrieben und so weit wie möglich mit plattformunabhängigen Open-Source-Applikationen produziert. Dafür wurde ein Setup weiterentwickelt, das unter anderem auf einem Texteditor, dem Literaturverwaltungsprogramm Zotero3 und dem Dokumentenkonvertierwerkzeug Pandoc4 beruht. Die Anleitung für dieses Setup wurde ebenfalls auf GitHub im gspusi-Repository publiziert. Zahlreiche Datensätze, die im Forschungsprozess generiert wurden, sind unter https://github.com/julianaus/data/journalism/ abrufbar. Julian Ausserhofer, Wien, April 2017 1 Open Science ist Thema eines Unterabschnitts in Kapitel 4, der methodologischen Verortung der Arbeit. 2 Markdown ist eine für Menschen einfach lesbare maschinelle Auszeichnungssprache. 3 https://www.zotero.org/ 4 http://pandoc.org/ 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Kontexte der Datafizierung der journalistischen Praxis .......................................... 14 1.2 Forschung zu datenintensivem Journalismus........................................................... 18 1.2.1 „Erste Welle“ der Datenjournalismusforschung .............................................. 20 1.2.2 Forschung abseits der Journalistik ................................................................... 21 1.2.3 Forschung und Reflexionen über datenjournalistische Ausbildungen............. 24 1.3 Ziele der Arbeit ........................................................................................................ 24 1.4 Zentrale Fragestellungen .......................................................................................... 26 1.5 Forschungszusammenhang und Verwertungsperspektive ....................................... 28 1.6 Aufbau der Arbeit .................................................................................................... 29 2 Zum Begriff des datenintensiven Journalismus .............................................................. 30 2.1 Datenintensiver Journalismus als Prozess ............................................................... 33 2.1.1 Zum Datenbegriff im datenintensiven Journalismus ....................................... 36 2.2 Datenintensiver Journalismus als Produkt ............................................................... 39 2.3 Zwischenresümee: Datenintensiver Journalismus als Hybrid ................................. 41 3 Wissenschaftstheoretische Grundannahmen ................................................................... 45 3.1 Theorie-Theorie und Theorie-Typen ....................................................................... 45 3.2 Ludwik Flecks Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiven ...................................... 48 3.3 Thomas Kuhns Struktur wissenschaftlicher Revolutionen ...................................... 51 3.4 Alfred Schütz’ Lebensweltkonzept .......................................................................... 55 3.5 Die Konstruktion gesellschaftlicher Wirklichkeit nach Thomas Berger und Peter Luckmann ................................................................................................................ 59 3.6 Die Animation des Objekts: Karin Knorr-Cetina, Bruno Latour und die soziotechnische Konstruktion von Fakten ............................................................... 62 3.7 Zwischenresümee ..................................................................................................... 66 4 Methodologische Verortung und Forschungsdesign ...................................................... 68 4.1 Zur Konstruktion eines Forschungsdesigns ............................................................. 68 4.1.1 Forschungsprozess-Schemata .......................................................................... 68 4.1.2 Forschungsdesign-Einflussfaktoren ................................................................. 74 4.1.3 Methodologische Herausforderungen digitaler Methoden .............................. 76 4.1.3.1 Vermeintliche Verlässlichkeit ...................................................................... 77 4.1.3.2 Vermeintliche Repräsentativität................................................................... 78 4.1.3.3 Vermeintliche Objektivität........................................................................... 78 4.1.4 Open Science ................................................................................................... 79 4.1.5 Triangulation .................................................................................................... 82 7 4.2 Das Forschungsdesign dieser Arbeit ........................................................................ 84 5 Systematische Literaturanalyse: Datenintensive journalistische Arbeitsabläufe aus Forschungssicht..............................................................................................................
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