DOCSLIB.ORG

Salinity Management for Sustainable Irrigation Integratingscience, Environment, and Economics Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Salinity Management for Sustainable Irrigation Integratingscience, Environment, and Economics Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTALLY AND SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1~~U) Rural Development Work in progresS 20842 for public discussion August 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized Salinity Management for Sustainable Irrigation IntegratingScience, Environment, and Economics Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i:2 Public Disclosure Authorized Daniel Hillel wit/ an appendix by E. Feinerman ENVIRONMENTALLY AND SOCIALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Rural Development Salinity Management for Sustainable Irrigation IntegratingScience, Enzvronment, and Economics DanielHillel withan appendixby E. Feinerman The WorldBank Washington,D.C. Copyright (©2000 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing August 2000 12340403020100 This report has been prepared by the staff of the World Bank. The judgments expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors or of the govermnents they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other in- formation shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judg- ment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Permission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or personal use of specific clients, or for educational classroom use, is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, U.S.A., telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470. Please contact the Copyright Clearance Center before photocopying items. For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax your request with complete information to the Republication Department, Copyright Clearance Center, fax 978-750-4470. All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the World Bank at the address above or faxed to 202-522-2422. Cover photograph: Salination in an irrigated field in Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada. Courtesy of Dr. Harold Steppuhn, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Daniel Hillel is Professor Emeritus of Soil, Water, and Plant Sciences at the University of Massachusetts. He was contracted to do this study by the Sustainable Land Resource Management thematic group of the Rural Development Department at the World Bank. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. , The text and the cover are printed on recycled paper, with a flood aqueous coating on the cover. Contents Acknowledgments vi Introduction. Posing the Question: Is Irrigation Sustainable? Chapter 1 The Nature of Salinity 5 Soil Salinity 5 Soil Sodicity 7 The Salt Balance 10 Chapter 2 Effects on Crops 15 Sensitivity to Salinity 16 Specific Element Effects 18 Chapter 3 Irrigation Water 23 Water Quality 23 Use of Brackish and Saline Water 24 Reuse of Wastewater 27 Chapter 4 Waterlogging and Drainage 30 High Water-table Conditions 30 Groundwater Drainage 32 Chapter 5 Salinity Control 36 Leaching Processes 36 Soil Amendments 45 Irrigation Practices 47 Chapter 6 Early Warning Systems 50 Need for Early Detection 50 Methods of Monitoring 50 Chapter 7 Scaling Up from the Field 56 Crop-Water Production Functions 56 Social and Institutional Issues 58 Policy Implications 59 iii iv Contents Conclusion. Irrigationis Sustainable-at a Cost 61 Appendix:Economic Aspects of Salinity Management 63 Representing Physical and BiologicalRelationships 63 Review of EconornicAnalyses 65 Bibliography 79 Index 89 List of Tables 1 Relative salt tolerances of various crops 20 2 Classificationof water quality according to total salt concentration 24 3 Prevalent depths and spacings of drainage pipes in different soil types 34 Al Estimated marginal rate of substitution among waters from various sources 69 A2 Nash-Harsanyi solution for three farm cooperative with joint use of brackish water 71 A3 Estimated income losses for various salinity levels of irrigation water 72 List of Boxes 1 Silt and salt in ancient Mesopotamia 2 2 How ancient Egypt escaped the scourge of salinity 4 3 Potential contribution of irrigation water to soil salinity 6 4 Sampling the soil solution 7 5 Measuring the salt concentration 7 6 Sodium adsorption ratio and exchangeable sodium percentage 10 7 Sample calculation of the salt balance 11 8 Saline seeps in Australia and North America 13 9 Models of root-zone salt concentration 36 10 Waterlogging and salination in the Indus River Basin 37 11 Sample calculation of the leaching requirement 38 12 Drainage problems in California 39 13 Summary of leaching methods 41 14 Factors determining flow rate to drains 43 15 Predicting water-table height in a drained field 44 16 Native gypsum and soil subsidence 46 17 The solubility of lime and gypsum in the soil 47 18 The shrinking and salination of the Aral Sea 48 19 Summary of early warning methods 51 20 Policy options to promote water conservation 56 21 Intergenerational issues 60 List of Figures 1 The process of waterlogging and salination 3 2 Distribution of a monovalent vs. a divalent cation (Ca++vs. Na+)adsorbed to a negatively charged clay particle. The divalent cation is held more closely and strongly to the particle 8 Contents v 3 Influence of ambient solution concentration (n, > n2) on thickness of the ionic layer surrounding clay particles. Higher concentration compresses the layer, promoting flocculation 8 4 Hydraulic conductivity of a sandy loam as related to total salt concentration of the soil solution and to the soil's exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 9 5 Formation of a saline seep 12 6 Salt accumulation patterns under furrow irrigation 14 7 Plant responses to salinity 15 8 Classification of crop tolerance to salinity 17 9 Effects of salinity and sodicity on plants 18 10 Diagram for assessing salinity and sodicity hazards of irrigation water 25 11 Irrigation return-flow system 28 12 Drainage water reuse and disposal for an irrigation region 28 13 Steady upward flow and evaporation from a sandy loam (n = 3) as a function of the suction at the soil surface, with water table at various depths 31 14 Groundwater drainage (a) under steady flow conditions, and (b) under unsteady conditions resulting in a falling water table 34 15 Depth of water per unit depth of soil required to leach saline soil by continuous or intermittent ponding 42 16 Water content distribution, during infiltration under flooding and under sprinkling at two intensities. Cumulative infiltration equals 80 mm 42 17 Observation wells to determine elevation of the water table 52 18 Set of plezometers to determine vertical pressure gradients under the water table. The condition illustrated suggests downward flow 52 Al Schematic representation of a water system at a regional level 64 Acknowledgments Ithankthe following members of the World sion of the manuscript and offered many con- Bank's Rural Development Department: structive suggestions for its improvement. Dr. Messrs. Johannes ter Vrugt, Eugene Terry,and Harold Steppuhn of Agriculture and Agri-Food JulianDumanski,forentrustingmewiththechal- Canada kindly provided the photographs of lenging assignment to compose this manual; Dr. salinized land. Mr. Jose Mendoza at GISS con- Shawki Barghouti, Senior Research Advisor, for tributed his expertise in creating the graphics. his leadership in irrigation development; and Ms. Finally, I express my special gratitude to Dr. Melissa Williams for her caring preparation of Cynthia Rosenzweig, of the NASA/Goddard In- the publication. Dr. John Letey of the University stitute for Space Studies and Columbia Univer- of California at Riverside reviewed an early ver- sity, for her help and encouragement. Dedicatedto the irrigatorsof arid landswho toil tofeed humanity vi INTRODUCTION Posingthe Question:Is IrrigationSustainable? I rrigation is the supply of water to agricul- serves as the root zone, for the immediate and tural crops by artificial means, designed to subsequent use of the crop. Inevitably, how- permit farming in arid regions and to off- ever, irrigation also entails the addition of wa- set drought in semi-arid regions. Even in areas ter-bome salts. Many arid-zone soils contain where total seasonal rainfall is adequate on natural reserves of salts, which are also mobi- average, it may be poorly distributed during lized by irrigation. Underlying groundwater in the year and variable from year to year. Wher- such zones may further contribute salts to the ever traditional rain-fed farming is a high-risk root zone by capillary rise. Finally,the roots of enterprise owing to scarce or uncertain pre- crop plants typically extract water from the soil cipitation, irrigation can help to ensure stable while leaving most of the salts behind, thus production. causing them to accumulate. Irrigation has long played a key role in feed- The problem is age-old. From its earliest in- ing expanding populations and is expected to ception in the FertileCrescent, some six or more play a still greater role in the future. It not only millenniaago, irrigated agriculture has induced raises the yields of specific crops,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Land Use Change, Modelling of Soil Salinity And
    KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI, GHANA LAND USE CHANGE, MODELLING OF SOIL SALINITY AND HOUSEHOLDS’ DECISIONS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS IN THE COASTAL AGRICULTURAL AREA OF SENEGAL BY Sophie THIAM (BSc. Natural Sciences, MSc. Natural Resources Management and Sustainable Development) A Thesis submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Climate Change and Land Use June, 2019 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the PhD in Climate Change and Land Use and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published by another person, nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the University, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. Sophie Thiam (PG7281816) Signature…………………Date………………... Certified by: Prof. Nicholas Kyei-Baffour Signature…………….…….Date……………… Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (Supervisor) Dr. François Matty Signature................................Date………… Institut des Sciences De l’Environnement University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar (Supervisor) Dr. Grace B.Villamor Signature………………….Date…………… Centre for Resilience Communities University of Idaho (Supervisor) Prof. Samuel Nii Odai Signature………………..Date………………. Head of Department of Civil Engineering i ABSTRACT Soil salinity remains one of the most severe environmental problems in the coastal agricultural areas in Senegal. It reduces crop yields thereby endangering smallholder farmers’ livelihood. To support effective land management, especially in coastal areas where impacts of climate change have induced soil salinity and food insecurity, this study investigated the patterns and impacts of soil salinity in a coastal agricultural landscape by developing an Agent-Based Model (ABM) for Djilor District, Fatick Region, Senegal.
    [Show full text]
  • Salinity Management and Soil Amendments for Southwestern Pecan Orchards J.L
    ARIZONA COOPERATIVE E TENSION College of Agriculture and Life Sciences AZ1411 Revised 10/11 SALINITY MANAGEMENT AND SOIL AMENDMENTS FOR SOUTHWESTERN PECAN ORCHARDS J.L. Walworth Introduction Managing salts in Southwestern pecan orchards can be a major 1.0 challenge for growers, due to limited soil permeability and/or 1219721972 low-quality irrigation water. However, effective, long-term salt 1319631963 management is essential for maintaining productivity of pecan 0.8 1219721972 orchards. The challenge is to effectively manage soil salinity and sodium (Na) in a cost-effective manner, using appropriate combinations of irrigation management, soil management, and 0.6 soil amendments. Formation of Soil Salinity 0.4 Many arid region soils naturally contain high concentrations of soluble salts, because soil weathering processes dependent 0.2 upon precipitation have not been sufficiently intense to leach RTD = -0.095 x ECe –1.09 salts out of soils. Irrigation water and fertilizers contain salts R = -0.89** that may contribute further to the problem. Poor soil drainage due to the presence of compacted layers (hardpans, plowpans, 0.0 caliche, and clay lenses), heavy clay texture, or sodium problems 0022446688 may prevent downward movement of water and salts, making implementation of soil salinity control measures difficult. ECe (dS/m) Adequate soil drainage, needed to allow leaching of water and salts below the root zone of the trees, is absolutely essential for Figure 1. Reduction in pecan relative trunk diameter with increasing soil effective management of soil salinity. salt concentrations. After Miyamoto, et al., Irrig. Sci. (1986) 7:83-95. The risk of soil salinity formation is always greater in fine- textured (heavy) soils than in coarse-textured soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Pages 406 To
    397 SOIL SALINITY CONTROL UNDER BARLEY CULTIVATION USING A LABORATORY DRY DRAINAGE MODEL Shahab Ansari 1,*, Behrouz Mostafazadeh-Fard 2, Jahangir Abedi Koupai3 Abstract The drainage of agricultural fields is carried out in order to control soil salinity and the water table. Conventional drainage methods such as lateral drainage and interceptor drains have been used for many years. These methods increase agriculture production; but they are expensive and often cause environmental contaminations. One of the inexpensive and more environmental friendly methods that can be used in arid and semi-arid regions to remove excess salts from irrigated lands to non- irrigated or fallow lands is dry drainage. In the dry drainage method, natural soil system and the evaporation of fallow land is used to control soil salinity and the water table of irrigated land. There are few studies about dry drainage concepts. it is also important to study soil salt changes over time because of salt movements from irrigated areas to non-irrigated areas especially under plant cultivation. In this study a laboratory model which is able to simulate dry drainage was used to investigate soil salts transport under barley cultivation. The model was studied during the barley growing season and for a constant water table. During the growing season soil salinities of irrigated and non-irrigated areas were measured at different time. The Results showed that dry drainage can control the soil salinity of an irrigated area. The excess salts leached from an irrigated area and accumulated in the non-irrigated area and the leaching rate changed over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems of Salination of Land in Coastal Areas of India and Suitable Protection Measures
    Government of India Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation A report on Problems of Salination of Land in Coastal Areas of India and Suitable Protection Measures Hydrological Studies Organization Central Water Commission New Delhi July, 2017 'qffif ~ "1~~ cg'il'( ~ \jf"(>f 3mft1T Narendra Kumar \jf"(>f -«mur~' ;:rcft fctq;m 3tR 1'j1n WefOT q?II cl<l 3re2iM q;a:m ~0 315 ('G),~ '1cA ~ ~ tf~q, 1{ffit tf'(Chl '( 3TR. cfi. ~. ~ ~-110066 Chairman Government of India Central Water Commission & Ex-Officio Secretary to the Govt. of India Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Room No. 315 (S), Sewa Bhawan R. K. Puram, New Delhi-110066 FOREWORD Salinity is a significant challenge and poses risks to sustainable development of Coastal regions of India. If left unmanaged, salinity has serious implications for water quality, biodiversity, agricultural productivity, supply of water for critical human needs and industry and the longevity of infrastructure. The Coastal Salinity has become a persistent problem due to ingress of the sea water inland. This is the most significant environmental and economical challenge and needs immediate attention. The coastal areas are more susceptible as these are pockets of development in the country. Most of the trade happens in the coastal areas which lead to extensive migration in the coastal areas. This led to the depletion of the coastal fresh water resources. Digging more and more deeper wells has led to the ingress of sea water into the fresh water aquifers turning them saline. The rainfall patterns, water resources, geology/hydro-geology vary from region to region along the coastal belt.
    [Show full text]
  • Design & Development of Automatic Soil Salinity Control System
    International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET) Design & Development of Automatic Soil Salinity Control System Praveen Kumar Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering MVN University, Palwal, Haryana, India Dr. S. K. Luthra Vice Chancellor MVN University, Palwal, Haryana India Dr. Rajeev Ratan Head of Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering MVN University, Palwal, Haryana India Abstract - The main objective of this project is to control soil salinity and improve soil fertility. The word salinity defines amount of salt present in water or soil which tends to decrease soil fertility through natural or human induced processes that results in the accumulation of dissolved salt in the soil water to an extent that inhibits plant growth and salinity is a severe environmental hazards that degrades the growth of many crops Spatial characterization of soil salinity is required for establishing salt control measurements in irrigated agriculture. For that, cost-effective, specific, rapid, and reliable methodologies for determining soil salinity in-situ and processing those data are required. Keywords: Microcontroller AT89S52, Soil Salinity, Salinity Sensor, salinity control I. INTRODUCTION Salinity means amount of salt in water and soil . soil salinity means unwanted amount of salt present in soil .As population is increasing so demands of food increasing ,soil salinity degrads quality of food availability in market. The accumulated salts include sodium , potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, sulphate, carbonate and bicarbonate. primary salinization involves salt accumulation through natural process due to high salt containment in ground water , whereas in secondary salinization is due to human interventions such as inappropriate irrigation procedure e.g with salt rich irrigation water.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Subsurface Drainage Techniques Used for Dryland Salinity
    EVALUATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE TECHNIQUES USED FOR DRYLAND SALINITY CONTROL A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree ofMaster ofScience in the Division ofEnvironmental Engineering University ofSaskatchewan Saskatoon By Warren Douglas Helgason Fall 2000 © Copyright Warren Douglas Helgason, 2000. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University ofSaskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree permission for copYing ofthis thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head ofthe Department or the Dean ofthe College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any coPYing or publication or use ofthis thesis or parts thereoffor financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which be made ofany material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use ofmaterial in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to: Chair ofthe Division ofEnvironmental Engineering University ofSaskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, sm 5A9 1 DATA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND RESTRICTIONS All raw data used in this study dated prior to 1997 were collected by the staffat Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre (SPARC) in Swift Current, Saskatchewan.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Subsurface Drainage to Control Water-Tables in Selected Agricultural Lands in South Africa
    Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (Including Climate Change) MODELING SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE TO CONTROL WATER-TABLES IN SELECTED AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN SOUTH AFRICA Cuthbert Taguta Date: 05/09/2017 Master in Water, Policy track President: Prof. Masinde Wanyama Supervisor: Dr. Aidan Senzanje External Examiner: Dr. Kumar Navneet Internal Examiner: Prof. Sidi Mohammed Chabane Sari Academic Year: 2016-2017 Modeling Subsurface Drainage in South Africa Declaration DECLARATION I Taguta Cuthbert, hereby declare that this thesis represents my personal work, realized to the best of my knowledge. I also declare that all information, material and results from other works presented here, have been fully cited and referenced in accordance with the academic rules and ethics. Signature: Student: Date: 05 September 2017 i Modeling Subsurface Drainage in South Africa Dedication DEDICATION To the Taguta Family, Where Would I be Without You? Continue to Shine! My son Tawananyasha and new daughter Shalom, may you grow to heights greater than mine! ii Modeling Subsurface Drainage in South Africa Abstract ABSTRACT Like many other arid parts of the world, South Africa is experiencing irrigation-induced drainage problems in the form of waterlogging and soil salinization, like other agricultural parts of the world. Poor drainage in the plant root zone results in reduced land productivity, stunted plant growth and reduced yields. Consequentially, this hinders production of essential food and fiber. Meanwhile, conventional approaches to design of subsurface drainage systems involves costly and time-consuming in-situ physical monitoring and iterative optimization. Although drainage simulation models have indicated potential applicability after numerous studies around the world, little work has been done on testing reliability of such models in designing subsurface drainage systems in South Africa’s agricultural lands.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Assessment of Soil Salinization Due to Tomato Cultivation in Mediterranean Climate Conditions
    water Article Risk Assessment of Soil Salinization Due to Tomato Cultivation in Mediterranean Climate Conditions Angela Libutti * , Anna Rita Bernadette Cammerino and Massimo Monteleone Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; [email protected] (A.R.B.C.); [email protected] (M.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0881-589128 Received: 11 September 2018; Accepted: 20 October 2018; Published: 23 October 2018 Abstract: The Mediterranean climate is marked by arid climate conditions in summer; therefore, crop irrigation is crucial to sustain plant growth and productivity in this season. If groundwater is utilized for irrigation, an impressive water pumping system is needed to satisfy crop water requirements at catchment scale. Consequently, irrigation water quality gets worse, specifically considering groundwater salinization near the coastal areas due to seawater intrusion, as well as triggering soil salinization. With reference to an agricultural coastal area in the Mediterranean basin (southern Italy), close to the Adriatic Sea, an assessment of soil salinization risk due to processing tomato cultivation was carried out. A simulation model was first arranged, then validated, and finally applied to perform a water and salt balance along a representative soil profile on a daily basis. In this regard, long-term weather data and physical soil characteristics of the considered area (both taken from international databases) were utilized in applying the model, as well as considering three salinity levels of irrigation water. Based on the climatic analysis performed and the model outputs, the probability of soil salinity came out very high, such as to seriously threaten tomato yield.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Available Software for PFAS Modeling Within the Vadose Zone
    Review of Available Software for PFAS Modeling Within the Vadose Zone Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) July 16, 2020 Review of Available Software for PFAS Michigan Department of Environment, Great Modeling Within the Vadose Zone Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) Prepared for: Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) Mrs. Stephanie Kammer Lansing District Supervisor EGLE-Water Resources Division Constitution Hall, 1st South West 525 W. Allegan PO Box 30242 Lansing, MI 48909 Prepared by: AECOM 3950 Sparks Drive Southeast Grand Rapids, MI 49546 aecom.com Prepared for: Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) AECOM Review of Available Software for PFAS Michigan Department of Environment, Great Modeling Within the Vadose Zone Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. Project Understanding and Background ........................................................................... 1 3. Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 2 4. Physical and Chemical Properties .................................................................................... 2 5. A Critical Review of Existing Vadose Zone Models (VZMs) .............................................. 3 5.1 CTRAN/W with SEEP/W ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Application of HYDRUS-1D Model for Simulating Water and Nitrate Leaching
    Agricultural Water Management 113 (2012) 19–29 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Agricultural Water Management j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/agwat Application of HYDRUS-1D model for simulating water and nitrate leaching from continuous and alternate furrow irrigated rapeseed and maize fields ∗ Arash Tafteh, Ali Reza Sepaskhah Irrigation Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Different simulation models were used to evaluate drainage and nitrogen fertilizer movement to ground- Received 16 February 2012 water. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the HYDRUS-1D model for simulation of water and Accepted 17 June 2012 nitrate leaching in different nitrogen fertilization rates (as urea) and variable and fixed alternate furrow Available online 7 July 2012 irrigation (VAFI, FAFI) and continuous furrow irrigation (CFI) of rapeseed and maize planted in 36 field lysimeters. Results indicated that seasonal drainage in rapeseed field was reduced 39% and 72% under Keywords: VAFI and FAFI, respectively compared with CFI. These reductions for maize were 40% and 57%, respec- Alternate furrow irrigation tively. For rapeseed, NO3–N leaching was reduced 40% and 69% under FAFI and VAFI compared with that Partial root drying irrigation −1 obtained under CFI, and it was increased up to 55% by increasing N application rate to 200–300 kg ha Nitrate leaching compared to 0 N application rates. For maize, NO3–N leaching was reduced similarly under VAFI and FAFI Deep percolation −1 Nitrogen uptake (56%) compared with CFI, and it was increased up to 67% by increasing N application rate to 300 kg ha HYDRUS-1D compared to 0 N application rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Leaching To
    Prediction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus leaching to groundwater and surface waters Financed by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Fisheries, research programme, Toetsing, monitoring en evaluatie van het Mest- en Mineralen- beleid (Mest- en Mineralenprogramma 398-III). Prediction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus leaching to ground- water and surface waters Process descriptions of the animo4.0 model P. Groenendijk, L.V. Renaud and J. Roelsma Alterra–Report 983 Alterra, Wageningen, 2005 ABSTRACT P. Groenendijk, L.V. Renaud and J. Roelsma, 2005. Prediction of Nitrogen and Phosphorus leaching to groundwater and surface waters; Process descriptions of the animo4.0 model. Wageningen, Alterra–Report 983. 114 pp. 25 fig.; 15 tab.; 110 ref. The fertilization reduction policy intended to pursue environmental objects and regional water management strategies to meet Water Framework Directive objectives justify a thor- ough evaluation of the effectiveness of measures and reconnaissance of adverse impacts. The model aims at the evaluation and prediction of nutrient leaching to groundwater and surface water systems under the influence of fertilization, land use and land management, water management and soil properties. Since the release of animo version 3.5 some new model formulations have been implemented regarding the influence of soil moisture content on mineralization and denitrification. Also the input of daily nutrient uptake rates as sim- ulation results of external crop models is facilitated. A concise description is presented of the process descriptions as have been implemented in version 4.0 of the animo model. Keywords: eutrophication, fertilization, nitrate leaching, nutrient management, simulation model, soil processes, surface water pollution, water management ISSN 1566–7197 This report can be ordered by paying Euro 15,– into bank account number 36 70 54 612 in the name of Alterra, Wageningen, the Netherlands, with reference to Alterra–Report 983.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Workshop on Management of Salt-Affected Soils in the Arab Gulf States
    Proceedings of the REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON MANAGEMENT OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS IN THE ARAB GULF STATES Abu-Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 29 October - 2 November 1995 RE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR THE NEAR EAST . Cairo, 1997 Proceedings of the REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON MANAGEMENT OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS INTHE ARAB GULF STATES Abu-Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 29 October - 2 November 1995 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS· REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE NEAR EAST Cairo, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS FORWORD .................................................................... .. ................ III Summary ofReco=ended Priority Areas for Follow Up ............................ IV I. SALINITY IN THE NEAR EAST: A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE 1. An Overview of the Salinity Status of the Near East Region, by Ghassan Hamdallah ..................................................................... 2 2. Improvement ofItrigation and Drainage Systems for Soil Salinity Control in the Arab Region, by Mustafa AI-Hiba .... ............................ 7 II. MONITORING AND RECLAMATION OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS 3. Drainage and Salinity Investigation Techniques for the Diagnosis of Land Degradation, by Rami Zurayk .................................................... 12 4. Pilot Areas for the Reclamation of Salt-Affected and Waterlogged Soils, by Fernando Chanduvi ............................................................. 20 5. A National Plan for the Reclamation ofIrrigated Areas Degraded by The designations employed and the presentation of the material and maps in this Salinity and Waterlogging, by Fernando Chanduvi ............................. 24 document do not imply the expression of any opini?n whatsoev~r on the part of the 6. Soil Salinity Assessment: Recent Advances and Findings, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nallons concernmg the legal.'~tu~ of by J.D. Rhoades ................................................. ....... ............. ..... .... ... 28 any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delirnitallon 7.
    [Show full text]