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Policies and Governance Structures in Woodlands of Southern Africa of Southern Africa POLICIES AND GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES IN WOODLANDS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA Policies and Governance Structures in Woodlands Policies and Governance Structures in Woodlands of Southern Africa of Southern Africa Southern Africa is essentially a woodland region. The woodlands are home to some of the largest herds of wildlife in the world, support a vast livestock industry, play a pivotal role in the hydrological functioning of the region, support the livelihoods of millions of people through agriculture, forest products and other services. However, there is scanty scientific information to guide their development and management. Given the numerous end uses and many stakeholders, it is not possible to rely exclusively on conventional forestry approaches and tools to manage the woodlands. Editors Godwin Kowero, Bruce M. Campbell, Ussif Rashid Sumaila This book highlights different facets of local community governance of woodlands. The outcomes for people and forest are often dependent on local institutional arrangements (rules, regulations, organisational dynamics). The book explores the role of local institutional arrangements in woodland management, in community-based approaches and in conflict resolution. It documents approaches and tools to reconcile the demands of the three key stakeholders on the woodlands (the local communities, government and private sector) in the framework of the three prominent rural development goals of food security, increased rural incomes and biodiversity or forest conservation. It also highlights tradeoffs between the goals and between five potential woodland management options Editors Godwin Kowero, Godwin Bruce Kowero, M. Campbell, by: (i) local communities, as a result of devolution of authority and management from Sumaila Rashid Ussif central government, (ii) government but with a strict biodiversity conservation focus, (iii) government with access given to local communities for basic needs, (iv) government with a combined conservation focus and limited local community access for basic needs, and (v) perpetuating the present situation of open access. Policies and Governance Structures in Woodlands of Southern Africa Editors Godwin Kowero Bruce M. Campbell Ussif Rashid Sumaila © 2003 by CIFOR All rights reserved. Published in 2003 Printed by SMK Grafika Desa Putera, Indonesia Cover photo by Godwin Kowero ISBN 979-3361-22-0 National Library of Indonesia Cataloging –in-Publication Data Policies and Governance Structures in Woodlands of Southern Africa/ Godwin Kowero, Bruce M. Campbell, Ussif Rashid Sumaila p. cm. ISBN 979-3361-22-0 1. Forest Policy 2. Governance 3. Southern Africa 4. Rural Development 5. Community Involvement 6. Structural Adjustment 7. Woodlands 8. Forest Management Published by Center for International Forestry Research Mailing address: P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Office address: Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia Tel.: +62 (251) 622622; Fax: +62 (251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org Contents Contributors vii Acknowledgements x Foreword xi CHAPTER ONE The challenge to natural forest management in Sub-Saharan Africa rural development: Experiences from the miombo woodlands of Southern Africa Godwin Kowero 1 PART I. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR MANAGING WOODLANDS CHAPTER TWO Overview Bruce M. Campbell, Sheona Shackleton and Eva Wollenberg 9 CHAPTER THREE Making community-based forest management work: A case study of Duru-Haitemba village forest reserve, Babati, Tanzania George C. Kajembe, Gerald C. Monela and Zebedayo S.K. Mvena 16 CHAPTER FOUR Local organisations and natural resource management in the face of economic hardships: A case study from Zimbabwe Billy B. Mukamuri, Bruce M. Campbell and Godwin Kowero 28 CHAPTER FIVE Institutional arrangements governing natural resource management of the miombo woodland Dennis Kayambazinthu, Frank Matose, George Kajembe and Nontonkozo Nemarundwe 45 iv CHAPTER SIX Conflicts over the miombo woodlands: The case of Blantyre, Lilongwe and Kasungu, in Malawi Charles M. Masangano, Dennis Kayambazinthu and Lusayo Mwabumba 65 PART II. THE INFLUENCE OF MAJOR SECTORAL POLICIES ON FORESTRY CHAPTER SEVEN Overview Godwin Kowero 80 CHAPTER EIGHT Evolution of land policies and legislation in Malawi and Zimbabwe: Implications for forestry development Charles Mataya, Peter Gondo and Godwin Kowero 92 CHAPTER NINE Land policies in Mozambique and Tanzania: Implications for forestry development Isilda Nhantumbo, Gerald C. Monela and Godwin Kowero 113 CHAPTER TEN Agricultural policies and forestry development in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zimbabwe: Complementarities and conflicts Gilead Mlay, Florens Turuka, Godwin Kowero and Richard Kachule 138 CHAPTER ELEVEN Forest policies in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zimbabwe Godwin Kowero, Abdallah R.S. Kaoneka, Isilda Nhantumbo, Peter Gondo and Charles B.L. Jumbe 165 CHAPTER TWELVE Policies and gender relationships and roles in the miombo woodland region of Southern Africa Margaret Chitiga and Nontokozo Nemarundwe 187 PART III. RECONCILING DEMANDS ON WOODLANDS: A MODELING APPROACH CHAPTER THIRTEEN Overview Godwin Kowero 212 v Modelling multi-stakeholder interests in the Southern African woodlands CHAPTER FOURTEEN A system dynamics model for management of miombo woodlands Ussif R. Sumaila, Arild Angelsen and Godwin Kowero 218 CHAPTER FIFTEEN Manual for users of MIOMBOSIM: A simulation model for the management of miombo woodlands Godwin Kowero and Ussif R. Sumaila 239 CHAPTER SIXTEEN A goal programming model for planning management of miombo woodlands Isilda Nhantumbo and Godwin Kowero 257 Planning woodland management with weighted goal programming CHAPTER SEVENTEEN A goal programming model for planning management of miombo woodlands: A case study of Chivi and Gokwe communal areas, Zimbabwe Emmanual Guveya and Crispen Sukume 277 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Management of miombo woodlands in Malawi: An application of goal programming Harwick Tchale, Richard Kachule and Charles Mataya 307 CHAPTER NINETEEN Linear and goal programming models for analysis of policy impacts on livelihoods in miombo woodlands of Mozambique Isilda Nhantumbo, Gilead Mlay and Godwin Kowero 334 System dynamics approach to woodland management CHAPTER TWENTY Policy impact on woodland resource management, use and conservation in Mozambique: A case study of selected sites in Dondo, Nhamatanda, Gondola and Manica districts Gilead Mlay, Mario Falcao, Isilda Nhantumbo and Godwin Kowero 358 vi CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE A system dynamics model for management of miombo woodlands in two communal areas of Zimbabwe Crispen Sukume and Emmanuel Guveya 401 CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Management of miombo woodlands in Malawi: An application of system dynamics modelling Richard Kachule, Hardwick Tchale and Charles Mataya 423 vii Contributors Arild Angelsen Peter Gondo Department of Economics and Social Southern Alliance For Indigenous Resources Sciences (SAFIRE), Agricultural University of Norway P.O. Box BE 398, P.O. Box 5033, 1432 Aas Belvedere, Harare, Norway Zimbabwe. Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Bruce M. Campbell Emmanual Guveya Center for International Forestry Research Department of Agricultural Economics & (CIFOR) Extension P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB University of Zimbabwe Jakarta 10065 P.O. Box MP 167 Indonesia Mount Pleasant, Harare Email: [email protected] Zimbabwe Email: [email protected] Margaret Chitiga Department of Economics Charles B.L. Jumbe Faculty of Economics and Management Agricultural Policy Research Unit Sciences Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Pretoria University of Malawi Pretoria 0002 c/o Department of Economics & Social South Africa Sciences Email: [email protected] Agricultural University of Norway P.O. Box 5033, 1432 Aas Mario Falcao Norway Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Email: [email protected] Faculdade de Agronomia Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Richard Kachule C.P. 257 Agricultural Policy Research Unit (APRU) Maputo University of Malawi Mozambique Bunda College of Agriculture Email: [email protected] P.O. Box 219 Lilongwe Malawi Email: [email protected] viii George C.Kajembe Frank Matose Faculty of Forestry & Nature Conservation CIFOR Regional Office for Eastern & Sokoine University of Agriculture Southern Africa P.O. Box 3013 73 Harare Drive Morogoro Mt Pleasant, Harare Tanzania Zimbabwe Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Abdallah R.S. Kaoneka (late) Gilead Mlay Faculty of Forestry & Nature Conservation Faculdade de Agronomia Sokoine University of Agriculture Universidade Eduardo Mondlane P.O. Box 3013 C.P. 257, Maputo Morogoro Mozambique Tanzania Email: [email protected] Dennis Kayambazinthu Gerald C. Monela Forestry Research Institute of Malawi Faculty of Forestry & Nature Conservation (FRIM), Sokoine University of Agriculture P.O. Box 270, P.O. Box 3013, Morogoro Zomba, Tanzania Malawi Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Billy B. Mukamuri Godwin Kowero Centre for Applied Social Sciences CIFOR Regional Office for Eastern & University of Zimbabwe Southern Africa P.O. Box MP 167 73 Harare Drive Mount Pleasant, Harare Mt Pleasant Zimbabwe Harare Email: [email protected] Zimbabwe Email: [email protected] Zebedayo S.K. Mvena Department of Agricultural Education & Charles M. Masangano Extension Rural Development Department Sokoine University of Agriculture, Bunda College of Agriculture P.O. Box 3002, University of Malawi Morogoro, P.O. Box 219 Tanzania
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