© 2018 American University Model United Nations Conference All rights reserved. No part of this background guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever without express written permission from the American University Model United Nations Conference Secretariat.

Please direct all questions to [email protected] Eden Yanaitis & Maddie McCarthy Chairs

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to the Tokyo 2020 Olympics committee! I am super excited to be your chair for this Model United Nations conference! The main mission of our committee is to plan the Olympics, considering both basic factors and current-day issues. Our committee will focus on a wide variety of topics that the International Olympic Committee must address, from budgeting to sexual assault and everything in between. This will provide the opportunity for a wide variety of debate and discussion, so I’m sure everyone will find something that interests them. We hope that all of you have a wonderful time in committee- Model United Nations is always a great time to learn new things and have fun doing it. This is a crisis committee, so there is a lot of room for debate and ability to play around with key people and issues. Hopefully you will all use this to your advantage!

I’d like to take a little bit to introduce myself: I am currently a freshman at American University, and this will be my first time chairing for AmeriMUNC. I am beyond excited to meet you all and see the different perspectives and creativity that you will all bring into the committee. I participated in Model United Nations throughout high school, and the conferences were always a great experience. I was able to work on my debating skills, learn about parliamentary procedure, dress up, and meet new friends! I still talk to people I met in Model UN in high school, and I hope you will all have similar experiences. Being a part of Model United Nations in high school shaped who I am today and fostered my love for international politics and policy. As a result, I am majoring in international studies at American University, and I cannot wait to put my degree to use (hopefully at the real UN)! I was also on the staff for our Washington International Relations Conference (WIRC), a one-day learning conference, so if you have any questions about parliamentary procedure or want to know how to best form your arguments, do not hesitate to ask!

Your co-chair will be Maddie McCarthy. Maddie is an sophomore at American University studying Communications, Law, Economics, and Government within the School of Public Affairs. During high school, she participated in MUN, holding officer positions from sophomore year on. This past year, she served as a vice-chair for United Kingdom: Brexit. When Maddie is not doing stacks of homework, she is likely watching Netflix, spending time with her Alpha Xi Delta sisters, and talking about her Hill-ternships. Maddie is originally from Massachusetts, and will always talk about Dunkin' Donuts and how she loves the cold weather!

This background guide should be used as a foundation for your research for this committee. When coming into committee be aware of your jurisdiction as a part of this international committee and have ideas for how to solve some of the big issues we will tackle. I hope you will take the time to do research on your own and learn about these interesting topics- they are all very fascinating and relevant. Feel free to use the sources that are cited in this background guide and conduct your own research, so you have a solid grasp on the issues at hand. All delegates should be prepared to participate in committee. I am so excited to chair this committee and see all of you soon! If you have any questions about the background guide, topics, or Model UN in general, do not hesitate to ask me any questions.

Best, Eden Yanaitis & Maddie McCarthy 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 01 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

ABOUT 2020 OLYMPICS

“The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020”

Travel and Tourism double from 20 million to 40 million in The travel and tourism industry is a total tourists that visit as a result of the $2,570.1bn industry that is on an 2020 games. increasing upward trend expected to The Japanese National Tourism account for almost 12% of GDP by Organization (JNTO) has launched a 2028¹. The travel and tourism industry multilingual promotional campaign in an employs about 3.2% of the total people effort to attract potential tourists from employed. This can be in a variety of North America, Europe, and Australia³. capacities such as transportation, The JNTO has also included a website hospitality, and retail. About 78% of the that informs tourists of lesser known total industry revenue is made up of areas for activity. This is important personal and leisure spending as because it will help to improve and opposed to that of business spending. diversify the visitor- a portfolio that is However, only 27.3% of that spending deemed intimidating to many nonluxury comes from foreign visitors. travelers. This intimidation stems from Every two years when the the perceived expensive nature of the Olympics take over a city (or in some country and lack of English cases many cities), travel and tourism infrastructure. experts see a spike in the industry. In While it may come as no surprise 2016, Brazil (host of 2016 Summer that the summer games are more Games) saw a 532% increase in popular on a global scale than the spending on third-party sites such as winter games, the winter games Expedia and TripAdvisor². On the other actually cost significantly more⁴. The hand, Japan is hoping to see just a 2006 Turin games cost $3.8 billion while the Beijing games cost only $40 02

million. There are about 2 million fewer society to benefit from the games in spectators at the winter games and ways it would not have been able to over 150 fewer games and events.So otherwise. why do we see such a gap in cost? For Questions to Consider: a number of reasons including 1. What are less expensive equipment, heating, and cooling inside alternatives to hosting the facilities, and the possible need for games? artificial snow to be manufactured⁵. For 2. Why do countries want to the 2018 games, Pyeongchang built a host the games? $109 million stadium that costs $10 million per hour to operate. This stadium will be used 4 times before it gets demolished. For this and other reasons, many cities do not want to host the games. In 2011, Xinjiang Normal University reported on the Beijing games and how host cities face negative effects as a result of tourism⁶. Host cities, for example, typically an overuse of water resources by means of swimming pools, golf courses, hotels, and drinking water. Water degradation and water shortages are common during the games. Another negative effect is garbage pollution. Tourists do not tend to care as much for the environment in the country they are visiting, causing lots of rubbish to accumulate. Despite these astonishing facts, millions view the Olympics each time it rolls around. However, most of this is from home. From price surging to concerns about safety and security, to unsustainable venues, travel and tourism surrounding the Olympics may drastically change in the coming years. Overall, the Olympics encourage host cities to invest in themselves by means of transportation, accommodations, economic, etc. and are typically successful at doing so. However, it is usually at the cost of another sector of society. Tourists aid in bolstering the economy which allows 03 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 04

Anti-Doping marathon runner Thomas Hicks used a Performance enhancing drugs, mixture of brandy and the stimulant otherwise known as PEDs, have been strychnine which almost resulted in his used prior to and during the Olympic death. This, as well as cocaine, games since Ancient Greece. In 700 caffeine, and heroine, were common BC, people knew that heightened among dopers. Eventually, these testosterone would increase substances became more difficult to performance. “With no syringes or obtain due to transnational hormones in injectable liquid form, it pharmaceutical rules and regulations. was left to the athletes to gorge on Most recently, the IAAF banned animal hearts and testicles in search of Russia from competing in the 2016 Rio potency.” Other options included trying games due to a government cover-up a variety of fungi, herbal medications, of doping among athlete in 2014 at and potions in order to get an upper Sochi². This was the IAAF’s way of hand in the competition. finally taking a stand against a Members of the community ‘tradition’ that has been present since wanted to be part of the effort to have the inception of the games. their friend or neighbor win. Bakers Twelve-time Olympic medalist would inject opium from poppies into Ryan Lochte is also not a stranger to the bread while other athletes would the Olympic and IAAF rules regarding look to horsetail plants to give them the doping³. Lochte was not using illicit extra muscle mass and strength drugs but instead an IV to take legal thought to help in their competitions. supplements. However, he was still About 2,000 years later, athletes suspended for 14 months. from all over the world continued using A common question that has PEDs. In the 1904 St. Louis games, risen in light of this worldwide topic, is 05 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

LGBTQ+ Inclusivity why athletes dope. It is not only to Figure skater Adam Rippon become faster and stronger but also to hides the technical difficulty of each fool their bodies from shutting down jump and spins with head-flips and a when overtraining. This tricks the body, commanding gaze, an entertainer when lactic acid is setting in, to keep likewise as an associate contestant. going and build their bodies even However, there’s one issue Rippon further. Athletes feel they need this won’t be concealment – this year, he extra edge in order to bring home a and race jock Gus Kenworthy will medal. become the primary overtly gay “These events are won by less American men to ever contend within than 1 percent — the margin of victory is the Winter Olympics. really quite tiny,” Mayo Clinic exercise “The atmosphere within the researcher Michael Joyner said. country has modified dramatically,” “People are looking for tiny edges, says Cyd Zeigler, who co-founded edges that can barely be measured in Outsports, a news website that the lab.” highlights the stories of LGBT athletes, The World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999. “Two men getting married (WADA) tests blood and urine samples wasn’t even a prospect after we started from hundreds of thousands of Olympic Outsports. currently, it’s a reality in athletes each year⁴. About 1-2% of Birmingham, Alabama. There are gay these samples test positive for role models at each flip – on tv, on prohibited substances, but actual native sports, and in our communities.” instances of doping are estimated to be Even so, the last time that the significantly more widespread. United States sent a gay man to any In an anonymous survey of Olympic Games was in 2004, once several thousand world-class amateur equestrians Guenter Seidel and Robert athletes, up to 57 percent admitted to Dover won bronze in team equestrian using performance-enhancing drugs in sport. it had been Dover’s sixth time the past year, according to a study representing the US at the Olympics; published in the Journal of Sports throughout his second Games, in 1988, Medicine. Dover came out, turning into the The IOC explains their testing primary overtly gay contestant to vie process as one where trust, support, within the modern Olympics. and examination will be present prior "I wish that all gay athletes to, during, and after the games⁵. The would come out in all disciplines – IOC has also taken steps to conduct football, baseball, the Olympics, testing through an independent agency whatever," said Dover. "After six in order to eliminate biases regarding Olympics, I know they're in each sport. the doping scandal. you just have to spend (one day at Questions to consider: some point in the future or later in 1. Would we feel different some unspecified time in the future) in about doping the housing, the gyms, or at dinner to regulations if athletes realize we're all over." were dying regularly? 2. How can we ensure the games will be substance free? 06

By the time Dover came out on piece of writing printed within the international stage, it had been the International Herald. They treed the clear that gay athletes were competing athlete in an exceedingly news and winning all levels of skilled sports. conference to grill him on matters most Seven years earlier, tennis star Billie personal, consistent with Bill Jones’s Jean King was famously outed once a Alone: The Triumph and Tragedy of case filed by a former lover led her to John Curry. Curry acknowledged that publicly admit to having a lesbian affair. the rumors regarding his sex were true, King promptly lost her all her skilled however, once journalists asked lustful endorsements, however later she said queries revealing the era’s she wished she had come out sooner. misconceptions regarding gayness and In 1982, former Olympian Tom Waddell masculinity, Curry fought back: “I don’t – who would die from AIDS at the peak think I lack virility, and what other of the epidemic 5 years later – helped people think of me doesn’t matter,” he found the first Gay Games for LGBT said. “Do you think that what I did athletes where 1,350 competed. yesterday was not athletic?” But it had been over a decade But while the competition was earlier once a gay contestant 1st over for Curry, the custom had it that performed within the Olympic Games. medal winners were expected to Just not specifically throughout the appear in exhibition performances. competition. There, in a fiery, unintimidated athletic English figure athlete John Curry spectacle, Curry abandoned his usual had barely return off the high of spirited routine of skips and hops for a winning gold at the 1976 Winter stern technical masterpiece, making Olympics in Austria, once reporters him the first openly gay athlete to caught wind of his sexuality from a perform on the Olympic stage. 07 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

LGBT journalists and historians Mauresmo was undaunted. have listed the numerous Olympians “No matter what I do, there will who were homosexual, however, always be people against me,” competed in an exceedingly time Mauresmo has same. “With that in before being “out” was safe and mind, I decided to make my sexuality acceptable. For example, German clear… I wanted to say it once and for runner Otto Peltzer competed in the all. And now I would like the US to talk 1928 and 1932 Olympics, however, was about tennis.” Mauresmo still faced in remission by the Nazis in 1934 for his criticism for her “masculinity.” however ‘gayness’ and was later sent to the her sponsor, Nike, embraced her concentration camps. In additional muscular look by planning garments recent years, athletes have waited to that will show her strength, consistent return out till once their time in the with the 2016 book out in Sport. competition was over, as well as figure Mauresmo went on to win silver in skaters Rebel Weir and Brian Boitano women’s singles in 2004. and diver Greg Louganis. Louganis was At the 2008 Summer Olympics long reported to be gay, however, in Beijing, eleven openly gay athletes didn’t embark publicly till the gap competed, just one of whom – ceremonies of the 1994 Gay Games: Australian diver Matthew Mitcham, who "Welcome to the Gay Games,” Louganis won gold and is a vocal LGBT activist – same to the group. “It's nice to be out was a man. All six openly gay athletes and proud." at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Though the first history of gay Vancouver were women, as were all Olympians is dotted with male athletes, seven of the openly gay athletes at the gay women have quietly gained 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. each of prevalence in recent competitions. the intervening Summer Olympics saw French jock Amélie Mauresmo is a larger turnout of openly gay athletes, among the first women to return out however, women still command the publicly before an Olympic committee massive majority. In 2016, four of the where they decided whether or not an players on the U.S. women’s squad – athlete comes out in public relies Delle Donne, Brittney Griner, Seimone partially on the prominence of their Augustus, and Angel sport outside the Olympics. In 1999, a McCoughtry––were openly gay. year before her initial Olympic This accounting, in fact, elides competition, reporters questioned her that sexual orientation may be a sex once an opponent is known as her spectrum. Olympians UN agency “half a man” for appearance to a match overtly establish as bisexual, for along with her girlfriend. Mauresmo’s example, are growing in variety casual discussion of her sexuality as an likewise. in addition, the International integral a part of her life and dismissal Olympic Committee, and therefore the of considerations that she would lose several governing bodies among, have support delineate a shift within the created some strides once it involves stigma surrounding coming out as an recognizing that gender isn't binary, athlete. a concern of commercial failure though' policies for transgender still underpinned several athletes’ athletes stay a thorny discussion selections to not come out, however, among officers and athletes. 08

“The atmosphere for LGBT athletes has changed quicker in the past decade”

That being same, the IOC allowed and Olympic scholar. “In the 20th pre-surgery transgender athletes to century, there was more homophobia in require half within the 2016 city Games, sport and society in general. as the With the Winter Games in increase in LGBT equality has PyeongChang, Rippon and Kenworthy progressed, so has acceptance of are the primary gay American men to LGBT athletes.” vie within the Olympics since the There’s one notable exception: lawfulness of same-sex marriage was Sochi 2014. The summer before hosting established throughout the United the Winter Olympics, in what several States in 2015, and therefore the saw as an affront to gay rights policy, cultural shift is obvious. whereas the Russian government passed a law American tennis legend Martina prohibiting the promotion of Navratilova, who came out in 1981, “nontraditional” sexual relationships to however, competed as associate minors. The US used the Olympic Olympian for the primary time in 2004, platform as a chance for refined has same that starting off in 1981 cost protest, as well as outstanding gay her $10 million in sponsorships, athletes Brian Boitano, Billie Jean King Kenworthy boasts sponsorships with and Caitlin Cahow in its Olympic Visa, Toyota, and Ralph Lauren, to call delegation, and protests were staged some. The athlete additionally recently across the planet. Despite the appeared in a poster for Head & outpouring of international support, Shoulders, with a rainbow pride Canadian figure athlete Eric Radford demagoguery behind him. opted to attend till once Sochi to return “The atmosphere for LGBT out, citing his need to be recognized for athletes has changed quicker in past his talent, instead of his sex. He’s decade,” says Scupham-Bilton, LGBT already created his mark at the

09 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

PyeongChang Games, wherever as prevent it from happening in the first his performance with sport partner place. Meagan Duhamel rounded North American country to the highest of the Despite the new awareness to this team ice skating competition. abuse of power, sexual misconduct is Rippon and Kenworthy have not a new concept. “Since 1982, over used their new platforms to create 290 coaches and officials who’ve statements on political problems. worked in U.S. Olympic sports Rippon recently created headlines once organizations have been accused of he refused a suggestion to satisfy with sexual misconduct”-- and those are just vice chairman Mike Pence thanks to the American figures. Clearly, this disagreements together with his problem extends far and wide to impact stances on LGBT rights – that embrace all participating countries. Additionally, past statements that seem to support while the gymnastics team has funding gay conversion therapy. received a lot of attention over sexual Pence’s former press secretary denied assault, the problem of sexual assault his support for gay conversion medical extends over 15 sports and averages care throughout the 2016 presidential eight adults tied to an Olympic campaign. Kenworthy additionally organization accused of sexual criticized the vice chairman as a “bad misconduct each year, or one about fit” to guide the United States' every six weeks, for over 36 years. This delegation at the Opening Ceremony in shows that while recent exposure of PyeongChang on Friday. the problem is beneficiary to promoting change and action within the Olympics, Questions to Consider: this issue is one that has been long 1. How could the Olympic Council ingrained not only in the Olympic take further steps in ensuring Games, but in sports themselves. gay athletes would be protected The big name that comes to mind when at the games? thinking about how sexual assault is a 2. Should incentives be provided to major problem in the Olympics is Larry nations who send more openly Nassar, a former Olympic doctor who gay athletes to compete? was found guilty of sexually assaulting Sexual Assault and Abuse of Power hundreds of athletes throughout his In the wake of the #MeToo movement, career. After 156 athletes accused him establishments must face the reality of of assaulting them as children, he has sexual harassment by making strides to been sentenced to 40 to 175 years in protect those who have been affected, prison. But Nassar is not the only punish those who have abused their worker who abused his power: Marcel power, and prevent incidents from Aubut, the former Canadian Olympic happening in the future. While the Committee (COC) president, was also Olympics and sports in general have a accused of sexual harassment and it long history with sexual assault, the was found that “more than 100 staff new societal awareness for it has led to members either experienced or the International Olympic Committee to witnessed harassment.” Sexual institute changes that aim to assist harassment has found its way into the those who have been affected, as well 10

IOC as well, after the vice chairman of many of them minors. Additionally, a the panel overseeing the 2020 Tokyo lack of response is displayed when Olympics, Alex Gilady, was accused of athletes who have been accused of sexual assault and harassment. With sexual misconduct are permitted to sexual assault running rampant not only compete. One such notable example is in the sports themselves but also in the Jonas Junias, a Namibian Olympic planning board, this abuse of power boxer who was allowed to compete in a has become a common problem that is light-welterweight fight after being stereotypically known in the sporting charged with attempted rape. By industry. Sexual misconduct has also allowing athletes who have been been revealed as prevalent in the accused of sexual misconduct to Paralympics as well, as the Jordanian compete, it perpetuates a culture in Paralympic Committee sent three which those who abuse their power are paralympic athletes home and barred protected and those who have them from competing in the 2012 experienced sexual assault will not be London Olympics following accusations supported if they come forward with of sexual assault of minors and their stories. voyeurism. While the Jordianian The Olympic Committee has Paralympic Committee reacted quickly recognized a need to address sexual and precisely, one of the major issues misconduct within the hierarchy of the facing abuse of power in the Olympics Olympics, and has recently taken is the slowness and/or lack of response measures to confront and prevent to accusations or knowledge of sexual abuses of power. Centers have opened misconduct. This can be shown in the in the hopes that athletes, volunteers, lack of response to years of Larry and even spectators will have a safe Nassar’s abuse of hundreds of girls, place to report sexual misconduct. 11 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

These centers will “provide counseling, affect. With big sporting events such as medical care, legal advice, and help the Olympics, there are “increased risks making a police report”. Throughout the of human trafficking, exploitation of course of the PyeongChang Winter workers, forced prostitution and sexual Olympics, the four centers reported at tourism.” Sexual misconduct and least 10 cases of sexual misconduct. exploitation are clearly an issue not Eun So Yoon, one of the directors of only inside the Olympic sporting the centers said, "It's not how many events, but also for the citizens who live cases were reported, but that victims in the surrounding community. Not only came forward and that a support does the Olympic Committee need to system was made available to them.” It focus on the protection for survivors is unclear if the IOC will continue to from within, it also must focus on the have these centers at future Olympic rippling effect that Olympic Games has Games, but they show a start to how on the surrounding area and directors of the Games are addressing diminishing human trafficking. sexual misconduct. Additionally, the IOC has recently Questions to consider: updated its definition and statements 1. What policies can be on sexual assault following “research implemented in order to not only on the different types of abuse, how address sexual exploitation and abusers target athletes, and the impact assault within the Olympic of that abuse on athletes”. In 2016, the framework, but also within the IOC created a framework for dealing host communities? with sexual assault. This framework 2. In what ways can those accused includes a “safeguarding officer… to of sexual assault be document reports of abuse, determine Gender Equality whether a follow-up is necessary, and While women have come a long way in decide whether to turn reports over to terms of equality, there is still a long the IOC Disciplinary Commission and/or way to go. The sports industry is a local authorities.’ Furthermore, “a microcosm of society itself in this section of the IOC's integrity and regard, and by promoting equality in compliance hotline was also designated sport, change in society can be made. to address harassment and abuse Sport has the power to bring us ahead of 2016” and educational together and break down barriers, materials about sexual assault will be regardless of race, nationality or dispersed to call attention to the issue. gender. The Olympics provide an While sexual assualt remains a major international stage for this, in which problem within the framework of the nothing else matters except the Olympics, sexual exploitation remains a competition and the sport. However, major issue for hosting communities as gender-based stereotyping still exists well, and is rarely addressed. The 2006 within the Olympics, even as societal World Cup in Germany saw a 30 attitudes change. percent rise in sexual exploitation, while the 2010 World Cup in South Africa saw a 40 percent increase, and the Olympic Games have a similar 12

The Olympics has a long history of a lot of work to be done. The gender inequality, and the impacts are current-day gender gap in the Olympics still being seen today. In the Olympic still exists. It was not until the 1976 Games in Rome in 1960 and the Montreal Olympics that women’s Olympic Games in Tokyo in 1964, “the participation rose above 20 percent. opportunities and resources available One of the major problems that the IOC to female athletes were extremely still faces is women within the IOC limited. Women competed for less than itself. In 2017, four of the fifteen one-third of the medals”. Volleyball was members of the Executive Board of the the first women’s Olympic team sport, International Olympic Committee were but it was only added in the Tokyo 1964 women-- a sparse 27 percent. Olympics. Only with the passage of the Moreover, only 11 of the 135 national historic Title IX legislation did things Olympic committees who took part in a begin to really change for women in survey in 2015 had a woman president. sport. Title IX “prohibits discrimination That’s a measly 8 percent of all the on the basis of sex, [and] has been the Olympic committees. Clearly, women starting line for the development and still have a long way to go in terms of recognition of interscholastic and securing their place in leadership intercollegiate athletic opportunities or positions. While equality on the playing the females of this country.” It “opened field is an important first step, it is the doors for non-discrimination on the necessary to have gender equality in all basis of gender in any American school positions, especially those that oversee that received federal funding, athletic the Olympics itself. directors at educational institutions had no choice but to make way for female The IOC has begun to address these athletes”. Title IX was nothing short of problems through multiple programs. revolutionary for women in sports, and The IOC has released a Gender it has spread into other sectors in Equality Report that includes five facets: modern day to promote gender Sport, Portrayal, Governance, Funding, equality. After the passing of Title IX, and HR, Monitoring, and the number of women playing college Communications. This plan ensures that sports has seen a 545 percent there will be equal participation in the increase, while the number of women Games, protects athletes from playing high school sports has seen a harassment and abuse in sport, sets 990 percent increase. But these forth a plan for balanced portrayal of changes did not just affect the playing both genders in the media, sets the field. Since its passing in 1972, Title IX guidelines for gender equality has created courageous and bold leadership within the framework of the leaders who take the lessons from Olympics itself, promotes an inclusive sport and bring it into their field of work. culture and diversity in leadership, EY research shows that over 90 among many other points. Clearly, this percent of senior female executives plan, if enacted correctly, will bring a played sport in their earlier years. new wave of gender equality to the Olympics. Additionally, the Women in While this progress is a good start to Sport Commission was established in addressing the gender gap, there is still order to “advise the IOC Session, the 13 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

IOC Executive Board and the IOC consequences if you don’t”. Gender President on the development and equality cannot stop at women, implementation of the IOC women and however. Support and equality for sport policy and to promote equal athletes must be intersectional, and opportunities for girls and women to include those who do not identify with a participate in, and benefit from sport certain gender or who are transgender. and physical activity.” This commission Only through continued support for helps promote gender equality in sports these athletes can the Olympics and through supporting women joining Olympic athletes reach their full sports and the Olympics, recognizing potential. women in sports and their Budgeting achievements, and ensuring equal Budgeting is arguably the most critical media coverage is given to male and part of preparing for the Olympic female athletes. As stated in the Games. Finances are at the heart of Olympic Agenda 2020, the IOC has choosing a host, building the necessary called for a 50 percent increase of infrastructure, and remodeling an entire female participation, a massive increase city for the world to see. Over the that would change the Olympics years, the cost of hosting the Olympic forever. The Olympic Agenda 2020 Games has increased exponentially, also calls for an increase in female with cities often more than doubling officials, coaches, and heads of their original proposed budget.This has Olympic commissions and sports made it increasingly difficult to find host federations. Some countries, such as cities, as well as for host cities to take Nigeria, India, and Togo, even sent on the onus of running the Games as female athletes to the Games for the best as possible. In order to ensure the first time in 2018. These measures have smooth running of the 2020 Tokyo led to massive change for female Olympic Games, it is critical to weigh athletes, from leadership boards to the importance of hosting, managing, playing fields. and creating sustainable outputs while remaining as close to the budget as Only through continued cooperation of possible. sporting federations, officials, commissions, and executives will The first step in addressing this topic is gender equality in the Olympics be analyzing the exact budget allotment. reached. Additionally, more women The Tokyo Metropolitan Government must be placed in leadership positions, (TMG) reported last year that hosting so that the organizing board can reflect the 2020 Games could cost as much as society itself. Legally, it is essential that $20 billion. While the budget proposed we build upon Title IX and expand in May of 2017 was $12.9 billion, efforts rights and protective measures for have been made to cut that budget women. But change cannot stop there, down even further. This is reflected in “Change will not, however, take place the newly proposed $12.6 billion merely because we put new policies in budget in December of 2017. The cost place. We have to find ways to of the Olympics begins before the effectively implement gender equality guarantee of hosting it is even secured, policies, and there have to be “Cities must first invest millions of 14

dollars in evaluating, preparing, and many country officials believe hosting submitting a bid to the IOC. The cost of the games brings along goodwill, planning, hiring consultants, organizing national pride, and international events, and the necessary travel recognition. In addition to the intangible consistently falls between $50 million benefits of the Games, many host and $100 million. Tokyo spent as much countries take the Olympics as an as $150 million on its failed 2016 bid, opportunity to better the city as a and about half that much for its whole. One such example is the 2014 successful 2020 bid” . Once the host Sochi Winter Olympics, in which city is confirmed, the costs of setting up approximately 85 percent of the more the Games begins. One of the major than $50 billion budget went to expenses included in the Olympic building non-sports infrastructure from budget is infrastructure, ranging scratch. Additionally, more than half of anywhere from $5 billion to over $50 Beijing’s 2008 $45 billion budget went billion. Additional costs come in the to rails, roads, and airports, while nearly form of security, which has skyrocketed a fourth went to environmental since the 9/11 attacks, often costing clean-up efforts. Following the Sochi between $1-2 billion dollars. Winter Olympics, locals said the Games One might wonder why a city would be brought new roads, hotels, schools, willing to spend this exorbitant amount sewage and water systems, a of money. Host countries often justify completely rebuilt international airport, the cost of running an Olympic Games and a new electricity grid, all of which with the value it has for the city. The would not have been accomplished TMG holds the 2020 Olympics and without the pressure of the Olympics to Paralympics at a $300 billion value present a destination-worthy city. Along with showing off the host city, Increased tourism following the Games 15 2020 TOKYO OLYMPICS ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

is also an incentive to host countries. this massive budget can be kept in One such success story can be seen in check.The IOC has been making Barcelona following their hosting of the conscious efforts to fix the difficulties 1992 Summer Games, as it rose from associated with bidding and hosting the the eleventh to the sixth most popular Olympic Games, hoping to increase the destination in Europe. Certain studies number of bidding cities. Currently, have also shown a correlation between many have pointed out that the IOC hosting the Olympics and increases in bidding process promotes wasteful international trade of about 30%. When spending due to the way it picks its addressing the budget for the potential hosts. Often, those who are Olympics, it is crucial to consider how chosen are those who present the most preparing for the Games and bettering ambitious plans, leading to the city go hand in hand. In this way, over-inflated bids and an overshooting budgeting is at the center of not only of the actual value of hosting. Recently, preparing for the Olympics, but also the the IOC has introduced the Olympic effects that follow after. Agenda 2020: a plan to better the However, there are some challenges bidding and hosting process, eliminate associated with running the Olympic doping and corruption, and increase Games. In recent years, it has become the outcomes of the Olympic Games. increasingly difficult to find a host city This agenda specifically addresses, for the Olympics, as the cost exceeds “reducing the cost of bidding, allowing material wealth. It is often argued that hosts more flexibility in using the benefits of the Games do not make already-existing sports facilities, up for the cost to set up and host them. encouraging bidders to develop a Therefore, one of the goals of this sustainability strategy, and increasing committee is to find ways to best outside auditing and other mitigate the losses of the Games while transparency measures”. The also finding realistic ways to balance budgeting method is currently in the the budget. One of the many struggles process of being reformed. It is argued tied to the budgeting of the Olympics is that “Olympic committees should what happens after--how the reform the bidding and selection multi-million dollar facilities are used process to incentivize realistic budget efficiently in a way that still manages to planning, increase transparency, and bring in reasonable revenue to justify promote sustainable investments that their continued existence. This struggle serve the public interest” . Within this can be seen in Rio, Brazil following the committee, it is important to prioritize 2016 Summer Olympics. Following the budgeting as the epicenter of planning Games, the city continues to fight with the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. the massive debt incurred, Questions to consider: maintenance costs for abandoned 1. What are ways in which the facilities, under-equipped public Olympic budget can be cut in services, and rising crime as candidate order to avoid budget overflow? cities for future games withdraw their 2. How can host cities utilize bids or scale down their plans. Olympic facilities, following the The question to be addressed is how Games, in a manner that still brings in sizable revenue?