WARSZAWA PRZEDSTYCZNIOWA Przebudzenie: „Rewolucja Moralna”

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WARSZAWA PRZEDSTYCZNIOWA Przebudzenie: „Rewolucja Moralna” FRANCISZKA RAMOTOWSKA WARSZAWA PRZEDSTYCZNIOWA Przebudzenie: „rewolucja moralna” ISBN 978-83-65681-41-6 WARSZAWA PRZEDSTYCZNIOWA 1861–1862 Profesor Franciszka Ramotowska FRANCISZKA RAMOTOWSKA WARSZAWA PRZEDSTYCZNIOWA Przebudzenie: „rewolucja moralna” OPRACOWANIE DOROTA LEWANDOWSKA I MAŁGORZATA OSIECKA WARSZAWA 2018 CIP – Biblioteka Narodowa Ramotowska, Franciszka Warszawa przedstyczniowa : przebudzenie: „rewolucja moralna” / Franciszka Ramotowska ; opracowanie Dorota Lewandowska i Małgorzata Osiecka. - Warszawa : Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, 2018 Projekt okładki i opracowanie graficzne MARIA KALISZCZUK-DONAJ Redaktor prowadzący GRZEGORZ MĘDYKOWSKI Redakcja i korekta IZABELLA RDZANEK Skład i łamanie AMALKER sp. z o.o. Na okładce wykorzystano reprodukcję obrazu Juliusza Kossaka Czerkiesi na Krakowskim Przedmieściu, 1912 r., olej na płótnie, 100 x 200 cm © Copyright by Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Warszawa 2018 ISBN (KSIĄŻKA): 978-83-65681-41-6 ISBN (EPUB): 978-83-65681-42-3 ISBN (MOBI):978-83-65681-43-0 ISBN (PDF): 978-83-65681-44-7 Wydawca NACZELNA DYREKCJA ARCHIWÓW PAŃSTWOWYCH 02-517 WARSZAWA, UL. RAKOWIECKA 2D TEL: 22 56 54 600, FAX: 22 56 54 614 E-MAIL: [email protected] WWW.ARCHIWA.GOV.PL SPIS TREŚCI PRZEDMOWA ___________________________________________________ 7 SŁOWO WSTĘPNE AUTORKI ___________________________________ 9 ROZDZIAŁ I WARSZAWA PRZED BURZĄ ___________________________________ 17 1. Obraz zewnętrzny i gospodarka __________________________________ 17 2. Ludność________________________________________________________ 23 3. Oświata ________________________________________________________ 30 4. Zarząd _________________________________________________________ 40 ROZDZIAŁ II PRZEBUDZENIE ________________________________________________ 43 1. U progu początków samoorganizowania się warszawskiej młodzieży patriotycznej _________________________________________ 43 2. Pierwsze kółka młodzieży uczącej się ____________________________ 53 3. Stowarzyszenia i koła akademickie ______________________________ 65 4. Millenerzy i Sybiracy ____________________________________________79 5. Sybiracy, Kaukazczycy __________________________________________ 85 ROZDZIAŁ III PRZEDPOWSTAŃCZA MISJA NARCYZA JANKOWSKIEGO (MAJ 1858–LIPIEC 1860) _______________________________________ 95 1. „Herbatki przyjacielskie”. Kółka „cywilne” _______________________ 95 2. Kapituła Warszawska. Próba utworzenia jednolitej organizacji _____________________________________________________102 ROZDZIAŁ IV PO ROZŁAMIE _________________________________________________ 123 1. Triumwirat umiarkowanych ____________________________________123 2. Koła Jankowskiego i „próbne” manifestacje polityczne ___________134 ROZDZIAŁ V KULMINACJA __________________________________________________ 159 1. Szarża staromiejska (25 lutego) _________________________________159 2. Pięciu poległych (27 lutego). Adres ______________________________170 ROZDZIAŁ VI „CZASY POLSKIE” _____________________________________________205 1. „Rewolucja moralna”. Rządy Delegacji Miejskiej ________________ 205 2. Aleksander Wielopolski – narzędziem pacyfikacyjnym. Masakra na placu Zamkowym 8 kwietnia __________________228 ROZDZIAŁ VII OD DZIAŁAŃ JAWNYCH DO ZEJŚCIA W PODZIEMIE _______259 1. Ciąg dalszy „przywracania porządku” i jawnego „buntu moralnego” ___________________________________________________ 259 2. Schodzenie w podziemie _______________________________________ 278 ZAMIAST EPILOGU. KALENDARIUM WYDARZEŃ 1861–1864 _____________________________________________________ 291 BIBLIOGRAFIA _________________________________________________ 297 Źródła rękopiśmienne i drukowane _________________________________ 297 Prasa ______________________________________________________________ 298 Opracowania ______________________________________________________ 298 NOTA BIOGRAFICZNA ________________________________________309 SPIS ILUSTRACJI ______________________________________________ 315 PRZEDMOWA Wedle zamysłu zmarłej w 2003 r. prof. Franciszki Ramotowskiej, Jej ostat- nie dzieło, mające być ukoronowaniem twórczości naukowej Autorki, mia- ło się składać z kilku części, a klamrami spinającymi główne wydarzenia w nim przedstawione daty: 17 X 1861 – powstanie w Warszawie Komitetu Miejskiego i 19 XII 1864 – aresztowanie ostatniego naczelnika miasta Warszawy Aleksandra Waszkowskiego. Trudno ustalić ostateczny tytuł, jaki chciała nadać pracy Autorka. Na rękopisie, przekazanym do Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych przez jej sio- strzeńca pana Klemensa Górskiego w 2014 r., widnieje kilka wersji (m. in. przed spisem treści tytuł: „Warszawa podziemna w okresie Powstania Styczniowego 1859–1864”; także: „Warszawa przedstyczniowa. Od manifestacji patriotycznych do manifestu powstańczego, 1856–1863”). Cel pracy, do której materiał groma- dzony był wyjątkowo długo, stanowiła: „rekonstrukcja opisowa zmieniającej się parokrotnie struktury Organizacji Miejskiej Warszawy z jej władzami i obsada stanowisk kierowniczych, ukazanie powiązań tych władz z Rządem Narodowym oraz przedstawienie działalności całej Organizacji Miejskiej z uwzględnieniem warunków konspiracyjnych i środowiskowych”1. Obecny tytuł: Warszawa przed- styczniowa. Przebudzenie: „rewolucja moralna” jest w rzeczywistości tytułem pierwszej i jedynej części dzieła, które pozostało nieukończone i jako takie dotąd nieopublikowane. Część ta, spójna i zwarta tematycznie, poprzedzona jest sło- wem wstępnym przygotowanym do całości pracy i składa się z siedmiu rozdzia- łów, obejmujących wydarzenia sięgające 1861 r.; jedynie chronologia rozdziału I, przedstawiającego stan ogólny miasta w przededniu wybuchu powstania, zamyka się w ramach czasowych lat 1856–1863. W nocie edytorskiej do zamieszczonego w „Miscellaneach Historico- - Archivistica”, jako odrębny artykuł, rozdziału III pracy: Przedpowstańcza 1 F. Ramotowska, słowo wstępne do rkpsu publikacji. 8 Franciszka Ramotowska Warszawa przedstyczniowa… Misja Narcyza Jankowskiego (maj 1858 – lipiec 1860), Klemens Górski na- pisał: „Rękopis liczy 344 strony, liczbę tę jednak należy traktować w przybli- żeniu, gdyż nierzadko kilka, a nawet kilkanaście stron nosi ten sam numer, z dodaniem liter od «a» do «m». Rzecz jest pisana na kartach formatu A5, od razu «na czysto», ze stosunkowo niewielkimi poprawkami czy skreślenia- mi, pięknym czytelnym charakterem pisma, które niestety w ostatnim okre- sie życia Autorki poczęło się odkształcać, rozprzęgać, drżeć. Na odwrotach kart Autorka zamieszczała bardzo skrupulatne przypisy. Jeśli przy niektórych cytatach brak jest ścisłych adresów bibliograficznych, to zapewne uznała je za zbędne, oczywiste lub wprowadziłaby je, przygotowując całość do druku. Niestety, wobec Jej śmierci tekst musi pozostać w takim stanie, w jakim jest. Nie obniża to w żaden sposób staranności dokumentacyjnej, która była cechą wyróżniającą Franciszki Ramotowskiej. Podkreślała to we wspomnieniu po- śmiertnym o Niej Jej koleżanka, prof. Wiktoria Śliwowska: «Była archiwistą doskonałym, toteż właśnie od niej można było się wiele nauczyć: stosunku do pracy, sumienności, pietyzmu wobec publikowanych dokumentów – nie przepuściła żadnego znaczka, żadnego dopisku, numeru kancelaryjnego na nich widniejącego. Ważne było wszystko, każda minuta zaznaczona na depe- szy namiestników, nie mówiąc o pieczęciach, ich kształcie, napisach w otoku itd., itd.». («Kwartalnik Historyczny», r. 111, 2004, s. 178). Mimo tej, czasem aż męczącej, drobiazgowości, a może właśnie dzięki niej, niezliczonej mno- gości szczegółów i cytatów, poczęła się rysować w tej pracy rozległa panora- ma Warszawy przed wybuchem powstania styczniowego. Wypada żałować, że książka nie została ukończona i zaryzykować domniemanie, że przez to nie- małą stratę samopoznawczo-historyczną poniosła Warszawa, a także historia jako dzieje oraz historia jako nauka”2. Przedstawiona czytelnikom wersja publikacji przygotowana została edy- torsko w takiej postaci, jaką nadała pracy Autorka: bez skrótów, opuszczeń, z zachowaniem swoistego stylu i charakterystycznej formy Jej wypowiedzi. Zweryfikowano natomiast cytaty (dodając niekiedy noty bibliograficzne), przypisy, także nazwiska i nazwy występujące w tekście; ujednolicono ich za- pis, zgodnie z obowiązującymi zasadami wydawniczymi. Książkę uzupełnia bibliografia, sporządzona na podstawie przypisów, zawierająca wykorzystane przez Autorkę źródła rękopiśmienne i drukowane, tytuły prasowe oraz opra- cowania. 2 Przedpowstańcza Misja Narcyza Jankowskiego (maj 1858–lipiec 1860), „Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica”, t. 19, 2012, s. 223–246. SŁOWO WSTĘPNE AUTORKI Naród, który w pokorze dźwiga jarzmo niewoli, sam sobie pisze wyrok zagłady1. W wojnie narodu polskiego z zaborcą rosyjskim w latach 1863–1864, zwa- nej powstaniem styczniowym, w wojnie o odzyskanie przez Polaków utracone- go państwa i prawa do samodzielności we własnym kraju, o wolność rządzenia się wg własnych praw i zasad uświęconych wielowiekową tradycją narodową, szczególną rolę odegrała Warszawa2. W niej dojrzała i wykrystalizowała się idea styczniowego czynu wyzwoleńczego, ona podjęła do czynu tego przygo- towania i dała do niego hasło, była jego ośrodkiem kierowniczym i ostoją, mózgiem i sercem; choć nie zmierzyła się z wrogiem bezpośrednio na bary- kadach swych ulic, złożyła na rzecz wyzwolenia Ojczyzny największą daninę w ludziach i środkach materialnych. Całym tym wysiłkiem stolicy kierowała Miejska Organizacja Narodowa, której czynności przekraczały kompetencje zwykłej władzy municypalnej, bowiem stanowiła także zaplecze władzy naro- dowej
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