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Islámský Stát Na Filipínách – Profil Skupiny Bakalářská Práce

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Islámský Stát Na Filipínách – Profil Skupiny Bakalářská Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ KATEDRA POLITOLOGIE Islámský stát na Filipínách – profil skupiny Bakalářská práce David Kovář Vedoucí práce: prof. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslav Mareš, Ph.D. UČO: 450469 Obor: Bezpečnostní a strategická studia – Evropská studia Imatrikulační ročník: 2015 Brno, 2018 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci „Islámský stát na Filipínách – profil skupiny“ vypracoval samostatně a použil jenom zdroje uvedené v seznamu použitých zdrojů a literatury. V Brně, 9. 12. 2018. …………………………….. David Kovář 2 Velmi rád bych poděkoval prof. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslavu Marešovi, Ph. D. za vedení této práce, stejně tak jako za ochotu poskytnout cenné a podnětné připomínky a odborné rady. Rád bych také poděkoval svým rodičům za jejich dlouhotrvající a zásadní podporu v mém studiu. 3 ANOTACE Bakalářská práce se zabývá analýzou skupiny Islámský stát působícího na území Filipín. Přítomnost Islámského státu se na filipínském území poprvé projevila v roce 2014, kdy se k jejímu členství přihlásila skupina Abú Sajáfa. Tu následovaly další podobné skupiny a vzniklo tak spojení skupin pod jednotnou vlajkou ISIL. Ačkoliv jsou aktivity Islámského státu v oblasti Blízkého východu často reflektovaným tématem jak celosvětově, tak i v českém prostředí, její odnož působící v jihovýchodní Asii v českém prostředí nebyla významnějším způsobem popsána. V teoretické části práce jsou představeny typologie náboženského, teritoriálního a kriminálního terorismu jakožto i koncept džihádistického protostátu. Druhá část pak popisuje charakteristiku Filipín a vývoj terorismu na tomto území. Následně je práce zaměřena na profil skupin ISIL, jejich vedení a aktivity. Konec práce se pak věnuje zařazení ISIL do konceptuálního rámce. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Terorismus, Filipíny, Islámský stát, Dáíš, násilný nestátní aktér, džihád, islamismus, wahhábismus, fundamentalismus, povstalectví, ozbrojený konflikt ANNOTATION The bachelor thesis deals with the analysis of the Islamic State Group operating in the Philippines. The presence of the Islamic state took place in Philippine territory in 2014 when Abu Sayapah publicly joined the membership. Other similar groups followed and the union of groups under the ISIL flag has arisen. Although the activities of the Islamic State in the Middle East region are often reflected both globally and in the Czech environment, its activities in Southeast Asia has not been described in a significant way in the Czech environment, yet. The theoretical part of this thesis introduces the typology of religious, territorial and criminal terrorism as well as the concept of Jihadi proto-state. The second part is focused on the characteristics of the Philippines and the development of terrorism in this territory. Subsequently, the work focuses on the profile of the ISIL groups, their leadership, and activities. The end of the thesis is devoted to the inclusion of ISIL in the conceptual framework. KEY WORDS Terrorism, Philippines, Islamic state, Daesh, violent non-state actor, jihad, islamism, wahhabism, rebellion, armed conflict 4 OBSAH ANOTACE ............................................................................................................................................ 4 KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA .................................................................................................................................. 4 ANNOTATION ...................................................................................................................................... 4 KEY WORDS ......................................................................................................................................... 4 OBSAH ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 ÚVOD....................................................................................................................................................... 6 1. METOLOGIE ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2. KONCEPTUALIZACE ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 DEFINICE TERORISMU ................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 TYPOLOGIE TERORISMU ............................................................................................................. 11 2.2.1 TERITORIÁLNÍ TERORISMUS ................................................................................................ 12 2.2.2 NÁBOŽENSKÝ TERORISMUS ................................................................................................ 13 2.2.3 KRIMINÁLNÍ TERORISMUS ................................................................................................... 14 2.3 DŽIHÁDISTICKÝ PROTOSTÁT ....................................................................................................... 15 3. CHARAKTERISTIKA FILIPÍN ................................................................................................................. 16 4. TERORISMUS NA FILIPÍNÁCH ............................................................................................................ 17 5. VZNIK ISLÁMSKÉHO STÁTU NA FILIPÍNÁCH ...................................................................................... 19 6. ORGANIZACE A STRUKTURA ............................................................................................................. 22 6.1 JEDNOTLIVÉ SKUPINY ................................................................................................................. 22 6.1.1 ABÚ SAJÁFA ......................................................................................................................... 22 6.1.2 SKUPINA MAUTE ................................................................................................................. 23 6.1.3 BANGSAMORO ISLAMIC FREEDOM FIGHTERS .................................................................... 24 6.1.4 ANSAR KHALIFA PHILIPPINES .............................................................................................. 24 6.2 VEDENÍ SKUPIN ........................................................................................................................... 25 7. IDEOLOGIE ......................................................................................................................................... 27 8. AKTIVITY ............................................................................................................................................ 29 8.1 ABÚ SAJÁFA ................................................................................................................................ 29 8.2 SKUPINA MAUTE ......................................................................................................................... 30 8.3 BANGSAMORO ISLAMIC FREEDOM FIGHTERS ........................................................................... 31 8.4 ANSAR KHALIFA PHILIPPINES ...................................................................................................... 31 8.5 BITVA O MARAWI ....................................................................................................................... 32 8.6 SITUACE PO BITVĚ O MARAWI ................................................................................................... 33 9. ZASAZENÍ DO KONCEPTUÁLNÍHO RÁMCE ........................................................................................ 36 ZÁVĚR .................................................................................................................................................... 39 SEZNAM ZDROJŮ ................................................................................................................................... 41 SEZNAM ZKRATEK ................................................................................................................................. 49 Počet znaků: 79 005 5 ÚVOD Tématem této bakalářské práce je profil radikální militantní skupiny Islámský stát a jejího působení na Filipínách. Začátek působení této skupiny na Filipínách můžeme datovat k červenci roku 2014, kdy, dnes již bývalý vůdce islamistické skupiny Abú Sajáfa, Isnilon Hapilon deklaroval Bay'ah, tedy přísahu věrnosti a loajality, Abú Bakr al-Bagdádímu, chalífovi Islámského státu v Iráku a Levantě (dále jen ISIL). Do dnešního dne tuto přísahu věrnosti složila řada dalších islamistických skupin působících na Filipínách, jako například skupina Maute, Bangsagmoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (dále jen BIFF) či Ansar Khalifa Philippines (dále jen AKP). Hlavním oponentem Islámského státu je především filipínská vláda, z nestátních aktérů pak za hlavní oponenty můžeme označit Frontu národního osvobození Morů (dále MNLF) a částečně Frontu islámského osvobození Morů (dále MILF). Právě odštěpením z MILF vzniklo několik skupin patřících pod ISIL, jde o skupiny Maute, BIFF a také část organizace Abú Sajáfa. Vzhledem k faktu, že jde o organizace, které jsou nestátní a jejich činnost je provázána s násilím, můžeme je považovat za násilné nestátní aktéry. Za vhodný prostor pro vznik a existenci násilného nestátního aktéra jsou považovány především slabé státy, kdy právě slabost státu s absencí silné vlády usnadňuje působení takovýchto skupin. Ačkoliv celkově Filipíny nelze označit za slabý stát, efektivita zásahu
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