DOCSLIB.ORG

Technical Digest Symposium on Optical Fiber Measurements, 1986

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technical Digest Symposium on Optical Fiber Measurements, 1986 A111DE S77A7S TANDARDS & N BS ^SbSmWI* TECH R.I.C. publications ECIAL PUBLICATION 720 est - x NBS-PUB U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards Technical Digest Symposium on Optical Fiber Measurements, 1986 Sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards in cooperation with the IEEE Optical Communications Committee and the Optical Society of America Tm he National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Institute for Materials Science and Engineering. The National Measurement Laboratory 2 Provides the national system of physical and chemical measurement; • Basic Standards coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and • Radiation Research furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and • Chemical Physics chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, in- • Analytical Chemistry dustry, and commerce; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; conducts physical and chemical research; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: The National Engineering Laboratory Provides technology and technical services to the public and private sectors to Applied Mathematics address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in Electronics and Electrical 2 engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and main- Engineering tains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this Manufacturing Engineering research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement Building Technology capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops Fire Research 2 test methods and proposes engineering standards and code changes; develops Chemical Engineering and proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: The Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology Conducts research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Programming Science and Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of com- Technology puter technology to improve effectiveness and economy in Government Computer Systems operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Engineering Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards guidelines, and managing Federal participation in ADP voluntary standardization activities; provides scientific and technological ad- visory services and assistance to Federal agencies; and provides the technical foundation for computer-related policies of the Federal Government. The In- stitute consists of the following centers: The Institute for Materials Science and Engineering Conducts research and provides measurements, data, standards, reference Ceramics materials, quantitative understanding and other technical information funda- Fracture and Deformation 3 mental to the processing, structure, properties and performance of materials Polymers addresses the scientific basis for new advanced materials technologies; plans Metallurgy research around cross-country scientific themes such as nondestructive Reactor Radiation evaluation and phase diagram development; oversees Bureau-wide technical programs in nuclear reactor radiation research and nondestructive evalua- tion; and broadly disseminates generic technical information resulting from us programs. The Institute consists of the following Divisions: 'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaiihersburg, MD. unless otherwise noted; mailing address C.ailhersburg. Ml) 20899. •'Some divisions wiihin the tenter arc located at Boulder, CO 80303. '| ocaicd at Boulder. CO, with some elements at Ciaithersburg, MD. RESEARCH INFORMATION CENTER Technical Digest—Symposium on Optical Fiber Measurements, 1986 Digest of a Symposium sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards in cooperation with the IEEE Optical Communications Committee and the Optical Society of America September 9-10, 1986 National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado 80303 Edited by G.W. Day D.L Franzen Electromagnetic Technology Division Center for Electronics and Electrical Engineering National Engineering Laboratory National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado 80303 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director Issued September 1986 5 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-600563 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 720 Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 720, 158 pages (Sept. 1986) CODEN: XNBSAV U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Washington: 1986 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 PREFACE One might expect that, as a technology matures, associated measurement problems would be solved and research in those areas would diminish. That view is supported by examination of the programs for the annual Optical Fiber Communications Conference (OFC) and European Conference on Optical Communica- tions (ECOC) which have shown a steady decline in the percentage of papers on measurement topics over the last 10 years. It is not supported by our experience with the Symposium on Optical Fiber Measurements. Rather, it appears that the need for a specialized meeting on the topic of measurements continues to grow. We believe that the strength of this Symposium is best indicated by the number and quality of contributed papers. The number of papers submitted to the committee has grown by roughly 20 percent with each succeeding Symposium. Unfortunately, the time available for presentation could be increased at only half that rate. This year, only about 50 percent of the papers received by the program chairman could be accepted. Those that were accepted are diverse in both subject and origin. In only two technical areas, chromatic dispersion and joint characterization (including mode field diameter measurements), was it possible to schedule a full session on a single topic. In origin, there are 21 organizations in 9 countries represented in the program. Over 40 per- cent of the papers are from outside the U.S. This Digest contains the text of all 34 papers presented (5 invited and 29 contributed). In addition to these formal presentations, two informal workshops were held. One, on "Components and Measurements for LAN's and Wide- band Premise Networks" was moderated by Allen Cherin of AT&T Bell Labora- tories. The other, "Measuring the Future—Strategies for Upgradabi 1 i ty" was moderated by Paul Reitz of Corning Glass Works. There is no written record of the workshops. We continue to be indebted to the IEEE Optical Communications Committee and the Optical Society of America for their assistance in organizing this Symposium. The members of this year's committee, listed on the following page, have been especially helpful in providing timely reviews of manuscripts and other suggestions on the program. G. W. Day D. L. Franzen Boulder, Colorado September 1986 i i i SYMPOSIUM COMMITTEE D. L. Franzen, NBS, General Chairman G. W. Day, NBS, Program Chairman A. H. Cherin, AT&T Bell Laboratories R. L. Gallawa, NBS P. Kaiser, Bell Communications Research F. P. Kapron, ITT T. Ito, NTT D. B. Payne, BTRL P. R. Reitz, Corning 0. Szentesi, Siecor i v CONTENTS Page Preface iii Conference Committee iv Status of single-mode fiber measurements (invited) William T. Anderson; Bell Communications Research 1 Study of algorithms used to fit group delay data for single-mode optical fibers W. A. Reed, D. L. Philen; AT&T Bell Laboratories 7 Chromatic dispersion in optical fibers: Comparison of measurements with models Leslie Button, Walter F. Love, Robert M. Hawk; Corning Glass Works 11 Accuracy of phase shift technique with LEDS for measuring total dispersion in singlemode fibers L. Bosselaar, 6. Kuijt, J. F. van Luijk, P. Matthijsse Philips Glass 15 High speed and high accurate single-mode fiber dispersion measuring equipment using modified interferometric method Y. Namihira, Y. Iwamoto; KDD 19 Chromatic dispersion measurements of single mode fibres in the 1.3 ym and 1.55 ym wavelength range by the wavelength temperature tuning technique Finn Mogensen, Hans Damsgaard, Ole Hansen; NKT Elektronik 23 Measurement of dopants in optical fibers by Raman scattering Dan L. Philen; AT&T Bell Laboratories 27 Utilizing cladding mode propagation to determine the refractive index profile of an optical fiber W. H. Hatton, E. L. Buckland, M. Nishimura; Sumitomo Electric Research Triangle 31 Determination of refractive-index distribution from near-field measurements in polarization maintaining fibres G. Coppa, P. Di Vita, M.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Simulations of Step-Like Bragg Gratings in Silica Fibers Using Comsol
    SIMULATIONS OF STEP-LIKE BRAGG GRATINGS IN SILICA FIBERS USING COMSOL A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Rasika Dahanayake May, 2016 SIMULATIONS OF STEP-LIKE BRAGG GRATINGS IN SILICA FIBERS USING COMSOL Rasika Dahanayake Thesis Approved: Accepted: ______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Dean of the College Dr. Sergei F. Lyuksyutov Dr. John Green ______________________________ ______________________________ Faculty Reader Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Robert R. Mallik Dr. Chand Midha ______________________________ ______________________________ Faculty Reader Date Dr. Alper Buldum ______________________________ Department Chair Dr. David Steer ii ABSTRACT The purpose of the research was to build a model for simulations of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors under harsh conditions. In this thesis we were studying the 2D model of a fiber under different wavelength EM radiation (530 nm, 1310 nm, and 1530 nm), also we introduced a novel 3D model of FBG. The 3D model of the FBG is used to study the modes of the fiber under varying grating period (1310 nm, 908.62 nm, and 454.31 nm) and with varying number of slabs in the grating (10, 50, and 100). The novelty of this work is an introduction of step-like profile in FBGs. Potentially, this approach may be used for experimental high temperature sensing under harsh conditions. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First I would like to thank Dr. Sergei Lyuksyutov for being my advisor and taking me into your research group. I was able to learn and grow under your guidance and advice during the project and throughout my time at the University of Akron.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Optical Fibers
    5 Optical Fibers Takis Hadjifotiou Telecommunications Consultant Introduction Optical fi ber communications have come a long way since Kao and Hockman (then at the Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in England) published their pioneering paper on communication over a piece of fi ber using light (Kao & Hockman, 1966). It took Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz (then at Corning Glass Works–USA) four years to reach the loss of 20 dB/km that Kao and Hockman had considered as the target for loss, and the rest, as they say, is history. For those interested in the evolution of optical communica- tions, Hecht (1999) will provide a clear picture of the fi ber revolution and its ramifi cations. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an outline of the performance of fi bers that are fabricated today and that provide the pathway for the transmission of light for communications. The research literature on optical fi bers is vast, and by virtue of necessity the references at the end of this chapter are limited to a few books that cover the topics outlined here. The Structure and Physics of an Optical Fiber The optical fi bers used in communications have a very simple structure. They consist of two sections: the glass core and the cladding layer (Figure 5.1). The core is a cylindrical structure, and the cladding is a cylinder without a core. Core and cladding have different refractive indices, with the core having a refractive index, n1, which is slightly higher than that of the cladding, n2. It is this difference in refractive indices that enables the fi ber to guide the light.
    [Show full text]
  • MIL-STD-2196[SH) 12 January 1989 ‘ O Aperture Presented by a Device May Also Depend on the Incidence Angle of the Entering Light
    Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com m MIL-STD-2 196(SH) 12 January 1989 MILITARY STANDARD GLOSSARY, FIBER OPTICS o:’.$.f$gziw, AMSC N/A FSC 60GP DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved forpublic release; distribution is unlimited. Downloaded from http://www.everyspec.com MIL-STD-2 196(SH) 12 January 1989 FOREWORD 1. This military standard isapproved foruseby the~partmentof the Navy and is available fol use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. Every effort was made toensure this glossary inconsistent with published standards. Several glossaries in fiber optics have been prepared bystandards organimtions. In 1982 the National Institute of Standards and Technology, formerly the National Bureau of Standards, published PB82-166257, 0ptical Waveguide Commimications Glossary. Two years later, The’Instituteof Electrical and Electronics Engineers approved IEEE Standard 8I2-l984, Definitions of Terms Relating to Fiber Optics, forthemost part bmedonthe contents of PB82-166257. In 1986, FED- STD- 1037, Glossary of Telecommunication Terms, was issued by the General Services Ad- ministration. The U.S. Army Information Systems Engineering Support Activity was the preparing activity and the National Communications System wasthe assigned agency. Withan orientation toward telecommunications, about 10 percent of its content is devoted to fiberoptic. Shortly thereafter: the Electronic Industries Association published EIA-440A, Fiber Optic Terminology, agamconsisting primarily of PB82-166257. A glossary, IEC-Draft 731-OpticaI Communication, is being prepared by the International Electrotechnical Commission. Different areas of fiber optics were emphasized by each. None covered fiber optics science and technology in its entirety. Some emphasized theory while others covered technology or applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Specially Shaped Optical Fiber Probes: Understanding and Their Applications in Integrated Photonics, Sensing, and Microfluidics a Dissertation
    Specially Shaped Optical Fiber Probes: Understanding and Their Applications in Integrated Photonics, Sensing, and Microfluidics A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering by Yundong Ren June 2019 Advisory Committee: Assistant Professor Yuxiang Liu, Advisor (Mechanical Engineering Department, WPI), Professor Jamal Yagoobi (Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, WPI), Professor Douglas T. Petkie (Head of Physics Department, WPI), Associate Professor Songbai Ji (Biomedical Engineering Department, Mechanical Engineering Department, WPI) Professor Pawan Singh Takhar (Food Engineering, UIUC), Associate Professor Pratap Rao (Graduate Committee Representative, Mechanical Engineering Department, WPI) Abstract Thanks to their capability of transmitting light with low loss, optical fibers have found a wide range of applications in illumination, imaging, and telecommunication. However, since the light guided in a regular optical fiber is well confined in the core and effectively isolated from the environment, the fiber does not allow the interactions between the light and matters around it, which are critical for many sensing and actuation applications. Specially shaped optical fibers endow the guided light in optical fibers with the capability of interacting with the environment by modifying part of the fiber into a special shape, while still preserving the regular fiber’s benefit of low-loss light delivering. However, the existing specially shaped fibers have the following limitations: 1) limited light coupling efficiency between the regular optical fiber and the specially shaped optical fiber, 2) lack special shape designs that can facilitate the light-matter interactions, 3) inadequate material selections for different applications, 4) the existing fabrication setups for the specially shaped fibers have poor accessibility, repeatability, and controllability.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Waveguide Communications Glossary (Fa-Cs( ■ a Cl /\L T> S Fa Art C&O £> O K~~ No, /4O
    ms Reference Publi¬ cations NAT'L INST. OF STAND & TECH R.I.C. A111 □ M T3Eb31 NBS HANDBOOK 140 V) \ / *<">1*0 of U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE nal Bureau of Standards/National Telecommunications and Information Administration No, WO 1982 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation’s science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (I) a basis for the Nation’s physical measurement system, (2) scientilic and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis lor equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per¬ formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system ol physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system w ith measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation’s scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: Absolute Physical Quantities- — Radiation Research —Thermodynamics and Molecular Science — Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science.
    [Show full text]
  • Module 3 : Wave Model
    Module 3 : Wave Model Lecture 3.1 : Wave Model - I Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Analysis of cylindrical waveguides Characteristic Equation (Eigen Value Equation) Modes of optical fiber MODAL PROPAGATION INSIDE AN OPTICAL FIBER (WAVE MODEL-I) 1. Basics 1. There are certain limitations to ray model. 2. The ray model does not predict correctly that even after total internal reflection there will be some field in the cladding Also it does not predict that rays can be launched at only discrete angles in an optical fiber. 3. For an accurate and complete description of light propagation inside an optical fiber we have to go in for a more rigorous model, called the WAVE MODEL. Here we shall discuss the propagation of light inside an optical fiber, treating light as an electromagnetic wave. 4. Inside a fiber core the optical energy gets guided i.e. the energy propagates along the axis of the core and the fields exponentially decay in the cladding away from the core-cladding interface. 5. In a practical fiber the cladding is surrounded by a protective layer. Generally, by the time the field reaches that layer, it dies down significantly so that the protecting layer does not affect the propagation of the wave significantly. That is, the whole propagation of light is governed by the core cladding interface and the interface between the cladding and other protecting layers does not affect the propagation. In other words, we can take the cladding to be of infinite size in our analysis, without incurring significant error.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Optical Communication Terms
    ADA240 284 j Glossary of Optical Communication Terms James S. Beaty 4. April 1991 DOT/FAA/CT-TN91/9 This document is available to the U.S. public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. 91-10106 ~~~~U0De, tn of Toonspom 11lli11llll IIi rtckt al Aviation Administration Technical Center Atlantic City International Airport, N J 08405 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The United States Govemment does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT/FAA/C-TN91/9 4. Title and Subtitle S. Report Date April 1991 GLOSSARY OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION TERMS 6. Performing Organization Code ACD-350 7. Aijtlor8s) S. Performing Organization Report No. James S. Beaty DOT/FAA/CT-TN91/9 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) U. S. Departrent of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration II.Contract or Grant No. Technical Center T0302Y Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405 13. T Typey of Report and Period Co'vered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Technical Note U. S. Department of Transportation April 1991 Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract This glossary contains definitions of technical terms commonly used in the field of optical communication.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 4: Optical Waveguides
    Lecture 4: Optical waveguides Waveguide structures Waveguide modes Field equations Wave equations Guided modes in symmetric slab waveguides General formalisms for step-index planar waveguides References: A significant portion of the materials follow “Photonic Devices,” Jia-Ming Liu, Chapter 2 1 Waveguide structures 2 Waveguide structures • The basic structure of a dielectric waveguide consists of a longitudinally extended high-index optical medium, called the core, which is transversely surrounded by low-index media, called the cladding. A guided optical wave propagates in the waveguide along its longitudinal direction. • The characteristics of a waveguide are determined by the transverse profile of its dielectric constant ε(x, y)/εo, which is independent of the longitudinal (z) direction. • For a waveguide made of optically isotropic media, we can characterize the waveguide with a single spatially dependent transverse profile of the index of refraction n(x, y). 3 Nonplanar and planar waveguides There are two basic types of waveguides: In a nonplanar waveguide of two-dimensional transverse optical confinement, the core is surrounded by cladding in all transverse directions, and n(x, y) is a function of both x and y coordinates. E.g. the channel waveguides and the optical fibers In a planar waveguide that has optical confinement in only one transverse direction, the core is sandwiched between cladding layers in only one direction, say the x direction, with an index profile n(x). The core of a planar waveguide is also called the film, while the upper and lower cladding layers are called the cover and the substrate. 4 Optical waveguides x n 3 n2 y n1 n1 z (x, y, z) (r, φ, z) n2 (n1 > n2, n3) (n1 > n2) Planar (slab) waveguides for Cylindrical optical fibers integrated photonics (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Optical Fiber Characterization
    NBS A111D3 PUBLICATIONS NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 637 Volume 2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards Optical Fiber Characterization 130 .U57 No. 637 Vol, 2 1933 c ^ NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis tor equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces, and distributes
    [Show full text]
  • 16EC712 - Fiber Optical Communication
    16EC712 - Fiber Optical Communication DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING: TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215. COURSE / LESSON PLAN SCHEDULE NAME : A.JAYAMATHI CLASS: IV ECE A , B SUBJECT CODE AND NAME : 16EC712 & FIBER OPTICAL COMMUNICATION TEXT BOOKS 1. John M. Senior ,“Optical Fiber Communication”, Pearson Education ,3rd Edition, 2013 2. Gerd Keiser, “Optical Fiber Communication”, Mc Graw Hill, 4th Edition. 2010 REFERENCES 1. GovindP.Agrawal, “Fiber-optic communication systems”, John Wiley & sons. 4th Edition, 2010. 2.Harry J.R Dutton, “Understanding Optical Communications”, IBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization, 2012. 3.J.Gower, “Optical Communication System”, Prentice Hall of India, 2nd Edition, 2003. 4.R.P.Khare, “Fiber Optics and Optoelectronics”, Oxford University Press, 2007. C). LEGEND: L - Lecture BB - Black Board OHP - Over Head Projector pp - Pages Tx - Text Rx - Reference Teaching Lecture Sl. No Topics to be covered Aid Book No./Page No Hour Required UNIT I - OPTICAL FIBER WAVEGUIDES TX1/PP 12-14, TX2/PP 26-31, 1 L1 Introduction and Ray theory transmission BB RX1/PP 1-7, RX3/PP 33-36 Characteristics of Light-Total internal reflection, TX1/PP 14-20, TX2/PP 32-35 2 L2 BB Acceptance angle RX3/PP 35-36 TX1/PP 14-20,TX2/PP 32-35, 3 L3 Numerical aperture , Skew rays BB RX3/PP 36-37 Electromagnetic mode theory of optical TX1/PP 24-28, RX3/PP 46-49 4 L4 BB propagation -EM waves ,Modes in Planar guide RX1/PP 28-36 5 L5 Phase and group velocity BB TX1/PP 103-104,RX3/PP
    [Show full text]
  • Spectroscopy, Manipulation and Trapping of Neutral Atoms, Molecules, and Other Particles Using Optical Nanofibers: a Review
    Sensors 2013, 13, 10449-10481; doi:10.3390/s130810449 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Review Spectroscopy, Manipulation and Trapping of Neutral Atoms, Molecules, and Other Particles Using Optical Nanofibers: A Review Michael J. Morrissey 1, Kieran Deasy 2, Mary Frawley 2,3, Ravi Kumar 2,3, Eugen Prel 2,3, Laura Russell 2,3, Viet Giang Truong 2 and Síle Nic Chormaic 1,2,3,* 1 School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Light-Matter Interactions Unit, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; E-Mails: [email protected] (K.D.); [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (R.K.); [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (V.G.T.) 3 Physics Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-98-966-1551. Received: 31 May 2013; in revised form: 18 July 2013 / Accepted: 1 August 2013 / Published: 13 August 2013 Abstract: The use of tapered optical fibers, i.e., optical nanofibers, for spectroscopy and the detection of small numbers of particles, such as neutral atoms or molecules, has been gaining interest in recent years. In this review, we briefly introduce the optical nanofiber, its fabrication, and optical mode propagation within. We discuss recent progress on the integration of optical nanofibers into laser-cooled atom and vapor systems, paying particular attention to spectroscopy, cold atom cloud characterization, and optical trapping schemes.
    [Show full text]
  • FED-STD-1037C Raceway
    FED-STD-1037C raceway: Within a building, an radar blind range: The range that corresponds to the enclosure, i.e., channel, used to situation in which a radar transmitter is on and hence contain and protect wires, cables, or the receiver must be off, so that the radar transmitted bus bars. (188) signal does not saturate, i.e., does not blind, its own receiver. Note: Radar blind ranges occur because rack: A frame upon which one or there is a time interval between transmitted pulses that more units of equipment are mounted. (188) Note: corresponds to the time required for a pulse to DOD racks are always vertical. propagate to the object, i.e., to the target, and its reflection to travel back. This causes an attempt to racon: See radar beacon. measure the range just as the radar transmitter is transmitting the next pulse. However, the receiver is rad: Acronym for radiation absorbed dose. The off, therefore this particular range cannot be basic unit of measure for expressing absorbed radiant measured. The width of the range value that cannot energy per unit mass of material. Note 1: A rad be measured depends on the duration of the time that corresponds to an absorption of 0.01 J/kg, i.e., 100 the radar receiver is off, which depends on the ergs/g. Note 2: The absorbed radiant energy heats, duration of the transmitted pulse. The return-time ionizes, and/or destroys the material upon which it is interval could be coincident with the very next radar- incident. transmitted pulse, i.e., the first pulse following a transmitted pulse, or the second, or the third, and so rad.: Abbreviation for radian(s).
    [Show full text]