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Sonographic Terminology
Understanding Normal Sonographic Appearances
Normal Appearance . . . as well as abnormal appearances
Provides a baseline There are variations in organ parenchyma, muscles, tissues, blood vessels, etc Part of your technical report complex masses with hyperechoic solid component, containing echo-free cystic areas
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What does anechoic mean? (i.e. sonolucent)
1. ______2. ______3. ______
What does hypoechoic mean?
Echos not as ______as ______tissues.
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Hypoechoic – Pathologic Examples
What does hyperechoic mean? (i.e. echogenic) Echos ______than ______tissues. Degree of echogenicity depends on
1. the ______of the structure,
2. its ______from the sound beam,
3. the ______at which the beam strikes the structure.
Air and Bone – dense or not so dense?
Variations to consider?
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Hyperechoic – Pathologic Examples
Heterogenous and Homogenous
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Over Break . . .
Body Habitus
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Body Habitus
Asthenic- long torso, tall Asthenic------> and thin patient
Hyposthenic- relatively average build with slightly longer torso
Sthenic- average build Hypersthenic Hypersthenic- short and ------> stocky
Anatomical Position Face forward
Arms at sides Palms directed forward
Standing Toes directed erect forward
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Abdominal Regions
A-rt hypochondrium B-epigastrium C-lt hypochondrium A B C transpyloric D-rt lumbar plane E-umbilical D E F F-lt lumbar subcostal G-rt iliac plane H-hypogastrium G H I I-lt iliac
Body Cavities
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Planes- Review
A-Median Plane B-Sagittal Plane C-Coronal Plane D-Transverse Plane
Planes- Median
•The median plane is a longitudinal plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts
•It is the specific longitudinal plane that courses along the midline plane
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Planes-Sagittal
•Longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts.
•Sagittal Plane is parallel to the median plane
http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/sagittal2.qt.html
Sagittal Image anterior
sup inf
posterior
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Planes- Transverse
•The transverse plane is also referred to as a “cross-sectional” or an “axial” plane
•It divides the body into upper and lower parts (or superior and inferior)
•The transverse plane is 90 degrees from the sagittal or longitudinal plane
http://www.netanatomy.com/CSA/csa_frame.htm
Transverse Image anterior
right left
posterior
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Planes- Coronal •The coronal plane is a longitudinal plane dividing the body into front and back (or anterior and posterior)
•The coronal plane is not typically used in abdominal imaging but it may be useful in situations when the normal anterior window is not effective
Positions
•Decub (lateral)- the body is a t a 90 degree angle to the table (RL- right lateral; LL- left lateral)
•Oblique- the body is at a 45 degree angle to the table
•A posterior oblique means that the specific shoulder is nearest to the table (ie RPO- right posterior oblique)
•An anterior oblique (rarely used in ultrasound means that the clavicle or anterior shoulder is nearest to the table
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Right lateral decubitus
Patient lies with right side of body down.
Left lateral decubitus
Patient lies with left side of body down.
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Trendelenberg and Fowler
•Trendelenberg- the patient’s head is down and the feet are elevated (a modified trendelenberg is sometimes used if a patient becomes hypotensive)
•Fowler (Reversed Trendelenberg)- the patient’s feet are down and the head is up
Anatomic Terms
Supine- laying face up Prone- lying face down Anterior- front Posterior- back Medial- toward the midline Lateral- away from the ml Inferior- (caudal)- toward the Superior-(cranial)- high or bottom; lower or below toward the top; above
Proximal- close to the root of Distal- far from the root of the the structure structure Dorsal - Posterior Ventral - Anterior Superficial- Deep - Ipsilateral- same side Contralateral- opposite side
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Misc
Abbreviations (There are about a thousand more) CC = chief complaint BP = blood pressure Dx = diagnosis FH = family history
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