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Scientific Notes

First record of Citheronia regalis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) feeding on Cotinus obovatus (Anacardiaceae)

Gary R. Graves1,2,*

The regal moth (Citheronia regalis F.; Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) 2016) shows historic and recent records of C. regalis for only 11 of was historically distributed in eastern North America from southern the 34 counties in which natural populations of smoketree have been New England and southern Michigan, south to southern Florida, and documented (Davis & Graves 2016). west to eastern Nebraska and eastern Texas (Tuskes et al. 1996; Lotts The proposed introduction of biocontrol agents to counter the & Naberhaus 2016). Populations in New England apparently have been invasive Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi; Anacar- extirpated (Tuskes et al. 1996; Wagner 2012). The polyphageous lar- diaceae) in Florida (Medal et al. 1999; Manrique et al. 2008; Diaz et vae, commonly known as the hickory horned devil, are most often en- al. 2015) substantially raises the conservation stakes for the distantly countered on host plants in the Juglandaceae—hickories (Carya spp.), related American smoketree (Miller et al. 2001) because no arthro- pecan (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch), black walnut (Juglans pod introduction aimed at the Anacardiaceae is devoid of risk. In any nigra L.), and butternut (J. cinerea L.). Other frequent host plants in- case, there is an urgent need to document the native and introduced clude persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.; Ebenaceae), sweetgum (Liq- arthropod pests in natural populations of smoketree. Previous to this uidambar styraciflua L.; Altingiaceae), and sumac (Rhus spp.; Anacar- paper, the only documented arthropod pests of smoketree were the diaceae) (Tuskes et al. 1996; Heppner 1999). Occasional native food notodontid moth, Datana perspicua Grote and Robinson (Lepidop- plants include sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.; Ericaceae), tera: Notodontidae; Crocker & Simpson 1982), reported from a nurs- common buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis L.; Rubiaceae), sassa- ery plant in Texas, and the recently described gracillariid leafmining fras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees; Lauraceae), wax myrtle (Morella moth (Cameraria cotinivora Davis and Graves; Lepidoptera: Gracillari- cerifera (L.) Small; Myricaceae), ash (Fraxinus spp.; Oleaceae), black- idae) in natural populations of smoketree on the Ozark Plateau (Davis gum (Nyssa sylvatica Marshall; Cornaceae), oak (Quercus spp.; Faga- & Graves 2016). Fieldwork was supported by the Alexander Wetmore ceae), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.; Platanaceae), and Fund (Smithsonian Institution) and the Smoketree Trust. willow (Salix spp.; Salicaceae) (Worth et al. 1979; Tuskes et al. 1996; Heppner 1999). Larvae have been reared in captivity on additional species of native and introduced plant species (Tuskes et al. 1996). Summary Here I report the first record of C. regalis feeding on the foliage of the American smoketree, Cotinus obovatus Raf. (Anacardiaceae) in The regal moth (Citheronia regalis F.; Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is Ozark County, Missouri (36.6264833°N, 92.5899333°W; 252 m above reported for the first time feeding on foliage of the American smoke- sea level) on 12 Sep 2016 at 5:30 PM. The late instar larva had eaten tree (Cotinus obovatus Raf.; Anacardiaceae), an endemic tree with a portions of several leaves (Fig. 1) and had entirely consumed 6 leaves, relictual distribution on calcareous soils in the southern United States. leaving only the petioles. The smoketree is a rare endemic tree with a This record constitutes the third lepidopteran species known to feed relictual distribution comprising three localized populations: (1) on the on this rare tree in a natural setting. Ozark Plateau in Arkansas and Missouri with a few scattered stations Key Words: Missouri; Ozark Plateau; regal moth; American smo- in eastern Oklahoma, (2) from the southern Cumberland Plateau in ketree northeastern Alabama and adjacent Tennessee and Georgia, and (3) on the Edward’s Plateau of south–central Texas (Little 1977; Davis & Graves 2016). All known populations occur on soils derived from cal- Sumario careous bedrock, typically in glades, and on cliffs and bluffs. Opportu- nities for arthropod–host specialization are relatively limited given the La polilla real de la nuez del nogal (Citheronia regalis F. ; Lepidopte- Proof general rarity of the smoketreeProof and its disjunct geographic range. The ra: Saturniidae) es reportada por primera vez en el follaje de la especie Butterflies and Moths of North America database (Lotts & Naberhaus del árbol de peluca (Cotinus obovatusRaf., Sapindales: Anacardiaceae),

1Department of Vertebrate Zoology, MRC-116, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013, USA 2Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark *E-mail: [email protected]

2017 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 100, No. 2 1

1-18414 SN 2017-15 - p1-2 Graves.indd 1 4/13/17 8:44 AM 2 2017 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 100, No. 2 un árbol endémico con distribución relictual en suelos calcáreos del sur de los Estados Unidos. Este registro constituye la tercera especie de lepidópteros que se sabe que se alimentan de este árbol raro en un entorno natural. Palabras Clave: Missouri; Meseta de Ozark; polilla real de la nuez nogal; árbol de peluca americano

References Cited

Crocker RL, Simpson BJ. 1982. Datana perspicua (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) attacks Cotinus obovatus, a native wood ornamental. Florida Entomologist 65:375–376. Davis DR, Graves GR. 2016. A new leafmining moth (Cameraria cotinivora,Lepi - doptera: Gracillariidae) of the American smoketree (Cotinus obovatus). Pro- ceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 118: 244–253. Diaz R, Manrique V, Munyaneza JE, Sengoda VG, Adkins S, Hendricks K, Roberts PD, Overholt WA. 2015. Host specificity testing and examination for plant pathogens reveals that the gall-inducing psyllid Calophya latiforceps is safe to release for biological control of Brazilian peppertree. Entomologia Experi- mentalis et Applicata 154: 1–14. Heppner JB. 1999. Hickory Horned Devil, or Royal Walnut Moth, Citheronia regalis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. Entomology Circular No. 395 Little EL. 1977. Atlas of United States Trees. Volume 4. Minor Eastern Hard- woods. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1342. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia, 272 pp. Lotts K, Naberhaus T (coordinators). 2016. Attributes of Citheronia regalis. But- terflies and Moths of North America [accessed Jan 28 2017]. http://www. butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Citheronia-regalis Manrique V, Cuda JP, Overholt WA, Williams DA, Wheeler GS. 2008. Effect of host-plant genotypes on the performance of three candidate biological control agents of Schinus terebinthifolius in Florida. Biological Control 47: 167–171. Medal JC, Vitorino MD, Habeck DH, Gillmore JL, Pedrosa JH, De Sousa LP. 1999. Host specificity of Heteroperreyia hubrichi Malaise (Hymenoptera: Pergi- dae), a potential biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi). Biological Control 14: 60–65. Miller AJ, Young DA, Wen J. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of Rhus (Anacar- diaceae) based on ITS sequence data. International Journal of Plant Science 162: 1401–1407. Tuskes PM, Tuttle JP, Collins MM. 1996. The Wild Silk Moths of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 250 pp. Wagner DL. 2012. Moth decline in the northeastern United States. News of the Lepidopterists’ Society 54: 52–56. Worth CB, Williams TF, Platt AP, Bradley BP. 1979. Differential growth among larvae of Citheronia regalis (Saturniidae) on three genera of foodplants. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 33: 162–166.

Fig. 1. Larva of regal moth Proof(Citheronia regalis) on American smoketree (Co- Proof tinus obovatus) in Ozark County, Missouri, on 12 Sep 2016 (5:30 PM). Lower panel shows the pattern of feeding along the right leaf margin.

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