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Alien Species Along the Italian Coasts: an Overview

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Alien Species Along the Italian Coasts: an Overview Biol Invasions DOI 10.1007/s10530-010-9803-y ORIGINAL PAPER Alien species along the Italian coasts: an overview Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi • Agnese Marchini • Grazia Cantone • Alberto Castelli • Carla Chimenz • Mario Cormaci • Carlo Froglia • Giovanni Furnari • Maria Cristina Gambi • Giuseppe Giaccone • Adriana Giangrande • Cinzia Gravili • Francesco Mastrototaro • Cristina Mazziotti • Lidia Orsi-Relini • Stefano Piraino Received: 4 March 2010 / Accepted: 17 June 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract We present a contribution to the knowl- marine taxa participating in the ‘‘Allochthonous edge of marine and brackish water alien species Species Group’’ of the Italian Society of Marine (infraspecific taxa included) recorded along the Biology (SIBM). The data have been reviewed Italian coasts. The Italian Peninsula, with over according to the taxonomic expertise of the authors 7,000 km of coastline, is located in the center of and are organized in a referenced database containing the Mediterranean Sea, splitting the Western and the information on each species about: distribution along Eastern basins. Data were collected from published Italian coasts, the native range, most probable vectors material, mostly authored by the experts of different of introduction, population status and impact. The A. Occhipinti-Ambrogi (&) Á A. Marchini M. C. Gambi DET-Dipartimento di Ecologia del Territorio, University Stazione Zoologica ‘‘Anton Dohrn’’, Benthic Ecology of Pavia, Via S.Epifanio 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy Group, Villa Dohrn, Punta S. Pietro, 80077 Ischia, Napoli, e-mail: [email protected] Italy G. Cantone A. Giangrande Á C. Gravili Á S. Piraino Dipartimento di Biologia Animale ‘‘M. La Greca’’, CONISMA-Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Scienze del Mare (ULR Lecce), DiSTeBA-Dipartimento 95124 Catania, Italy di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, A. Castelli 73100 Lecce, Italy Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy F. Mastrototaro Dipartimento di Biologia Animale ed Ambientale, C. Chimenz University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo, University ‘‘La Sapienza’’ of Roma, Viale C. Mazziotti Universita` 32, 00185 Rome, Italy ARPA Emilia-Romagna, Struttura Oceanografica Daphne, Viale Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy M. Cormaci Á G. Furnari Á G. Giaccone Dipartimento di Botanica, University of Catania, L. Orsi-Relini Via A. Longo 19, 95125 Catania, Italy DipTeRis-Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, C. Froglia 16132 Genoa, Italy CNR-ISMAR, Sede Ancona, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125 Ancona, Italy 123 A. Occhipinti-Ambrogi et al. total number of marine alien species recorded along initiatives in this field of investigation. Since the Italian coasts during the selected time period 1945– eighties the ICES (International Council for the 2009 is relatively high: 165 species, in many cases Exploration of the Sea), through its Working Group native from tropical regions of the world. Most of on Introduced and Transfer of Marine Organisms them were introduced in the 1980s and 1990s, (WGITMO), has promoted the annual preparation of whereas in the last few years the number of new National Reports (Gollasch 2007), which has created records has decreased. The highest number of alien a common framework for the exchange of informa- species has been observed in the northern Adriatic tion about new sightings in different parts of the Sea, particularly in the Lagoon of Venice, which is world. Other regional initiatives such as those in the the main hotspot of introduction. Of the total number USA (Ruiz et al. 2000; Pedersen et al. 2003)or of species, 46% was unable to establish resident Australia and New Zealand (Hewitt and Martin 2001) populations in the Italian seas; 15% (24 species) have been promoted by Governments and have rapidly increased their populations and extended their resulted in well-structured databases. geographical range, consequently they may be con- The situation in Europe, as described by the book sidered invasive species. edited by Leppa¨koski et al. (2002), encompasses a lively, yet fragmented, spurt of investigations and has Keywords Allochthonous species Á recently been reviewed by a number of research Non-indigenous species Á Italy Á Mediterranean Sea Á projects funded by the European Commission (DAI- Vectors of introduction Á Marine invertebrates Á SIE: Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Fishes Á Macrophytes Europe http://www.europe-aliens.org and IMPASSE: Environmental impacts of alien species in aquaculture http://www.hull.ac.uk/hifi/IMPASSE/). Aspects deal- ing with algae have been specially treated by the European Project ALIENS (Algal Introductions to Problem European shores) (Guala et al. 2004). Several inventories for the Mediterranean Sea Introduction and spread of alien (allochthonous, non- have been published (Zibrowius 1992; Ribera Siguan indigenous) species are considered one of the main 2002; Cormaci et al. 2004; Streftaris et al. 2005; threats to biodiversity at different scales and extent Zenetos et al. 2005, 2008; Galil 2008, 2009); (Hulme et al. 2009); this is also a concern in the discrepancies might arise mainly from taxonomic marine context (Bax et al. 2003; Molnar et al. 2008). inconsistency and from the inclusion of species which The new Millennium economical policy is responsi- have arrived by natural pathways (e.g. Gibraltar). A ble for species globalization (Leppa¨koski and Olenin valuable coordination initiative, through the publica- 2000; Carlton 2002; Occhipinti-Ambrogi and Savini tion of several Atlases on different taxonomic groups 2003; Galil 2008; Galil et al. 2008). (Golani et al. 2002; Galil et al. 2002; Zenetos et al. Alien species inventories are increasingly being 2002; Verlaque et al. 2010) and the organization of published in the scientific literature and considerable workshops and round tables, has been provided by the international effort is devoted to gather and process Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the information about the current situation in several Mediterranean (CIESM 2002; Zibrowius 2001; Galil parts of the globe. 2004), encompassing also the southern and eastern Also Public Administrations are interested in the shores of this sea, probably the areas most affected by description of baseline situations and in the analysis alien species. of temporal trends, in connection with projects aimed The burst of initiatives and the eagerness in at controlling the impact of the introduction of non- compiling reports for the different needs of a variety indigenous species. of local, national, regional and international agencies As far as the marine and brackish fauna is must be backed by thorough and independent scien- concerned, the efforts to establish a comprehensive tific scrutiny by experts with strong taxonomic and and coherent framework of available information ecological backgrounds, in order to guarantee accu- have been numerous and have promoted a surge of rate data. 123 Alien species along the Italian coasts An updated inventory of alien species in Italian Methods inland waters is provided by Gherardi et al. (2008); as far as we know, no similar publication is available for The current database of marine and brackish alien marine and transitional waters. species of Italy originates from the work of the ASG, The present contribution by Italian scientists, who coordinated by Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi, which has have undertaken this task on a voluntary basis, being been working since 1999 to contribute with the part of the ‘‘Allochtonous Species Group’’ (ASG) Italian data to the ICES-WGITMO Annual Reports within the Italian Society of Marine Biology (SIBM), (e.g. Occhipinti-Ambrogi 2007, 2008, 2009). Such aims to present the updated status of introduced reports contain all the information gathered and specific and intraspecific taxa (hereafter referred to as analyzed by the ASG members on alien species along ‘‘species’’ for convenience) in the coastal water the Italian coasts: records of new introductions, bodies of the Italian Peninsula, deriving from a changes in the population status of already known plethora of different research programs and published aliens, update of nomenclature, and other additional records in our country. data. We decided to start the list of alien introduction A first list of marine alien species in Italy was from the year 1945, considering all previous records published by Occhipinti-Ambrogi (2002), with an as historical ones and referring to somehow ‘‘natu- updated version presented by the ASG in 2004, ralized’’ species. during the 39th European Marine Biology Sympo- Although the terms alien and non-native are often sium (EMBS) held in Genoa (Italy) (Gruppo Alloc- used as synonyms in the literature, we have distin- toni SIBM coordinated by A. Occhipinti-Ambrogi guished between ‘‘true’’ alien species occurring 2004). The present contribution updates and outside their native distribution range and dispersion improves that early list, which was not published in potential as a consequence of human action, and non- extenso in the EMBS proceedings, with the aim of native species, which have extended their range as a contributing to accurate monitoring of the spread of result of changing environmental conditions (e.g. alien species in the Mediterranean Sea
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