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1 Projects the DEVELOPING URBAN DETROIT AREA Presented by Emmanuel Caparis in January 1965, the Detroit Edison Company Began

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1 Projects the DEVELOPING URBAN DETROIT AREA Presented by Emmanuel Caparis in January 1965, the Detroit Edison Company Began Projects THE DEVELOPING URBAN Presented by Emmanuel Caparis DETROIT AREA In January 1965, The Detroit Edison Company began a five-year comprehensive study of Detroit and the adjacent area under its direct influence for the purpose of analyzing, understanding and exploring its growth patterns, potentialities and future requirements. Detroit Edison wished to contribute to the improvement and well-being of people and industry. It also wanted to know how to meet best the increasing requirements for electric energy. Research into the economic, social, cultural and physical problems facing man in the Urban Detroit Area was first proposed by Walker L. Cisler, Chairman of the Board, The Detroit Edison Company. Mr. Cisler was keenly aware that there is only one way for man to cope with these problems and this is by opening his eyes to them, understanding them, and exploring all possible solutions. He was determined that the study would not be a superficial one. Research into the ekistic phenomena of As a result, Mr. Cisler asked Doxiadis Associates of Athens, the Urban Detroit Area required examination of conditions and Greece, international consultants on urban planning, to developments in all of North America, an undertake a thorough study of the Urban Detroit Area. emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis, and Wayne State University also was asked to participate the entire Great Lakes Area because it would provide the opportunity to deploy the resources of students and faculties in the solution of urgent problems facing Detroit and other cities. Thus Detroit Edison created the "Developing Urban Detroit Area Research Project," a study on a scale never before attempted for an entire urban region. The study was planned in three phases: The first consisted of an inventory and analysis of existing conditions. The findings of this phase of the study were presented in Volume 1, Analysis. The second phase deals with future Areas of greatest population density occur evolutions and forecasts. The report on this phase of the primarily on the Atlantic seaboard, along study is titled Future Alternatives. The third phase, the southern shores of the Great Lakes and on the Pacific coast. A secondary elaborates on the findings of the preceding two phases and pattern of high density has developed on provides concept plans and proposals for the future both sides of the Appalachians. There are development of UDA (Urban Detroit Area) the Central also some high densities along the Gulf Region, the Detroit Central City and the Central Business coast and in Florida. District of Detroit. The report on this last phase of the study is titled A Concept for Future Development. Although this study is primarily concerned with the Urban Detroit Area, its patterns and problems of ekistic development (ekistic meaning the science of human 1 settlements) are essentially those of other cities throughout the world. The Developing Urban Detroit Area Research Project has been carried out by teams of experts in the United States and in Greece, and has been based on the work of thousands of people who carefully followed and collected data on the phenomena of the Urban Detroit Area and the broader space around it. PHASE 1 To define the Urban Detroit Area, it was necessary to consider present and future INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS growth trends in urbanization throughout the Great Lakes Area. It was also At the beginning, the UDA Research Project was to necessary to determine spheres of influence of neighboring urban centers concentrate on the 7,600 square miles of south-eastern (Chicago, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Michigan served by Detroit Edison. This is about one- Toronto) similar in scale to Detroit. eighth of Michigan but slightly more than half of the people in the state live and work in this area. At its center The Four Scales of Overall Analysis is the urban complex of Detroit. However, it became apparent at the early stages of the study that a clear understanding of the ekistic phenomena within the Detroit Edison service area could not be achieved unless the wider area under the direct influence of Detroit was analyzed with the same degree of detail. To this end, the study area was extended beyond the limits of the Company's service area and covers all such zones which are or would be ultimately influenced by the physical expansion of Detroit's urban development. Investigation showed that Detroit's area of influence extends within Michigan and to northern Ohio as well as to Canada; its boundaries to be at distances from the center of Detroit ranging from 75 to 100 miles. The study area— referred to as the Urban Detroit Area—covers 23,059 square miles and comprises 25 of the 83 Michigan counties, 9 counties in Ohio and 3 counties in Ontario, Canada. Obviously, what occurs in UDA is affected by conditions This map illustrates the basic distribution and developments in the entire Great Lakes Area and, of population in the Great Lakes Area. indeed, in all of North America. As a result, the Urban There are two major axes of Detroit Area was examined against the background of concentration meeting in Detroit: a line between Chicago, Detroit and Toronto; corresponding evolutions within four scales of descending the second from Chicago to Detroit, size. Scale I: U.S.A. and Canada. Scale II: Great Lakes Cleveland and Pittsburgh. Already evident and Eastern Megalopolis. Scale III: The Great Lakes Area. are extensions of the Chicago-Detroit- Scale IV: The Urban Detroit Area. Each scale is shown on Toronto axis to Montreal and through Buffalo and the Mohawk Valley to New the map. York; and of the second line through the Potomac River Valley to Washington. A The Great Lakes Area represents the most important third connection along the southern shore geographic division of the United States in terms of of Lake Erie is represented by the Toledo- Cleveland-Buffalo axis. concentration of population and U.S. manufacturing. It has substantial agricultural production, a major concentration of income, and is traversed by the most important land transport axis in the United States and the most important inland waterway system of the world—the Great Lakes and 2 the St. Lawrence Seaway, The Canadian part of the Great Lakes (mainly the Province of Ontario) represents by far the most important concentration of all socio-economic activities in Canada. Three of the most important urban concentrations in the United States are in the Great Lakes Area. The second most important megalopolis of North America is in process of formation in the Great Lakes Area. The Urban Detroit Area lies at the crossroads of the Great Lakes water routes and the land route to Canada. In addition, UDA is at the junction of the two most important axes of urbanization within the area (Chicago-Detroit- Toronto-Montreal and Chicago-Detroit-Cleveland- Pittsburgh). UDA is one of the most dynamic urban areas For the purpose of this study, it is of the Great Lakes Area, one of the most important and assumed that UDA population in the year 2000 might reach a level as low as 12 fast-growing regions of North America. million and as high as 18 million. A medium projection of 15 million is The objective of this phase of the Research Project was to assumed. provide an integrated picture of development in the Urban Detroit Area. Doing this, the study could proceed to the second phase. PHASE 2 FUTURE ALTERNATIVES The present functions and structure of the urban area of Detroit do not correspond to the potentialities of the location. Because of forces inherent in the city of Detroit, there is a certain course of development that will be followed. Unless major changes take place, this course is not expected to alter and the results can be foreseen within reasonable limits of approximation. This is true of all cities. The conventional method of planning and foreseeing the future is to extrapolate present trends to try to discover where the present course is leading. In transportation, for example, new arteries are planned to take care of existing trends as they develop. This approach does not give the transportation system the Possible locations for major UDA latitude it requires to take change into account. This kind functions, such as industrial, research or education activities, are shown in this of planning often leads to impossible situations. Existing map. Through the elimination of centers of activities, existing axes of transportation alternatives, only those locations which become congested and paralyzed. are placed by major communication axes are considered. The nine locations shown are reduced to an even smaller number The method of extrapolation of present trends into the on the basis of suitability. future has to be carefully used, not to show where the city should go but where the city is going now and where such a trend will lead to. If present trends should lead to impossible situations, it is necessary to demonstrate which these situations are, which dangers are created for the city, and which problems it will have to face in the future. On the basis of these considerations this phase of the study proceeded to the extrapolation of Detroit's growth through expansion in the future for the year 2000. Data examined and ensuing projections were based on urbanization trends, general growth trends, residential 3 densities, population growth trends and several local factors such as transportation, service facilities and accessibility. The results show that if present trends continue, population in the Urban Detroit Area will total approximately 15 million by the year 2000. Detroit, which had a population of about 3.5 million in its urbanized area in 1960, will have about 8 million.
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