Le Culte De Castor Et Pollux En Italie

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Le Culte De Castor Et Pollux En Italie Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from University of Ottawa littp://www.archive.org/details/lecultedecastoreOOalbeuoft -v^fL."^ 5.^# ^ BIBLIOTHÈQUE ÉCOLES FRANÇAISES D'ATnIlS ET DE RôiiE FASCICULE TRENTE ET UNIÈME LE CULTE DE CASTOR ET POLLUX EN ITALIE Par m. Maurice Albert KUE DES SALENQUES 28. TOLLOCSE. — IMP. A. CHAUVIN ET FILS. , '/ LE CULTE DE CASTOR ET POLLUX EN ITALIE PAR Maurice AI.BERX ANCIEN MEMBRE ANCIEN ÉLÈVE DE l'ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE, DE l'École française de rome PARIS ERNEST THORIN, ÉDITEUR LIBRAIRE DES ÉCOLES FRANÇAISES d'aTHÈNES ET DE ROME DU COLLÈGE DE FRANCE ET DE l'ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE , 7 , RUE DE MÉDICIS 7 1883 BL CzA'S 5Xî s^^ ^4X2 5:^ o^ z^ INTRODUCTION Remonter jusqu'à l'origine du culte de Castor et Pollux en Italie, retracer leur histoire légendaire, signaler leurs fêtes, re- trouver leurs temples , décrire les monuments figurés qui les re- présentent , étudier le caractère et les attributions diverses de ces dieux tout puissants sur tei-re, sur mer, dans les cieux et dans les enfers, tel est l'objet que nous sommes proposé. L'absence de travaux sur cette matière , la rareté des textes écrits qui parlent des Dioscures comparée au nombre considérable des monuments qui les rappellent, telles sont les raisons qui nous engagent à en- treprendre cette étude d'archéologie religieuse. La bibliographie sera vite faite. Dans la galerie mythologique où Preller a réuni les dieux de l'ancienne Rome , Castor et Pol- lux n'occupent qu'une place très modeste, où ils demeurent pres- que inaperçus. Relégués parmi les demi-dieux et les héros , ils n'attirent guère plus l'attention que Diomède , Ulysse et Télè- phe leurs voisins. L'auteur passe à côté d'eux, et leur accorde à peine un souvenir rapide. L'introduction des Dioscures en Italie, leur légende, leur culte, leurs fêtes, leurs temples et leurs attribu- tions, tout cela est rappelé dans deux ou trois courtes pages qui ne pouvaient avoir pour nous que la valeur d'une table de matières ou d'un résumé bien fait. Plus d'une fois une phrase de Preller nous a donné l'idée d'un chapitre dont les monuments flgui'és nous ont fourni les développements. Personne n'a encore traité le sujet que nous abordons ici ; mais tout on y a songé , et l'idée de ce travail ne nous appartient pas à fait. 11 y a une quarantaine d'années, un diplomate archéolo- gue., connu par ses travaux sur Vénus et sur Mithra, avait été II INTRODUCTION. frappé du nombre considérable et du caractère souvent étrange des monuments sur lesquels figurent Castor et PoUux. « S'il est un sujet important et dif[icile à traiter , écrivait en 1841 M. Félix Lajard (1), un sujet dont on puisse dire avec assurance qu'il touche par tous les points aux croyances religieuses de tous les peuples de l'antiquité , c'est la question de l'origine des Dioscures et des diverses modifications que subit leur légende primitive. » Et M. F. Lajard promettait sur ce sujet une étude qui ne parut jamais. Si des écrivains modernes on remonte aux auteurs anciens, on ne trouve encore que des renseignements très rares et très insuf- fisants. Pour tout ce qui touche au fond même du culte des Dios- cures , le textes sont à peu près muets. Sans doute , lorsqu'il s'agit de raconter les exploits merveilleux qu'accomplirent Castor et Pollux comme héros ou comme dieux , les récits , les détails et les variantes abondent. Les poètes chantent à l'envi les aventu- res des deux Tyndarides, leur naissance miraculeuse et leur mort alternative , leur voyage avec les Argonautes , leur amour pour les filles de Leucippe, etc. , etc. Les historiens , de leur côté , ra- content la surnaturelle apparition de Castor et de Pollux à la ba- taille du lac Régille, et les secours qu'il apportèrent aux Romains dans d'autres circonstances analogues. Mais quelle importance culte étaient le caractère et l'étendue leurs avait leur , quels de attributions, voilà ce qu'aucun écrivain ne rappelle et n'explique. Avec les textes seuls on pourrait peut-être indiquer le rôle qu'avaient les Dioscures comme protecteurs des guerriers pendant la bataille (2), et des marins pendant la tempête. Mais comment prouver que ces dieux étaient en même temps des divinités funé- la bonne foi et des transactions raires , des dieux de commer- ciales ? Est-ce Ovide qui nous aidera, lui qui ne voit dans Castor et Pollux que des héros jeunes et amoureux pour ses romans mythologiques ? Est-ce Cicéron, le philosophe, pour qui ces dieux (1) Annales de l ImtiliU archéologique , 1841, p. 170. (2) Les faits de l'histoire romaine étant très rarement représentés sur les monuments figures , on ne s'étonnera pas si ceux-ci ne montrent jamais Cas- tor et Pollux dans les circonstances oîi ils sont directement mêlés à un événe- font exception. Aussi est-ce à tort ment historiijue. Les monnaies seules que , dans un bas-relief de la villa Albani représentant un cavalier debout près de son cheval devant un édifice (Catalogue , n° 184) , on a voulu reconnaître le temple de Castor et de Pollux et l'un des deux dieux apparaissant au Forum après la victoire du lac Régille. C'est un épisode de la vie des deux Tyndarides, la luoil de Lj'ucce.que rappelle ce bas-relief. , , INTRODUCTION. III n'ont jamais existé que dans les imaginations frappées des sol- mentionne dats d'Aulus Postumius ? Est-ce Tite-Live , qui ne même pas leur apparition au lac Régille , ou Valère Maxime qui ne la raconte que pour ajouter un chapitre à son histoire des mira- cles? Est-ce Martial enfin, qui ne veut voir dans Castor et Pollux que les portraits divins de deux jumeaux qu'il chante , et qui paieront peut-être d'un dîner son ingénieuse flatterie"? Non. Ce n'est, en réalité, aucun de ces écrivains : la littérature et l'his- toire ont complètement négligé ces dieux : les textes nous seront donc d'un faible secours. Ce silence presque universel des auteurs étonne, lorsqu'on -ap- proche des textes si rares qui parlent des Dioscures les monuments si nombreux qui les rappellent eu les représentent. Partout , en Italie , on retrouve les temples de ces dieux , et à tout instant on les retrouve eux-mêmes dans les musées et dans les collections particulières , au milieu des places publiques sur des piédestaux ou le long des voies romaines sur les parois des tombeaux anti- ques. Rien de plus fréquent ni de lAns varié que les représenta- tions figurées de Castor et de Pollux. Les exploits fabuleux que leur prêtaient les légendes héroïques de la Grèce , les pouvoirs divins que leur reconnaissait la piété romaine, inspirèrent les artis- tes de tous les temps, depuis ceux qui, cinq cents ans avant notre ère peignaient des figures noires sur le fond rouge des vases , italo-grecs, jusqu'à ceux qui , aux troisième et quatrième siècles après J.-C, sculptaient encore des bas-reliefs sur les parois des sarcophages. Vases, miroirs, monnaies, pierres gravées, statues, bas-reliefs, lampes funéraires, peintures murales , etc., etc, tous ces monuments, si nombreux et si variés, sont autant de textes précieux qui font connaître dans tous ses détails la légende des culte dans ses mani- Dioscures , et qui permettent d'étudier leur festations et ses modifications diverses. Notre premier soin devait donc être de recueillir ces monuments, de les classer et de les décrire. C'est ce que nous avons fait dans un catalogue aussi mé- d'Italie, thodique et aussi complet que possible , dont les musées les ouvrages descriptifs et les colleciions particulières (1) nous ont fourni les matériaux. C'est sur cet ensemble de monuments réunis et ordonnés que nous avons entrepris cette étude. Notre (1) Nous sommes heureux de remercier ici M. Le Blant et M. le duc de Mou- chy qui nous ont communiqué les monuments figurés inédits publics à la fin du volume, monuments dont nous devons les excellents dessins à MM. O. Roty G. Profit et E. Sulpis. IV INTRODUCTION. travail est donc bien avant tout un travail d'archéologie figurée. Pour lui conserver ce caractère , nous nous abstiendrons de rechercher en dehors de l'Italie et d'étudier longuement les ori- gines lointaines du culte qui nous occupe. Ce qui, en 1841, attira M. F. Lajard vers les Dioscures, ce fut la découverte toute récente d'un bas-relief représentant Mithra ayant à ses cô- tés Castor et Pollux (I). C'est la présence inattendue de ces dieux sur un bas-relief mithriaque de l'époque romaine, c'est cette as- sociation si bizarre et si nouvelle qui éveilla chez l'historien du culte de Mithra l'idée et le désir de retrouver dans les antiques théologies de l'Orient le type primitif des Dioscures grecs et ro- mains. Notre tâche est beaucoup plus modeste. Nous sommes en Italie et comptons ne pas en sortir pour aller chercher en Orient, sur la foi de ressemblances douteuses, des conjectures et des hypothèses. Toutefois , il y a dans la religion des Véclas deux divinités dont la ressemblance avec les Dioscures est trop frappante pour qu'il soit possible de la méconnaître et de ne la point signaler. Ce sont les Aswins, qu'on peut considérer comme les véritables ancêtres de Castor et de Pollux. Conception , caractère , attribu- tions , attributs et qualificatifs , tout paraît commun entre les deux dieux qu'invoquent les Aryas et les jumeaux divins qu'ado- rent la Grèce et l'Italie. C'est , d'abord , la légende des Dios- cures grecs qui rappelle par certains détails celle des Dios- cures védiques.
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