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The Changing Role of Native Americans in the Puritan Imagination

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The Changing Role of Native Americans in the Puritan Imagination Lost Tribes and the Devil's Army: The Changing Role of Native Americans in the Puritan Imagination A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In History University of Regina by Geoffrey Lyle Loken Edmonton, Alberta January 2010 Copyright 2010: G. L Loken Library and Archives Bibliothfeque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'6dition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-65736-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-65736-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Biblioth&que et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduce, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la th&se ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conform£ment a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie priv&e, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. ••I Canada UNIVERSITY OF REGINA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISORY AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE Geoffrey Lyle Loken, candidate for the degree of Master of Arts in History, has presented a thesis titled, Lost Tribes and the Devil's Army: The Changing Role of Native Americans in the Puritan Imagination, in an oral examination held on November 27, 2009. The following committee members have found the thesis acceptable in form and content, and that the candidate demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject material. External Examiner: Dr. Lee Ward, Department of Political Science, Campion College Supervisor: Dr. Yvonne Petry, Department of History, Luther College Committee Member: *Dr. Robin Ganev, Department of History Committee Member: Dr. Dawn Flood, Department of History, Campion College Chair of Defense: Dr. Jeanne Shami, Department of English *Participated via teleconference ABSTRACT Contact between cultures has been a major part of human history, and has been the source of much conflict. When the worldviews and histories of two cultures meet, it creates an opportunity for both learning and confusion as preconceptions are challenged or confirmed. When the Puritans settled the Massachusetts Bay region they brought with them a distinct cultural narrative that shaped their understanding of the world. The hundred years that followed was marked by significant changes to the way that Puritans described their purpose in North America, and seemingly inconsistent attitudes toward the local tribes. Rather than allowing the presence of Native Americans to challenge their sense of purpose and meaning, the Puritans used their presence to reinforce and justify colonial efforts. By placing varying emphasis on elements of millenarian thought and Biblical typology the Puritans were able to extensively justify their presence in North America, as exemplified in their changing policies toward missionary efforts and wars with local tribes. This thesis examines Puritan writing in order to understand the cultural narratives that dominated their thought throughout the seventeenth century, and considers how those narratives changed in order to adapt to new pressures on the colony. Puritan thought was versatile enough to adapt to new challenges, and reinforced their presence in North America by placing it within a divine narrative. Native Americans were used to justify and support the community, rather than being allowed to threaten or challenge the beliefs of the colonists. Understanding the versatility of Puritan thought helps to explain the i process of colonization and the subjugation of Native Americans. It also places their interaction with Native Americans in the context of trans-Atlantic struggles. As the colony's power grew the colonists were increasingly able to exploit Native Americans to justify their own position in North America, and adapted their sense of purpose and meaning to allow for expansion over land formerly inhabited by those tribes. Throughout the seventeenth century Puritan attitudes shifted in order to defend themselves against adversity across the Atlantic, dissent within the colony and the struggles of colonization. The Puritans' cultural narratives adapted to their situation and the pressures placed on them, and the results of those changing attitudes were readily apparent in their relationships with Native Americans. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the supervision and support of Dr. Yvonne Petry. I attribute the completion of this thesis to her patience and encouragement and cannot imagine having completed this work without it. I would also like to thank Dr. Robin Ganev and Dr. Dawn Flood for sitting on the thesis committee and offering critical and constructive feedback toward the completion of this work. Without that feedback, this thesis would not have had the direction or polish it does now. I am proud and grateful to have received such assistance, and hope the product of this labor is pleasing to everyone that has contributed their time and efforts toward it. I would like to express gratitude to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research of the University of Regina and Luther College for awarding me teaching assistant positions that made funding this process possible. Similarly, I must thank the Department of History for awarding me the Bernard Zagorin History Scholarship. Without the funding opportunities provided by these institutions I never could have completed this work. I am deeply grateful for all of the support I have received throughout this process. It has been a long and often arduous journey and I could not have done it without assistance iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: "They Shall Dwell in Their Own Place": Puritan Theology as it Shaped Their Encounters With Native Americans 10 2: "Sinful and Miserable Estates": Contact, Puritan Colonists and Native Americans 38 3: "Perfect Children of the Devil": Armies of the Devil and Lost Tribes 85 CONCLUSION 123 BIBLIOGRAPHY 128 iv INTRODUCTION The Puritans responsible for the founding of the Massachusetts Bay colony had frequent interactions with the local Native American tribes, ranging from cooperation and missionary work to minor conflict and all-out war. Many of those encounters were shaped by the belief structure of Puritanism, a religion with roots in the doctrine of Calvinism and the Protestant Reformation. The perspective of the Puritans that traveled from England to Massachusetts Bay was significantly shaped by early modern theories of science, religion and philosophy. They understood mechanical causality within a framework of religion; natural events and occurrences were given meaning in the context of providential theory and religious typology. The Puritans understood natural events to exist both mechanically and within the framework of divine meaning. Everything was translated in the context of piety and Providential theory, including the actions and existence of Native Americans. Specifically, the inward-looking tendency of Puritanism encouraged stability within the community by understanding the actions of Native Americans as indicators of divine approval or displeasure. It stripped Native Americans of their own autonomy or significance and allowed Puritans to convert, battle, ignore, or profit from them as necessary. The precise nature of that relationship changed according to the needs of the colony and by the end of the seventeenth century culminated in the subjugation or destruction of many of the tribes in the area. Theology, culture and power were inseparably connected in the Puritan colony and affected every aspect of life in the settlement, invariably supporting and justifying the existence and expansion of 1 2 the Massachusetts Bay colony. In 1620 separatist Pilgrims founded the Plymouth Colony in New England, and in 1629 a group of Puritans came from England and founded the Massachusetts Bay colony. Between 1630 and 1640 roughly twenty thousand Puritans crossed the Atlantic to the New World in what would later be called the Great Migration.1 The Great Migration began with the Winthrop fleet crossing the Atlantic and was the first step in what they described as a providential journey from England to a new promised land. In order to understand their new home, the Puritan colonists described North America in terms of typology, the theological belief that the world was constructed of types and anti-types already established in scripture. To Puritan typology the New World was a waiting place or a promised land.2 Their tendency to understand the world in a typological framework allowed the Puritans to understand what would otherwise have been an entirely alien environment. While their translation of their new environment may have eased the relocation of the Puritans it played a more complex role in their relationship with the local tribes.
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