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Learning Objectives
Objective 1: Identify and utilize anatomical positions, planes, and directional terms. • Demonstrate what anatomical position is and how it is used to reference the body. • Distinguish between the commonly used anatomical planes and recognize their individual views. • Apply directional terms to their location on the human body.
Objective 2: Demonstrate body movements. • Compare and contrast the various movements of the body and their counter-movements. • Compare and contrast the various movements of the foot /ankle and Body Planes & Positions their counter-movements. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY – HONORS • Compare and contrast the lateral movements of the wrist/hand and their counter-movements. TURNER COLLEGE & CAREER HIGH SCHOOL 2015
Anatomical Position
Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described
Anatomical Planes Anatomical Planes
Fixed lines of reference Sagittal plane along which the body The plane dividing the body into is often divided or right and left portions sectioned to facilitate Midsagittal or median are names viewing of its structures for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views
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Anatomical Planes Anatomical Planes
Frontal/Coronal plane Transverse plane The plane dividing the body The horizontal plane into front and back portions dividing the body into upper and lower portions
Also called the Horizontal plane.
Positions and Directions Positions and Directions
Terms of position and Anterior direction describe the Refers to a structure being more in position of one body part front than another structure in the relative to another, usually body along one of the three major body planes Posterior Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body
Positions and Directions Positions and Directions
Superior Medial Refers to a structure being Refers to a structure being closer to the head or closer to the midline or higher than another median plane of the body than another structure of structure in the body the body Inferior Lateral Refers to a structure being Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower farther away from the than another structure in midline than another the body structure of the body
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Positions and Directions Distal / Proximal (Reference to the extremities only)
Distal When you divide the Refers to a structure being skeleton into Axial (Blue) further away from the root and Appendicular (Yellow) of the limb than another you can better understand structure in the limb the extremities and their roots. Proximal Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb
Positions and Directions Positions and Directions
Cranial/Cephalic: towards the head Superficial Caudal: towards the tail Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure Deep Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure
Positions and Directions Positions and Directions
Ventral Prone Towards the front or belly Lying face down Dorsal Supine Lying face up Towards the back Unilateral Pertaining to one side of the body Bilateral Pertaining to both sides of the body
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Body Movements
Flexion Extension Hyperextension Adduction Abduction Pronation Supination Retraction Protraction Elevation Depression Rotation Circumduction External Rotation Internal Rotation Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Body Movements Radial Deviation Ulnar Deviation Opposition
Movements Movements
Flexion Adduction Bending a joint or decreasing the angle Moving a body part towards the midline between two bones of the body Extension Abduction Straightening a joint or increasing the Moving a body part angle between two bones away from the midline Hyperextension of the body Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.
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Movements Movements
Pronation Retraction Turning the arm or foot downward; (palm Moving a part backward or sole of the foot - down) Protraction Supination Moving a part forward Turning the arm or foot upward; (palm or Elevation sole of the foot - up) Raising a part Depression Lowering a part
Movements Movements
Rotation Lateral Flexion Turning on a single axis Side-bending left or right Circumduction Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder External rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline Internal rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline
Movements of the Foot Movements of the Wrist & Thumb
Inversion Radial Deviation Turning the sole of the foot inward Movement of the wrist towards Eversion the radius or lateral side. Turning the sole of the foot Ulnar Deviation outward Movement of the wrist towards Dorsiflexion the ulna or medial side. Ankle movement bringing the Opposition foot towards the shin Movement of the thumb across Plantarflexion the palm of the hand. Ankle movement pointing the foot downward
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Regional Terms: Regional Terms: Posterior Anterior View View
Axial – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular – appendages or limbs Specific regional terminology
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