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Libro Completo En Identificación y diagnóstico de Actinomicetales patógenos 1 Universidad de Los Andes Autoridades Universitarias Léster Rodríguez Herrera Rector Humberto Ruiz Calderón Vicerrector Académico Mario Bonucci R. Vicerrector Administrativo Nancy Rivas de Prado Secretaria Publicaciones del Vicerrectorado Académico Director Humberto Ruiz Calderón Editor Luis Ricardo Dávila Consejo Editorial Tomás Bandes, Asdrúbal Baptista, Rafael Cartay, Mariano Nava, Stella Serrano, Gregory Zambrano Colección Ciencias de la Salud Comité Editorial César Colosante, Diego Dávila Spinetti, Patricio Jarpa, Sabino Melonasina, Jesús Alfonso Osuna Ceballos 2 Identificación y diagnóstico de Actinomicetales patógenos José Antonio Serrano A. Horacio Sandoval y Trujillo Publicaciones del Vicerrectorado Académico Colección Ciencias de la Salud 3 Publicaciones del Vicerrectorado Académico Colección Ciencias de la Salud Título de la obra: Identificación y Diagnóstico de Actinomicetales Patógenos ©Editores José Antonio Serrano A. Horacio Sandoval y Trujillo Primera edición, 2005 Producción editorial Publicaciones del Vicerrectorado Académico Universidad de Los Andes Diseño de portada Kataliñ Alava Impresión Editorial Venezolana C. A. Mérida Venezuela Telf. 0274-2638308 Hecho el Depósito Legal Depósito Legal: LF 23720047922837 ISBN: 980221399-3 Dirección Universidad de Los Andes Av. 3 Independencia, Edificio Central del Rectorado Mérida, Venezuela [email protected] http://viceacademico.ula.ve 4 Con la colaboración de: Blaine Beaman. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Universidad de California. Davis. CA. EE.UU. Enrique García. Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Los Andes. Mérida. Venezuela. George Brownell. Medical College of Georgia. Augusta GA. EE.UU. Hugo Ramírez Saad. Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Xochimilco. México Mario César Salinas Carmona Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario Dr. José E. Gonzáles Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Monterrey, NL México Martin Embley Natural History Museum. Londres. Reino Unido. Michael Goodfellow. Universidad de Newcastle. Newcastle upon Tyne. Reino Unido. Patrick Boiron. Facultad de Farmacia Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I Lyon, Francia Thuioshi Ioneda. Universidad de Sâo Paulo. Brasil. 5 6 Índice PRÓLOGO…………………………………………………………………… 13 CAPÍTULO 1 LOS ACTINOMICETOS…………………………………………………….. 15 BIOLOGÍA DE LOS ACTINOMICETOS DE IMPORTANCIA MÉDICA Y ORGANISMOS RELACIONADOS……………………………………….. 19 Actinomyces………………………………………………………….. 19 Actinomyces bovis Actinomyces israelii Actinomyces naeslundii Actinomyces odontolyticus Actinomyces viscosus Actinomyces pyogenes Actinomyces denticolens Actinomyces lowelii Actinomyces hordeovulneris Actinomyces meyeri Corynebacterium…………………………………………………… 28 Corynebacterium bovis Corynebacterium diphtheriae Corynebacterium kutscheri Corynebacterium pseudodiphthericum Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Corynebacterium xerosis Corynebacterium minutissimum Corynebacterium striatum Corynebacterium renale Corynebacterium cystitidis Corynebacterium pilosum Corynebacterium mycetouides Corynebacterium matruchotii Corynebacterium iranicum Mycobacterium……………………………………………………. 40 Mycobacterium africanum Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium flavescens 7 Mycobacterium fortuitum Mycobacterium gastri Mycobacterium gordonae Mycobacterium intracellulare Mycobacterium kansasii Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium lepraemurium Mycobacterium marinum Mycobacterium microti Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Mycobacterium phlei Mycobacterium scrofulaceum Mycobacterium simiae Mycobacterium smegmatis Mycobacterium terrae Mycobacterium triviale Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium ulcerans Mycobacterium vaccae Mycobacterium xenopi Mycobacterium malmolense Mycobacterium shimoidei Mycobacterium asiaticum Mycobacterium szulgai Mycobacterium haemophilum Mycobacterium farcinogenes Mycobacterium chelonae Mycobacterium senegalense Mycobacterium porcinum Nocardia…………………………………………………………..... 73 Nocardia asteriodes Nocardia brasiliensis Nocardia farcinica Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (N.caviae) Nocardia rhodnii Nocardia rugosa Nocardia transvalensis Streptomyces……………………………………………………….. 83 Streptomyces paraguayensis Streptomyces somaliensis 8 Actinomadura…………………………………………………….... 85 Actinomadura madurae Actinomadura pelletieri Actinomadura latina Faenia……………………………………………………………….. 87 Faenia rectivirgula Geodermatophilus………………………………………………….. 89 Geodermatophilus obscurus Dermatophilus……………………………………………………… 91 Dermatophilus congolensis Rhodococcus………………………………………………………. 93 Rhodococcus bronchialis Rhodococcus equi Rhodococcus sputi Rhodococcus aichiensis Rhodococcus auranticus Rhodococcus chubuensis Rhodococcus obuensis Nocardiopsis………………………………………………………. .... 97 Nocardiopsis dassonvillei CAPÍTULO 2 EL MICETOMA………………………………………………………….......... 103 Aspectos serológicos e inmunológicos del Micetoma Situación inmunológica del paciente con Micetoma Inmunidad no específica: Interacción fagocito-nocardia Inmunidad mediada por células Inmunidad humoral Conclusiones CAPÍTULO 3 SENSIBILIDAD DE Nocardia A LOS ANTIBIÓTICOS………………….. 121 CAPÍTULO 4 MORFOLOGÍA DE LAS ESPECIES INCLUIDAS EN EL GRUPO NOCARDIOFORMES Y TAXONES RELACIONADOS……………….... 129 Nocardia asteroides 9 Nocardia brasiliensis Nocardia caviae Saccharopolyspora brevicatena Rhodococcus rhodochrous Micropolyspora brevicatena Micropolyspora faeni Faenia rectivirgula Actinomadura madurae Actinomadura pelletieri Actinomadura roseoviolacea Actinomadura verrucospora Nocardiopsis dasonvillei CAPÍTULO 5 TÉCNICAS PARA EL AISLAMIENTO Y DIAGNÓSTICO DE ACTINOMICETOS PATÓGENOS……………………………………. 137 CAPÍTULO 6 CITOQUÍMICA DE ACTINOMICETOS…………………………………. 157 Análisis celular total de Actinomicetos. Azúcares Aminoácidos. Análisis de la pared celular de Actinomicetos. Método de Braun y Sieglin para purificar pared celular. Método rápido para la demostración de ácidos micólicos. Preparación de polisacáridos para pruebas de precipitación Según Zamora, Bojalil y Bastarrachea (1962) Procedimiento de extracción de ácidos micólicos y ácidos Grandes de cadena corta. Cromatografía bidimiensional de ácidos micólicos. Purificación de ácidos grasos. Lípidos polares y menaquinonas. Cromatografía bidimensional de lípidos polares. Purificación de menaquinonas. Cromatografía de capa fina en fase reversa de las menaquinonas. CAPÍTULO 7 LÍPIDOS DE ACTINOMICETOS …………………………………………… 181 CAPÍTULO 8 LA RESPUESTA INMUNE DE PACIENTES CON ACTIONOMICETOMA Y EL DIAGNOSTICO SEROLOGICO DE INFECCIONES POR NOCARDIA BRASILIENSIS ………………………………………… 195 10 CAPITULO 9 DETECCIÓN Y TIPIFICACIÓN DE ACTINOMICETOS PATÓGENOS BASADOS EN TÉCNICAS MOLECULARES ……………………………… 203 CAPÍTULO 10 PRINCIPIOS DE TAXONOMÍA NUMÉRICA. …………………………… 219 Procedimientos operacionales. Análisis de grupo. Determinación de grupos (Faena). APÉNDICE FÓRMULAS DE LOS MEDIOS DE CULTIVO PARA AISLAMIENTO Y CRECIMIENTO DE ACTINOMICETALES .................................................... 229 PREPARACIÓN DE COLORANTES MÁS UTILIZADOS EN EL ESTUDIO DE LOS ACTINOMICETALES ........................................................................ 239 TÉCNICAS DE TINCIÓN ................................................................................. 242 11 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS TABLA 1.1 Clasificación de actinomicetos .......................................................... 17 TABLA 1.2 Prueba de Shick ................................................................................. 32 TABLA 1.3 Coriynebacterias patógenas encontradas en especimenes clínicos.... 34 TABLA 1.4 Micobacterias patógenas encontradas en especimenes clínicos........ 43 TABLA 1.5 Tabla comparativa de lepra tuberculoide y lepra lepromatosa.......... 53 TABLA 2.1 Agentes etiológicos de micetoma...................................................... 104 TABLA 2.2 Actinomicetos patógenos encontrados en especimenes clínicos....... 105 TABLA 2.3 Morfología de los granos producidos por diferentes especies de actinomicetos aeróbicos ....................................................................... 107 TABLA 2.4 Morfología de los granos producidos por diferentes especias de actinomicetos aeróbicos ...................................................................... 108 TABLA 3.1 Sensibilidad de N.asteroides a diversos antibióticos......................... 125 TABLA 3.2 Esquema de identificación presuntivo de nocardias ......................... 126 TABLA 5.1 Características para diagnóstico y diferenciación entre organismos de los géneros Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus, Nocardia y Actinomadura......................................................................... 145 TABLA 5.2 Características bioquímicas y fisiológicas útiles para la determinación de Nocardia, Actinomadura, Streptomyces, Dermatophilus, Actinomyces y Corynebacterium. .................................. 146 TABLA 5.3 Características que distinguen cepas de Nocardia en el medio de Schaall (1974).................................................................. 147 TABLA 5.4 Características diferenciales de las especies del género Actinomyces y bacterias relacionadas...................................................... 148 TABLA 5.5 Propiedades diferenciales entre los organismos de los géneros nocardioformes........................................................................................ 149 TABLA 6.1 Tipos de pared celular en algunos actinomicetos............................ 158 TABLA 6.2 Clasificación de peptidoglicanas....................................................
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