DOCSLIB.ORG

Body Planes & Positions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Body Planes & Positions 9/22/2017 Learning Objectives Objective 1: Identify and utilize anatomical positions, planes, and directional terms. • Demonstrate what anatomical position is and how it is used to reference the body. • Distinguish between the commonly used anatomical planes and recognize their individual views. • Apply directional terms to their location on the human body. Objective 2: Demonstrate body movements. • Compare and contrast the various movements of the body and their counter-movements. • Compare and contrast the various movements of the foot /ankle and Body Planes & Positions their counter-movements. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY – HONORS • Compare and contrast the lateral movements of the wrist/hand and their counter-movements. TURNER COLLEGE & CAREER HIGH SCHOOL 2015 Anatomical Position Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described Anatomical Planes Anatomical Planes Fixed lines of reference Sagittal plane along which the body The plane dividing the body into is often divided or right and left portions sectioned to facilitate Midsagittal or median are names viewing of its structures for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views 1 9/22/2017 Anatomical Planes Anatomical Planes Frontal/Coronal plane Transverse plane The plane dividing the body The horizontal plane into front and back portions dividing the body into upper and lower portions Also called the Horizontal plane. Positions and Directions Positions and Directions Terms of position and Anterior direction describe the Refers to a structure being more in position of one body part front than another structure in the relative to another, usually body along one of the three major body planes Posterior Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body Positions and Directions Positions and Directions Superior Medial Refers to a structure being Refers to a structure being closer to the head or closer to the midline or higher than another median plane of the body than another structure of structure in the body the body Inferior Lateral Refers to a structure being Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower farther away from the than another structure in midline than another the body structure of the body 2 9/22/2017 Positions and Directions Distal / Proximal (Reference to the extremities only) Distal When you divide the Refers to a structure being skeleton into Axial (Blue) further away from the root and Appendicular (Yellow) of the limb than another you can better understand structure in the limb the extremities and their roots. Proximal Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb Positions and Directions Positions and Directions Cranial/Cephalic: towards the head Superficial Caudal: towards the tail Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure Deep Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure Positions and Directions Positions and Directions Ventral Prone Towards the front or belly Lying face down Dorsal Supine Lying face up Towards the back Unilateral Pertaining to one side of the body Bilateral Pertaining to both sides of the body 3 9/22/2017 Body Movements Flexion Extension Hyperextension Adduction Abduction Pronation Supination Retraction Protraction Elevation Depression Rotation Circumduction External Rotation Internal Rotation Inversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Body Movements Radial Deviation Ulnar Deviation Opposition Movements Movements Flexion Adduction Bending a joint or decreasing the angle Moving a body part towards the midline between two bones of the body Extension Abduction Straightening a joint or increasing the Moving a body part angle between two bones away from the midline Hyperextension of the body Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position. 4 9/22/2017 Movements Movements Pronation Retraction Turning the arm or foot downward; (palm Moving a part backward or sole of the foot - down) Protraction Supination Moving a part forward Turning the arm or foot upward; (palm or Elevation sole of the foot - up) Raising a part Depression Lowering a part Movements Movements Rotation Lateral Flexion Turning on a single axis Side-bending left or right Circumduction Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder External rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline Internal rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline Movements of the Foot Movements of the Wrist & Thumb Inversion Radial Deviation Turning the sole of the foot inward Movement of the wrist towards Eversion the radius or lateral side. Turning the sole of the foot Ulnar Deviation outward Movement of the wrist towards Dorsiflexion the ulna or medial side. Ankle movement bringing the Opposition foot towards the shin Movement of the thumb across Plantarflexion the palm of the hand. Ankle movement pointing the foot downward 5 9/22/2017 Regional Terms: Regional Terms: Posterior Anterior View View Axial – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular – appendages or limbs Specific regional terminology 6.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • View Sample Pages
    FOUNDATIONS OF SPEECH AND HEARING Anatomy and Physiology SECOND EDITION Jeannette D. Hoit Gary Weismer Brad Story 5521 Ruffin Road San Diego, CA 92123 e-mail: [email protected] Website: https://www.pluralpublishing.com Copyright © 2022 by Plural Publishing, Inc. Typeset in 10/12 Palatino by Flanagan’s Publishing Services, Inc. Printed in China by Regent Publishing Services, Ltd. All rights, including that of translation, reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written consent of the publisher. For permission to use material from this text, contact us by Telephone: (866) 758-7251 Fax: (888) 758-7255 e-mail: [email protected] Every attempt has been made to contact the copyright holders for material originally printed in another source. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will gladly make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hoit, Jeannette D. (Jeannette Dee), 1954- author. | Weismer, Gary, author. | Story, Brad, author. Title: Foundations of speech and hearing : anatomy and physiology / Jeanette D. Hoit, Gary Weismer, Brad Story. Description: Second edition. | San Diego : Plural Publishing, Inc., [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020047813 | ISBN 9781635503067 (hardcover) | ISBN 163550306X (hardcover) | ISBN 9781635503074 (ebook) Subjects: MESH: Speech — physiology | Speech Perception | Speech Disorders | Respiratory System — anatomy & histology Classification: LCC QP306 | NLM WV 501 | DDC 612.7/8 — dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020047813 Contents Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii About the Illustrator xix CHAPTER 1.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 6 Perineum and True Pelvis
    193 CHAPTER 6 Perineum and True Pelvis THE PELVIC REGION OF THE BODY Posterior Trunk of Internal Iliac--Its Iliolumbar, Lateral Sacral, and Superior Gluteal Branches WALLS OF THE PELVIC CAVITY Anterior Trunk of Internal Iliac--Its Umbilical, Posterior, Anterolateral, and Anterior Walls Obturator, Inferior Gluteal, Internal Pudendal, Inferior Wall--the Pelvic Diaphragm Middle Rectal, and Sex-Dependent Branches Levator Ani Sex-dependent Branches of Anterior Trunk -- Coccygeus (Ischiococcygeus) Inferior Vesical Artery in Males and Uterine Puborectalis (Considered by Some Persons to be a Artery in Females Third Part of Levator Ani) Anastomotic Connections of the Internal Iliac Another Hole in the Pelvic Diaphragm--the Greater Artery Sciatic Foramen VEINS OF THE PELVIC CAVITY PERINEUM Urogenital Triangle VENTRAL RAMI WITHIN THE PELVIC Contents of the Urogenital Triangle CAVITY Perineal Membrane Obturator Nerve Perineal Muscles Superior to the Perineal Sacral Plexus Membrane--Sphincter urethrae (Both Sexes), Other Branches of Sacral Ventral Rami Deep Transverse Perineus (Males), Sphincter Nerves to the Pelvic Diaphragm Urethrovaginalis (Females), Compressor Pudendal Nerve (for Muscles of Perineum and Most Urethrae (Females) of Its Skin) Genital Structures Opposed to the Inferior Surface Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves (Parasympathetic of the Perineal Membrane -- Crura of Phallus, Preganglionic From S3 and S4) Bulb of Penis (Males), Bulb of Vestibule Coccygeal Plexus (Females) Muscles Associated with the Crura and PELVIC PORTION OF THE SYMPATHETIC
    [Show full text]
  • The Female Pelvic Floor Fascia Anatomy: a Systematic Search and Review
    life Systematic Review The Female Pelvic Floor Fascia Anatomy: A Systematic Search and Review Mélanie Roch 1 , Nathaly Gaudreault 1, Marie-Pierre Cyr 1, Gabriel Venne 2, Nathalie J. Bureau 3 and Mélanie Morin 1,* 1 Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Rehabilitation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (N.G.); [email protected] (M.-P.C.) 2 Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; [email protected] 3 Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology, Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The female pelvis is a complex anatomical region comprising the pelvic organs, muscles, neurovascular supplies, and fasciae. The anatomy of the pelvic floor and its fascial components are currently poorly described and misunderstood. This systematic search and review aimed to explore and summarize the current state of knowledge on the fascial anatomy of the pelvic floor in women. Methods: A systematic search was performed using Medline and Scopus databases. A synthesis of the findings with a critical appraisal was subsequently carried out. The risk of bias was assessed with the Anatomical Quality Assurance Tool. Results: A total of 39 articles, involving 1192 women, were included in the review. Although the perineal membrane, tendinous arch of pelvic fascia, pubourethral ligaments, rectovaginal fascia, and perineal body were the most frequently described structures, uncertainties were Citation: Roch, M.; Gaudreault, N.; identified in micro- and macro-anatomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating Fetal Anatomy from Longitudinal Sections
    ISUOG Basic Training Examining Fetal Anatomy from Longitudinal Sections Basic Training Learning objectives At the end of the lecture you will be able to: • Describe how to obtain the 3 planes required to assess the fetal anatomy in longitudinal section • Recognise the differences between the normal & most common abnormal ultrasound appearances of the 3 planes Basic Training Key questions 1. What is the purpose of starting the scan with overview 1? 2. What are the key ultrasound features of plane 1? 3. What probe movements are required to move from plane 1 to plane 2? 4. Which abnormalities should be excluded after correct assessment of planes 1, 2 & 3? Basic Training Fetal lie and anatomy • Longitudinal scan – sagittal and coronal planes – Fetal heartbeat – Fetal head – Spine – Thoraco-intestinal anatomy and situs Basic Training Longitudinal scan Basic Training Fetal head Basic Training Anencephaly Always confirm any suspected anomaly in more than one plane Basic Training Encephalocele Sagittal plane Coronal plane Basic Training Encephalocele Coronal plane Transverse plane Basic Training Prevalence neural tube defects • All NTD 9.1:10 000 – Anencephaly 3.3:10 000 – Spina bifida 4.6:10 000 – Encephalocele 1.2:10 000 • Features of spina bifida – U-shaped open vertebra – Meningocele - cyst – Myelomeningocele - cyst with neural tissue Koshood et al. BMJ 2015, 351:5949 Basic Training Plane 1 (sagittal spine) Basic Training Embryology spine 7 weeks 40 weeks Basic Training Sagittal plane and position of spine in utero Possible to obtain sagittal
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploration of Spatial Radiomic Features in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
    An Exploration of Spatial Radiomic Features in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis Sarah M. Ryan Tasha Fingerlin, Nabeel Hamzeh Lisa Maier Nichole Carlson June 28, 2018 Abstract Sarcoidosis is a rare, multi-systemic, inflammatory disease, primarily affecting the lungs. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) scans are used to clinically characterize pulmonary sarcoidosis. In the medical imag- ing field, there is growing recognition to switch from visual examination of CT images to more rapid, objective assessments of the abnormalities. In this work, we explore the usefulness of various objective measures of spa- tial heterogeneity|fractal dimension, Moran's I, and Geary's C |for dis- tinguishing between abnormal sarcoidosis and normal lung parenchyma. CT data for N=58 sarcoidosis subjects enrolled at National Jewish Health were obtained from the GRADS study. CT data for N=101 control patients were obtained from the COPDGene study. Radiomic measures were computed for each two-dimensional slice of a given scan, in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. Functional regression was applied to identify lung regions where CT nodules tend to proliferate. Moran's I, Geary's C and fractal dimension significantly differentiate between subjects with and without sarcoidosis throughout the majority of the lung, with disease abnormalities most apparent in the top axial, mid- dle coronal, and outer sagittal regions. A trend appeared across Scadding stages, with CT scans from patients with Scadding stages I and III ap- pearing the healthiest, and Scadding stage IV appearing the least healthy. The radiomic measures and techniques presented herein successfully characterize CT images in sarcoidosis by objectively and efficiently ap- proximating what we know about the pathology of sarcoidosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Positions, Directions, and Planes Bones of the Upper Extremity
    - / I. Anatomical Positions, Directions, and Planes A. Anatomi cal Position - Standing, arms hanging, palms forward. Despite definition, the term also appli sittin,ge See diagram below. - B. Planes of the Body - A plane is a surface in which if any two points are taken, a straight line that is drawn to join these two points lies wholly within that plane or surface. Sagittal or Median Plane - A vertical plane running from front to back (Ante:;-Posterior) dividing the body into right and left parts. If the plane - divides the body into equal right and left parts by running through the middle of the breast bone (sternum) it is sometimes called the midsagittal or cardinal- sagittal plane. D. Median Plane of an Extremity - A plane running lengthwise through an extremity from front to back. This plane must pass through the third finger of - the hand or second toe of the foot. It is used as a reference nlane to movements that involve spreading the toes or fingers (except thumb) apartor moving them together. - E. Transverse Plane - A plane that divides the body or limbs into upper and lower parts, in relation to gravity and the anatomical position. F. Frontal or Coronal Plane - A plane dividing the body into an anterior and a posterior (ventral and dorsal) portion. Diagrams of Anatomical Reference Planes G. Anterior - Towards the front. Anatomists and zoologists differ in interpreting the two terms immediately above. When considering a four-legged animal, the zoolo- gists refer to the head as anterior, the tail posterior, the animal back as dorsal and under or belly side as ventral.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reappraisal of Adult Thoracic and Abdominal Surface Anatomy Via CT Scan in Chinese Population
    Clinical Anatomy 29:165–174 (2016) ORIGINAL COMMUNICATION A Reappraisal of Adult Thoracic and Abdominal Surface Anatomy via CT Scan in Chinese Population XIN-HUA SHEN,1† BAI-YAN SU,2† JING-JUAN LIU,2 GU-MUYANG ZHANG,2 2 2 3 1 HUA-DAN XUE, ZHENG-YU JIN, S. ALI MIRJALILI, AND CHAO MA * 1Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China 2Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China 3Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Accurate surface anatomy is essential for safe clinical practice. There are numer- ous inconsistencies in clinically important surface markings among and within contemporary anatomical reference texts. The aim of this study was to investi- gate key thoracic and abdominal surface anatomy landmarks in living Chinese adults using computed tomography (CT). A total of 100 thoracic and 100 abdom- inal CT scans were examined. Our results indicated that the following key surface landmarks differed from current commonly–accepted descriptions: the positions of the tracheal bifurcation, azygos vein termination, and pulmonary trunk bifur- cation (all below the plane of the sternal angle at vertebral level T5–T6 in most individuals); the superior vena cava formation and junction with the right atrium (most often behind the 1st and 4th intercostal spaces, respectively); and the level at which the inferior vena cava and esophagus traverse the diaphragm (T10 and T11, respectively). The renal arteries were most commonly at L1; the mid- point of the renal hila was most frequently at L2; the 11th rib was posterior to the left kidney in only 29% of scans; and the spleen was most frequently located between the 10th and 12th ribs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mediastinum Edited by Alberto M
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03153-1 - Pathology of the Mediastinum Edited by Alberto M. Marchevsky, Mark R. Wick Excerpt More information Chapter1 The mediastinum Alberto M. Marchevsky, MD, and Mark R. Wick, MD The mediastinum is the chest cavity region located as a – Anatomic classifications of the mediastinum “septum” between the two pleural cavities 1 5. It is an area of great interest to internists, pulmonologists, imaging specialists, It has become customary in clinical practice to divide the thoracic surgeons, and pathologists because it can be the site of mediastinum into anatomic compartments separated by arbi- origin of numerous pathologic processes 6. Indeed, the medi- trary lines. There are several anatomic classifications of astinum has been compared to a “Pandora’s box” full of the area, but the most widely used scheme is a simple one that divides the mediastinum into four compartments: super- surprises for physicians concerned with chest diseases. 1–3 Many interesting clinical problems associated with medias- ior, anterior, middle, and posterior (Fig. 1.3) . This classifi- cation is useful in that certain pathologic lesions are most tinal lesions have become apparent in the last few decades with 3–5,11 the development of very sensitive new radiologic techniques frequently located in particular compartments . For such as computerized tomography (CT scan), magnetic reson- example, thymic and thyroid tumors are usually in the anterior mediastinum, whereas most neurogenic lesions are found in ance imaging (MRI), and the extensive use of invasive diagnos- 3 tic procedures such as mediastinoscopy, limited thoracotomy, the posterior compartment . This scheme, however, has sev- transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy, ultrasound guided eral drawbacks such as the fact that there is no agreement in transesophageal fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS), and ultra- the literature on whether the posterior mediastinum should – sound guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration biopsy 7 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Position
    IntroductionIntroduction inin humanhuman anatomyanatomy Anatomy • Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome) • Disciplines of anatomy – Macroscopic – Microscopic – Developmental – Neuroanatomy • Approach to study of gross anatomy Upper extremity Back Head and neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis and perineum Lower extremity Basis for Terminology • Terms informative • Nomina anatomica • Use of eponyms Use correct terminology on exams; avoid nonspecific, general terms, like “front,” “up,” and “behind.” DisciplinesDisciplines ofof AnatomyAnatomy •• Gross Gross Anatomy:Anatomy: structuresstructures studiedstudied withwith thethe nakednaked eye.eye. –– Systematic Systematic anatomy:anatomy: organizedorganized byby systems,systems, e.g.,e.g., digestive,digestive, nervous,nervous, endocrine,endocrine, etc.etc. –– Regional Regional anatomy:anatomy: studystudy ofof allall structuresstructures inin anan areaarea ofof thethe body,body, e.g.,e.g., upperupper extremityextremity bones,bones, muscles,muscles, bloodblood vessels,vessels, etc.etc. •• Microscopic Microscopic anatomyanatomy (histology)(histology) •• Cell Cell biologybiology •• Developmental Developmental anatomyanatomy (embryology)(embryology) •• Pathological Pathological anatomyanatomy •• Radiologic Radiologic anatomyanatomy (x-ray,(x-ray, CT,CT, MRI)MRI) •• Other Other areas?areas? (surgery)(surgery) LevelsLevels ofof StructuralStructural OrganizationOrganization •• Biochemical Biochemical (atoms,(atoms, molecules)molecules) •Cellular•Cellular •• Tissue Tissue •Organ•Organ •Organ•Organ systemsystem
    [Show full text]
  • MEDIASTINUM Dr
    SUPERIOR AND POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM Dr. Milton M. Sholley SELF­STUDY RESOURCES Essential Clinical Anatomy 3 rd ed. (ECA): pp. 80­82 and 101­115 Syllabus: 9 pages (Page 9 lists corresponding figures for Grant's Atlas 11 th & 12 th Eds.) Head to Toe Questions in Gross Anatomy: Finish questions #216­253 and #465­541. STRUCTURES TO BE OBSERVED: Superior mediastinum: ­Thymus remnant (may not be present), trachea, tracheal bifurcation, esophagus ­Arch of aorta, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, internal thoracic arteries ­Superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, right and left superior intercostal veins, arch of azygous vein, internal thoracic veins ­Thoracic duct ­Vagi, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerves ­Cardiac branches of vagi and sympathetic ganglia, superficial and deep cardiac plexi (all of these structures are difficult and not mandatory to find) Posterior mediastinum ­Lower half of esophagus ­Esophageal plexus (from vagi) ­Lower part of descending aorta ­Azygous, hemiazygous, and accessory hemiazygous veins ­Transverse connecting veins of bilateral azygos system of vein ­Thoracic duct, sympathetic trunks, greater splanchnic nerves ­Right pulmonary artery ­Left principal bronchus LECTURE OUTLINE I. GENERAL REMARKS The mediastinum is the partition created by other organs that lie between the two pleural sacs. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and from the thoracic inlet above to the diaphragm below. For purposes of description it is divided into two parts, an upper part, which is named the superior mediastinum, and a lower part, which is subdivided into (a) the anterior mediastinum, in front of the pericardium, (b) the middle mediastinum, occupied by the pericardium and its enclosed heart, and (c) the posterior mediastinum, behind the pericardium.
    [Show full text]
  • Angle Definition
    Disclosure Information AACPDM 69th Annual Meeting | October 21-24, 2015 Speaker Names: Sylvia Õunpuu, MSc and Kristan Pierz, MD Gait Analysis Data Interpretation: Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships: Understanding Kinematic Relationships Within We have no financial relationships to disclose. and Across Planes of Motion in Persons with Physical Disabilities Disclosure of Off-Label and/or investigative uses: Sylvia Õunpuu, MSc and Kristan Pierz, MD We will not discuss off label use and/or investigational use in my Center for Motion Analysis presentation Division of Orthopaedics Connecticut Children’s Medical Center Farmington, Connecticut Purpose Outline • To demonstrate the role of motion analysis in • Angle and segment definitions gaining an understanding of the relationship of • Definition of within and across plane joint and segment kinematics within and across interactions planes of motion for a variety of gait • Case examples of within and across plane pathologies interactions • Examples are of patients with CP unless otherwise noted Objectives: Angle definition • Understand the importance of knowing • The specific body angle definitions segments that • Define joint kinematic interactions within make up the angle and across planes • With consideration • Develop skills to separate primary for the orientation deformities vs. compensations in gait of the “viewer” pathology when looking at the angle AACPDM 2016 Interactions Within and Across Planes – IC #5 1 Joint Angle Definitions What is this angle definition ? Which one?
    [Show full text]
  • Definition of Anatomy
    Definition of Anatomy Anatomy is the science of the structure of the body and the relation of its parts. Basic Anatomical Terms • Anatomical terms for describing positions: • Anatomical position: • Supine position: • Prone position: Anatomical position: • In this position the body is straight in standing position with eyes also looking straight. The palms are hanging by the sides close to the body and are facing forwards. The feet also point forwards and the legs are fully extended. Anatomical position is very important because the relations of all structures are described as presumed to be in anatomical position. Supine position: • In this position the body is lying down with face pointing upwards. All the remaining positions are similar to anatomical position with the only difference of being in a horizontal plane rather than a vertical plane. Prone position: • This is the position in which the back of the body is directed upwards. The body lies in a horizontal plane with face directed downwards. Anatomical terms for describing planes: • Median or Mid-Sagittal plane: • Sagittal plane: • Frontal plane: • Transverse plane: • Oblique plane: Anatomical terms for describing planes: • Median or Mid-Sagittal plane: This is • Transverse plane: It is the horizontal the plane which divides the body into plane of the body. It is perpendicular equal right and left halves. to both frontal and median plane. • Sagittal plane: It is any plane parallel • Oblique plane: Any plane other than to the median plane. This plane the above described planes will be divides the body into unequal right oblique plane. and left halves. • Frontal plane: It is a vertical plane at right angle to median plane.
    [Show full text]