$1.75 JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 Editor: John Storm Roberts Business Manager: Robert L. Denerstein Circulation Manager: Gale Ayinde Art Director: Dale Moyer Contributing Editor, Travel: Nancy McKeon Contributing Editor, Education: Leon E. Clark

JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 VOLUME 18 NUMBER

A colloquium Moderator, Carman Moore 1 2

Refugees: The million person problem Jon Woronoff 29

Interview: Roy Innis of CORE Afroman Canada 34

The All-Nigeria Arts Festival Robert M. Wren 36

Departments: Out of Africa 4 Education 38 In Washington 9 Travel 41 Africa Day by Day 25 Book reviews 44 Letters to the Editor 51

In this issue This issue "focuses on the arts—black music in the edited transcript of a colloquium sponsored by Africa Report at Brooklyn College, New York, and music, dance and drama in a report on the All-Nigeria Arts Festival just held at Kaduna. Both pieces contribute to the living dialogue on the problems of cultures in a shrinking world. Do such cultures die or—changing perhaps —survive? Do we fold our hands and wait for the death, if death there is to be, or do we fight for preservation? And if the latter, will preservation mean rejuvenation, or rather the freshly painted irrelevance of a well-embalmed corpse? Big questions, for which we have, not so much no answers, as too many answers—all different. Questions that concerned our distinguished panelists. Questions to which Bob Wren's report on the All-Nigeria Arts Festival gives a very cheerful answer. The festival showed that rejuvenation there can be. But—In the case of Kaduna at least—it was the people who did it, not the experts. Certainly, the experts provided some of the fuel, but the people provided the flame. Other important articles in this issue include an interview with Roy Innis of CORE that continues the debate raised in last issue's piece, Rethinking Black History. Innis differs radically from Professor Orlando Patterson in his views of African- black American relations. Also featured is an article on a group of people all too well known to the Africa "professionals" of the international community and hardly at all to most others: the continent's refugees, now a full one million weak. Picture credits: Cover—Dale Moyer; pg. 13, Drum magazine; pgs. 13-18, John Storm Roberts; pg. 21, Chris Strachwitz; pg. 22, John Storm Roberts; pgs. 31 and 32, United Nations. On the cover (clockwise from top left): Otis Redding, Billie Holiday, King Curtis, Art Blakey, African musician, Mahalia Jackson. Center, Louis Armstrong. Coming next issue Part of Africa Report's focus in the next issue is expected to be on Upper Volta, with interviews with important political figures as well as an article on the country itself. Among other items will be a major examination of books for children on African themes.

Africa Report, a nonpartisan magazine of African affairs, is published bimonthly, in July-August, September-October, November-December, Jan- uary-February, March-April, and May-June, at 866 U.N. Plaza, New York, N.Y. 10017. Subscriber correspondence should be sent to this address as should aN editorial and advertising correspondence. Subscription Price: Regular Mail U.S.A. and Canada $9; Air Rate U.S.A. and Canada, $13; Air Rate Overseas $15 ( 125 Shillings); Special Price U.K. Europe, Africa, Asia (via air freight to London) $10 (83s/4d). Second class postage paid. New York, New York and at additional mailing offices. Telephone: (Editorial and subscription—area code (212) 421-2500). 341 © The African-American Institute, Inc., 1973

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 OUT OF HFRICa Chad/Libya

France is one of the main beneficiaries, Libyan Prime Minister Abdel Salam Jal- payment of government salaries, habit- and probably the initiator, of a surprise loud. For France the advantages of the ually paid late, and providing the cash rapprochement between Libya and its deal are the resolution of the contradic- needed just to keep the administration southern neighbour Chad. The problems tion of friendships with both Libya and of this vast country moving. between the two countries, including a Chad and the near-certainty that the What France has promised Libya as breach of diplomatic relations, stemmed costly military intervention, which for- its part of the deal is less clear. No from Libya's support of the Chadian mally ended last August with the recall communique was published after Major rebel movement. FROLINAT (Chad Na- of the commander of the Franco-Chad- Jallouds visit, but French and Libyan tional Liberation Front), which had been ian forces, General Edouard Cortadellas, sources indicated that the talks ranged carrying on guerrilla warfare since 1962. will not have been wasted. over many subjects. Some of these were (Chad, a country of around three million For Chad, the shift in Its foreign pol- known to be: inhabitants, is divided roughly half and icy stance on Israel, bringing it nearer First, new arms purchases, possibly half, between southerners whose culture to the FROLINAT point of view, meant tanks and shore artillery, and the French is African and who dominate the gov- that Mr. Tombalbaye's regime suddenly Middle East arms embargo which will ernment, and Muslim, Arabic-speaking became acceptable to his Arab neigh- presumably affect the sales of the I 10 northerners from whom came the sup- bors. According to reports from Fort Mirage fighter-bombers to Tripoli when port for the rebels. La my not confirmed by the Libyans, the Libyo-Egyptian union comes into Now, under a classic form of modern Tripoli even agreed to hand over FRO- operation next year; Libyan democracy, Chad's President LINAT members based in Libya. Secondly, possible French purchases of Francois Tombalbaye announced he was In addition, old development projects oil produced by the nationalized conces- breaking off diplomatic relations with dear to Chadian hearts were revived by sions of British Petroleum; Israel last November. The move was fol- the rapprochement with Libya. In Tripoli Thirdly, private French participation lowed by an official visit to Tripoli by Mr. Tombalbaye discussed joint oil-pros- in ambitious agricultural and irrigation Tombalbaye just before Christmas dur- pecting in the extreme north of Chad, projects using desalinated sea-water, ing which he was offered an immediate the construction of a metalled road to and a number of industrial projects. loan of $92 million—more than twice link their two capitals and the setting-up the landlocked state's annual budget. of a free port on Libyan shores for Zambia Under his policy of extending his in- Chadian imports and exports, which at fluence in black Africa at the expense present are transported by rail, river Zambia officially became a one party of Israel, Colonel Muammar al-Qadafi and road from Brazzaville. But much of country on December 13. At a cere- was this time apparently willing to sac- the Libyan cash will necessarily be mony witnessed for the first time by the rifice FROLINAT, whose main foreign needed to meet Chad's immediate cur- news media of the country, President base In recent years was Tripoli. FRO- rent needs—financing urgent imports, Kaunda ushered the nation into what has LINAT leader Dr. Abba Sidlck was at one time given radio time on Tripoli radio for propaganda broadcasts beam- ed to Chad, as well as cash, arms and Digest of Information on African training facilities for his guerrillas. It was in August, 1971, that President Colleges and Universities Tombalbaye broke off diplomatic rela- tions with Libya after alleging Tripoli The digest covers 32 colleges and universities in 26 African countries. was behind a coup plot. France, carrying It provides information on admission and degree requirements, academic on what African and French critics saw courses, housing facilities, tuition and maintenance costs, special insti- as a colonial-type military intervention tutes, departments, calendars, etc. against FROLINAT from 1969 onwards Price $3.75 while developing close relations with Make remittance with order to: Libya's soldier rulers, was severely em- African Universities Digest barrassed by the dispute. The African-American Institute Chad's diplomatic turn-about Is be- 866 United Nations Plaza lieved to have been arranged in Septem- New York, New York 10017 ber in Paris during a mysterious visit by

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 been termed the Second Republic by Assembly, Mr. Robinson Nabulyato, them five years to get rid of property signing the necessary legislation, which said this would be sub judice. such as houses, farms, etc. —in the form of three amendments to Although members of the now-de- Possible results of the one-party the country's constitution—was passed funct ANC will be allowed to sit as amendment are still unclear. According by parliament only five days previously. independents in parliament, the new to Foreign Minister Elijah Mudenda, a To most Zambians, the passing of legislation has effectively banned all member of the UNIP central commit- these bills was something of a non-event. other political movements apart from tee, there has been a 22 per-cenf swing Although it was the culmination of a UNIP. ANC will sit in parliament until of ANC members to UNIP since 1968. full year's exercise, no one was in any the end of its present life or until it is This has not only depleted the ANC doubt as to whether the Zambian parli- dissolved and general elections called. strength in parliament but also sapped ament would ratify the move. The longest ANC's present members in the morale of Its supporters in many parliament have been given is up to De- areas. Recently, ANC supporters on the The African National Congress, which cember 3 I, 1973. But a hint has already Copperbelt called on Nkumbula to dis- was banned as a political body during been given that parliament may be dis- band his group, according to the gov- December, made the expected final ob- solved much earlier than that. ernment-owned newspaper, the Zambia jections in Parliament, but the decision Daily Mail. was a foregone conclusion. The white paper on the form of a one-party system which the government Parliament passed the three constitu- In the Southern Province and the published after accepting most of the tional amendment bills the day after conservative Western (formerly Barotse) recommendations made by the 13-mem- the ANC's lawyer from UK, Tom Kel- Province, In-roads have been made by ber commission chaired by Attorney loclc, QC, had launched an appeal UNIP. But observers report that tradi- General Fitzpatrlck Chuula, propounds against an earlier decision by Zambia's tional feelings still linger, and in South- government's future thinking. Chief Justice, Brian Doyle. ern Province it has been said a good number of villagers even believe that Kellock—who had earlier been de- Among the significant changes in the government structure will be the setting Nkumbula is the head of state. UNIP scribed as "a half-baked lawyer" by up of the office of the Prime Minister will have to convince the population President Kaunda—contended in court and the Secretary General of the party. there that Mr. Nkumbula's career as a that the head of state had no powers These will be held by two people answer- politician has come to an end, a hard under the constitution to set up a Com- able to the president, who will have an nut to swallow for villagers who have mission of Inquiry into the setting up of executive role and will be elected. hitherto regarded Nkumbula [who was the one-party democracy. This, accord- born in the area) as father of politics. ing to Kellock, was not in the public This change is meant to have the ef- interest. fect of strengthening party organization Western Province, which traditionally and making government a more effective was led by a Litunga (King), made a His other argument boiled down to vehicle for implementing national policy dramatic swing to ANC following the the fact that Harry Nkumbula, the ANC while leaving the president in full control banning of the United Party, which was leader, and his supporters would lose of both the party and government. led by Nalumino Mundla, a former cab- individual rights under the new constitu- inet minister expelled by Dr. Kaunda. A tion. Up until the constitutional crisis which led to the appointment of the first com- gradual change is apparently taking In another piece of irony, when the mission, again led by Chuula, a post in place there. But it is thought doubtful President of the Appeal Court, Mr. the central committee automatically whether the government could expect Justice Leo Baron, reserved judgement, meant a cabinet post. It also meant that Immediate mass support. the ANC was prevented from holding a the president of the party was auto- As for the banned United Progressive caucus to discuss the one party state matically the head of state. This will no Party (UPP) and Its leader, Simon Kap- because the speaker of the National longer be the case in the one party wepwe, released from detention with 24 state. others on January 2, In a recent speech A rticles in Africa Report are inde- President Kaunda once said the party, Dr. Kaunda said he would welcome Mr. pendently selected and edited by the civil service, armed forces and all work- Kapwepwe and Mr. Nkumbula into the magazine's staff in an attempt to give a ers must first be disciplined before one new government structure. But most balanced presentation of important is- party came. observers in Lusaka regard reconcilia- sues affecting contemporary Africa. His tough disciplinary code, an- tion as unlikely. Even if Kapwepwe ac- The articles do not necessarily reflect nounced in November, is meant to cepted to re-join UNIP, which he left to the views of the publisher, the African- achieve this. It demands of political lead the Ill-fated UPP, UNIP supporters American Institute, which recognizes leaders an austere type of life; they can consider him a renegade together with the right of reply, especially to un- the others now in detention. signed articles. no longer participate In business ven- tures or own property. Kaunda has given Will Nkumbula enjoy the same respect

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 Experience Today's Africa with from his traditional supporters of South- most of them younger men. Press free- ern Province If he announces a switch dom has become a reality. None of the AFRICA of allegiance? Opposition papers have been seized since M. Osman took office, and even Morocco the leader of the outlawed Moroccan DANCES Communist Party has been allowed to If many observers both inside and out- bring out a new "revolutionary" weekly. The first album side Morocco are convinced a third Public debate is encouraged, although coup d'etat attempt will succeed. King agitation is severely repressed, particu- Hassan II seems to believe he can con- larly among students who were clob- to bring together tinue in power by using the same meth- bered by baton-charging troops in ods and the same men he has employed Rabat on several occasions In December. the modern for the past ten years. Meanwhile, the 50,000-strong Armed Forces have been disarmed. Command- After two abortive military coups, in urban styles of ers have been changed or switched July 1971 and August 1972. the king around while dozens of others have been formed a new government late in No- placed on the "retired list." Evidently Black Africa. vember composed entirely of political there is a persistent fear that the mili- Independents of the kind that have been Ghana highlife tary will try a third coup if given half a in office for a decade. Led by his bro- Nigerian ju-ju chance, and there can be no doubt that ther-in-law Ahmed Osman as Premier, many officers must be chafing at the South African sax jive the king's new formation has been en- numerous restrictions now imposed on and 'smodern trusted with organizing fall elections. them. The military are also waiting for Congo dance music All the major parties refused to join the King's decision as to the fate of the Ethiopian soul sounds the new government despite the mon- I I air force officers sentenced in No- Kenyan "dry" guitar arch's personal efforts to elicit their vember to die by firing squad for their Afro-Arab tarabu support. Party leaders say their refusal part in the attempt to shoot the mon- and much more. was because the king refused to hand arch down in his airliner last August 16. over substantial powers to them so they Their execution is expected to be stayed. The record features full descriptive could push through "radical reforms." The economy, basically sound, is suf- notes by John Storm Roberts, author The king, however, contests their claim fering from the atmosphere of uncer- of Black Music of Two Worlds (Prae- to majority support m the country, and tainty although all other conditions are ger Publishers) on the music's devel- argues that only freely-elected represen- good: a strong foreign reserves position, opment and relations with African tradition and Afro-American influ- tatives of the people have a right to good trading prospects, and a bright make any sweeping changes. outlook for the coming agricultural sea- ences. The king says therefore he is "betting son. The trouble is that, as party leaders AFRICA DANCES is the only record heavily on democracy," and Is deter- say, the abortive coups and a series of that covers the whole range of mod- mined to hold the parliamentary elec- leftist plots seem to be symptoms of ern African dance styles. It is an ex- tions provided for by the country's third widespread disillusionment with Has- citing musical experience, an essential constitution adopted by referendum last san's "personal rule" caused by a feeling aid to the study of modern African life—and it's great for parties, too! March. The parties have not yet an- of frustration over the last decade. As a nounced whether they will participate in consequence official promises of a better the elections or not, but in present cir- future, more "participation" of the peo- cumstances It appears highly unlikely ple in government, and more social that they will, since they claim all pre- justice, arouse little enthusiasm among authentic records vious polls were "shamelessly rigqed." To Authentic Records AR2 113 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11201 In an effort to re-establish confidence in ihe reqime, the new government is Send me copies of AFRICA CRUISE TO TOTAL SOLAR DANCES (Authentic 601) at $5.98 making a big play for "honesty, integrity ECLIPSE OFF AFRICA COAST— (postage paid).* I enclose cheque/money and probity." Numerous personalities, FROM $220 order. including six former Cabinet Ministers, Name . have been brought to trial for corrup- Details contact Darius Transky, tion. There has been a major purge of Suite 520 Address 415 Lexington Ave., N.Y.C. 10017 the provincial administration with the City State Zip appointment of a dozen new Governors, or call (212) 697-5771 *New York residents 7% sales tax.

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 Kiswahili OUT OF Kwa Kitendo HERICH» AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE

the mass of the 15-mIIIIon population the whole the national mood is one of By since the new government is very much optimism and relief. SHARIFA M. ZAWAWI the mixture as before. Nobody could have expected the Since the August 16 attempt on his Presidenr to remake the society over- life, moreover, the king has tightened night. Any "new enlightenment" in Li- ClaK-tested and in accordance with cur- his personal security considerably, while rent linguistic theories, this is the first beria has just begun to expose the depth Swahiii text-tape program by a native the wildest rumors that there have been of its problems: over-dependence on speaker. It is organized into 40 units fol- further attempts to kill him gain rapid foreign capital and foreign aid, corrup- lowed by 12 supplementary readings acceptance, even when demonstrated to tion, weakness of agriculture, and the written by the author and containing be untrue. The king's personal fears, and role of its "settler" ellfe. But some ob- passages from such important writers the readiness with which people are in- as Julius Nyerere and Shaaban Robert. servers, both Liberian and foreign, are Each unit uses an East African situa- clined to believe he has been attacked beginning to say that there has been tion to illustrate essential linguistic pat- again, are significant indications of the little real change. terns and consists of a dialogue, oral regime's vulnerability. and written drills, vocabulary, and an "Everyone at the university is talking explanation of points of grammar and It is unfortunate also that the king's about revolution now," a student said culture. Instructor's Manual. 1971. Paper. desire to maintain a liberal atmosphere, recently, "and they really mean it. The 290 pp.; $7.95. 40 TAPES: J275. with Press freedom and multi-party sys- division between the tribal and settler tem, also allows scope for agitation and kids is deeper than you can imagine, ~g\ HARPER & ROW subversion (48 leftists are in jail in Casa- and getting deeper. Some tribal kids 10 East 53d Street blanca for fomenting student strife) think the whole system should be over- which have to be put down ruthlessly to turned." 1817 New York 10022 prevent the situation getting out of Most observers believe there is no hand. Here again the confidence needed revolution brewing at the University of for "free and honest elections" tends to Liberia. The only student protest in his- be eroded. tory, last year, was an in-house issue, STUDY IN In fact the parties, labor and student concerning the personality and policies unions have made the liberation of po- of the university president (an In-law of litical detainees a battle cry and they Liberian President Tolbert). Yet even the SENEGAL promise to keep unrest simmering by falk of revolution is significant, since demanding their release at every op- previously It could not take place. 1973-1974 portunity. Unfortunately the King knows "Before, there were security agents In cooperation with the Great if he releases them all at once his po- everywhere, and many people were Lakes Colleges Association, De- litical opponents will continue to de- hauled into jail," according to another Pauw University administers a mand more concessions, so his problem student. "Now you can say anything study abroad program for under- is to decide where to draw the line be- you want." Many Liberlans feel this is graduates at the University of Da- tween liberalism and authoritarianism. true, and they are much bolder than be- kar. Students are admitted for the fore in expressing criticism. academic year (mid-October to Liberia mid-June), enrolled in the regular Freedom of speech is not much ex- Black Americans might be able to ac- university courses and live in stu- ercised in national media, which only dent dormitories. Reasonable pro- quire dual citizenship if a November 18 voice criticism sanctioned by the gov- ficiency in French is required. agreement between President William ernment. This may be a question more There is a pre-departure orienta- R. Tolbert of Liberia and a black Amer- of tradition and private interest than tion at DePauw in October and a ican delegation headed by the Rev. censorship, but still it is effective. A three-week orientation in Senegal Jesse Jackson of Operation PUSH (Peo- Liberian reporter privately commented prior to the beginning of the ple United to Save Humanity) survives that the Liberian Age was a party news- academic year. the various legal pitfalls. If so, they will paper, and the Star, though indepen- become citizens of a country that is dent, was partly owned by the presi- For additional information and changing in many ways since the death dent's brother. aplication forms write to: of former President Tubman. "Furthermore, this is a small country," he added. "If what you say hurts some- Dr. Walter T. Brown, Director More than a year has passed by now African Studies Center since Tubman died, and policies of the body, it will also hurt somebody else, DePauw University new administration of President William and finally come back to you." Greencastle, Indiana 46135 Tolbert have begun to take shape. On In foreign policy Liberia has shifted

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 its course slightly. For the first time am- bassadors have been exchanged with the Soviet Union. There is new friendship PATTERN FOR PROFIT IN SOUTHERN with neighboring Guinea, and Rumania AFRICA has been approached for aid in develop- ing steel mills and perhaps a new iron Ian Mackler mine. But relations with Greece were Foreword by Noam Chomsky, MIT dramatically strengthened by Tolbert's A pertinent exploration of how investment by state visit in September, and Liberia's giant American corporations in South Africa closest ties are still with the United affects and is affected by U.S. policy toward States. In fact, it has been suggested that the Republic of South Africa. the motives for new ties with the east 120 pp. Dec. 1973 $8.50 may only be to strengthen the country's bargaining position for still more Amer- NONALIGNED BLACK AFRICA ican aid. Liberia received $13 million in George W. Shepherd, Jr., non-military aid from the United States Center on International Race Relations, in 1971-72, and almost $300 million University of Denver since 1946, and the Peace Corps and This study sheds significant new light on the US Military Mission also operate large programs. In the United Nations and emergence of racial issues in world politics is other world bodies, Liberia still custom- evident in Africa, where black and white sub- arily follows the lead of the United systems struggle against each other for control. States. ". . . contains much keen analysis and many Liberia's relations with foreign inves- sharp insights." — American Political Science tors are a major talking-point. American, German and Swedish concerns own four Review large iron ore mines, and the largest of "It merits inclusion in all undergraduate the rubber plantations. libraries." — Choice "All production is in the hands of ex- 158 pp. 1970 $10.00 patriates . . . [who] are bent on im- peding this nation's development," the RACE AMONG NATIONS: A CONCEPTUAL President said in an unusually strong APPROACH statement in October. At the heart of edited by Tolbert's policy towards foreign con- cerns is "Liberianization" of staff-level George W. Shepherd, Jr., Tilden J. LeMelle, jobs, and the campaign has caused a Center on International Race Relations, stir, particularly in the personnel depart- University of Denver ments of companies that find the gov- A definitive series of papers which brings to- ernment no longer freely grants work gether and develops models and tools for exam- permits to expatriates. As might be ex- pected, expatriate executives have re- ining the increasingly important problem of acted unenthusiastically. "Business con- race and racism in international affairs. fidence in Liberia has dropped way 256 pp. 1970 $12.50 down since Tolbert," one commented, "and Liberianization has been at the Forthcoming . . . heart of it." Many Liberians do not agree. One ARABS AND BERBERS university professor called the program Ethnicity and Nation Building in North Africa "a political sop to angry young intellec- edited by Charles Micaud, University of Denver; tuals wanting jobs, [which] does not deal with the more basic economic problems, Ernest Gellner, London School of Economics such as money transfers out of the coun- and Political Science try and weakness of agriculture." But it 256 pp. ca. $15.00

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 OUT OF araicst

has put the concessions on guard, and Is the society," in the words of an admini- gifts from organizations, with which he an indication the country is willing to strator in a foreign aid program. "Nearly can do as he wishes: $20,000 from close its "Open Door" slightly if it sees everyone is on the take—every chief, LAMCO, the Swedish iron ore mine, it to be to its advantage. In all, it may every principal, every official. Corrup- at his inauguration; and later, $5,000 be the most significant change in the tion is part of the system, and it is the from the German mine, and $2,000 from past year. only way many people survive." the Leoanese community. However, President Tolbert has also tried to In the past, the example may have President Tolbert has assigned the generate an aura of "good government" been set at the top. money to various development projects, in his first year—initiating Liberia's first "Here there Is no clearcuf line divid- and no one accuses the new President of civil service exams, supporting the fi- ing the personal from the state budget," "eating money" (a local expression for nance minister (his brother, Steven) In according to an academic. "Therefore embezzling). Yet the personalization of collection of taxes, and stressing punc- the president tends to act rather like a state finances causes trouble on lower tuality in government workers. His slo- king, saying, 'I am the state, therefore levels. For example, many people hesi- gan, "Total Involvement for Higher everything that belongs to the state tate contributing their $ 10 to a National Heights," reflects his concern for hard belongs to me.' In this way President Fund Raising Rally, as asked by the work and public service. Tubman died a very rich man, his sav- President, because they suspect the ings secure in Swiss banks, while his money will be "eaten" somewhere along Despite appeals by the President, the line. however, most residents agree corrup- country remains little developed." tion is still a fact of life in Liberia. In somewhat the same fashion, the There also remain cases of conflict of "Corruption permeates every aspect of new president personally accepts money interest. Many government ministers still own rubber plantations. In fact, nearly all privately-owned plantations belong to officials in government. Liberian union WHAT IS HAPPENING officials and many workers claim this is IN AFRICA . . . AND WHY f the reason unions are not allowed to or- ganize ir agriculture, and why pay for ask people who know . . . they read workers [;; so low. AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL Liberia has been criticized for the power of its elite, the Americo-Liberians, Now In its 12th year of publication, Africa Confidential has steadily built up or settler families—descendants of free a reputation for exclusive news reports, accurate analysis, and objective blacks from America. Since arriving on treatment of the contemporary African political and economic scene. the coast of Liberia in 1822, these set- It is read In Peking as well as the U.S. State Department, Pretoria as well as Dar es Salaam. tlers have been in control of government It is now required reading for embassies, most university departments dealing with international affairs and politics, and businesses with dealings and have enjoyed easy access to the with Africa. Heads of Government subscribe. So do oil companies. state's resources. President Tubman An independent fortnightly publication (25 issues per year), Africa Confidential worked to bring other Liberians into is compiled from reports by correspondents in the major world centres such as government, and President Tolbert, who Washington, London, Paris, Brussels and Rome, as well as the African capitals. We preserve the anonymity of our correspondents. We do this not out of any desire to is Americo-Liberian, aims to ease the appear "James Bondish," but so that they can write knowing they are free imbalance further. He makes an effort of the political and other pressures which so often follow publication to speak in inland languages on occa- of information which Governments and others would prefer left unpublished. sion, and has stressed the importance of Africa Confidential is NOT on sale at bookstalls. It is obtainable by direct subscription. developing "up-country" regions. Yet in Subscription rates* (which include air mait postage to any part of the world) : his administration Americo-Liberians still For one year (25 issues): $27.50 (£10.50) predominate, holding top positions both Bona Fide Students: $15 (£6) in government and in business. There is a growing political conscious- Write or send the atfached coupon Please send me Africa Confidential for one year. ness among "country" (non-settler) enclosing $27.50 or £10.50 to: I enclose ——— _ youth. Education leads them to question the role of the elite, and to take more Mr/Mrs/Mist Africa Confidential, (5) pride in their traditional background. It 33 Rutland Gate Street is unsure whether in the long run Tol- London SW7 Town bert's gradual reforms will satisfy them, Country or If there will need to be more drastic L. changes later.

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 IN WASHINGTON Clark McGregor's vacation: different' might be an understatement

By Bruce Oudes

First the good news: For the first time private investment in Africa exclusive President upon his return, especially, it in 13 years Africa in 1972 registered a of South Africa increased 10 per cent to must be assumed, on his two visits with favorable balance of trade with the $2,869 million. Investment in South Af- Ian Smith, his meeting with Gen. Ar- United States. rica climbed better than I I per cent to riaga, the Portuguese commander, and Now the bad: In 1972 the US reg- $964 million. These figures suggest that his tour of the "pacified" areas of istered its first unfavorable balance of in 1972 U.S. investment in South Africa Northern Mozambique. trade with Africa since 1959. passed the $1 billion mark, and invest- MacGregor told a Beira news con- Being as this is a town that sees Af- ment In the rest of Africa passed $3 ference December I after his tour that rica only as one big cliche, one might billion. Investment in Libya in 1971 in- he was enjoying "an agreeable and dif- say the U.S. views this development with creased less than 3 per cent to $1,044 ferent" holiday and that he was happy alarm, its African trade bag being half million suggesting that in late 1972 or to confirm all the fine things he had empty rather than half full. Thin humor, early 1973 South Africa regained the understood constituted Portuguese pol- however, cannot conceal the fact that top spot in U.S. private investment in icy in Africa. He tried to pull the "pri- by coming in a year when the U.S. was Africa. By the time President Nixon vate citizen" bit In an interview with a registering probably the worst balance leaves office U.S. investment in South Washington columnist after his return, of trade deficit in its history and during Africa should be in excess of $1,500 but the Rhodesian Financial Gaiefte of a strongly business oriented Administra- million. December I quoted him as saying, "For tion, the small African contribution to This economic news appropriately de- anyone in public life as I am, being on U.S. trade woes is merely setting up the scribes the atmosphere surrounding holiday can't mean that I switch off. I'm Mother Continent for U.S. retaliation Clark MacGregor's visit to Southern not a private citizen. . . ." on a wide variety of policy issues. Rhodesia, Mozambique, and Angola After conveying his impressions of On the basis of nine-month figures during the holiday season. MacGregor, the trip to the President, MacGregor which State Department officials feel who had just become a vice president of said he thought U.S. policy toward Rho- certain will be borne out by the final United Aircraft after managing the desia would change "probably within tallies, U.S. imports of African petro- President's re-election campaign, was the next two years" most likely starting leum quadrupled in 1972, bypassing beyond doubt the most politically sig- with a gradual easing of travel and green coffee as Africa's most important nificant American visitor to Salisbury trade restrictions. "I'm not saying the export to the U.S. American exports to since UDI. The net effect of his visit was President will recognize Rhodesia, but Africa were off by something in the to substantially increase the pressure on it wouldn't surprise me at all if he did neighborhood of $250 million. Given the Britain and Rhodesia to have another so. . ." MacGregor cited all the Cold rising U.S. need for foreign oil, the go at a settlement waltz. War reasons for justifying this change of Algerian gas and South African plati- Should he be considered Nixon's per- U.S. policy including Communist pene- num/palladium deals, and the resump- sonal envoy? On balance, yes. MacGre- tration of Africa and the Indian Ocean. tion of imports from Rhodesia, the un- gor visited Africa as the "hunting trip" Another, unsaid, undoubtedly was that favorable U.S. balance of trade with guest of Lee Grigg, a wealthy business- the resumption of U.S. exports to Rho- Africa is not likely to be a one time man and long-time friend of white rule desia—including United Aircraft prod- thing, but the pattern of the future. in Africa from MacGregor's home state ucts—would help redress the trade im- balance caused by the Byrd Amend- The investment picture, meanwhile, of Minnesota. However, the President ment. according to figures released late in knew MacGregor was going, and Mac- 1972 shows that during 1971 U.S. direct Gregor immediately reported to the Although careful to say he was not

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 IN WASHINGTON

repeating the President's words, Mac- ity African rule. Thus, the White House showing its films through a commercial Gregor left the impression that the can reason, if their arch enemy agrees distributor, and that during the Nixon President feels that black American sup- that Rhodesia is strictly a British prob- years it has been able to routinely show port of McGovern, the events in Ugan- lem, all the U.S. has to do is to be seen its films at U.S. government installations. da, and Africa's opposition to the U.S. following Britain's lead regardless of In 1971 it had a pre-Christmas showing anti-terrorism resolution at the U.N. where It might be taking the U.S. for the Army at Fort Myer. During the leave him free to follow what he regards MacGregor's decision to air his Rho- first half of 1972 the RIO peddled its as pragmatic policies in southern Af- desia views also cleared up the question message at I I U.S. government instal- rica. This in turn forces the question of of why the White House didn't try to lations. Besides NASA, the U.S. Forest how actively the President plans to raise defeat the Byrd Amendment during Service, and the VA, the RIO scored the Rhodesia question with Britain in 1971 and 1972. MacGregor was the at U.S. Navy installations at Portsmouth, 1973. Heath shed a crocodile tear—that President's chief aide for Congressional N.H., and Vallejo, Calif., as well as at is, lightened sanctions a bit—in Novem- relations before the campaign assign- the Marines' Camp Lejeune. ("From the ber. However, he and his ally, Nixon, ment and as such was the person whose halls of Shabani to the shores of Kariba"} did not go through with the full drop- refusal to call key Republican Senators While the stuff of the Nixon-Smith ping of trade barriers as they might meant victory for Byrd. MacGregor, of courtship is titillating, the President's have. (See "In Washington," May, 1972) course, received Bishop Abel Muzorewa white-thinking desire to punish Africa Peering between the lines of what Mac- because of Uganda and the heresy of Gregor said, this surely is what the last May. It is understood that Mac- White House Is contemplating In 1973 Gregor didn't return the courtesy during not supporting the U.S. on its anti-terror- if Heath and Smith can't arrange a set- his Rhodesian safari. ism plan at the U.N. requires closer ex- tlement sans embarrassing details like The State Department says It has no amination. First, the terrorism resolution Pearce Commission. plans to inform the American people was the only substantive matter at the how much the U.S. is importing from U.N. in which the President was Inter- Nixon made a start on whipping the Rhodesia as a result of the Byrd Amend- ested las" fall. State Department into line on Rhodesia ment. However, according to a leaked He undoubtedly did not understand by naming Kenneth Rush Undersecretary State compilation, the U.S. during the just how much he was tightening the of State. Rush left the presidency of third quarter of 1972 imported 40,000 link between southern Africa and the Union Carbide in 1969 in order to join tons of Rhodesian minerals on 12 vessels. Middle East in doing it. South Africa the Nixon team. According to a very Most was chrome, but also included were and Portugal used a golden opportunity well-placed State Department official, nickel cathodes, asbestos, and beryllium. to demonstrate to Nixon their indis- Rush personally raised with the President The nations who violated sanctions by pensability to the U.S. in helping in the the matter of Union Carbide's request carrying the booty to the U.S. on ships defense of Israel. The pair plus Lesotho to import chrome from its Rhodesian in their registry were Liberia, Britain, the were the only African support Nixon got subsidiary affer he was sworn in as am- Netherlands, Italy, Greece, and South in the key tally December II. Ivory bassador to Bonn. The President said he Africa. Coast, Malawi, Mauritius, and Swaziland didn't see why not, the source added, abstained and the rest of Africa— and White House aide Peter Flanigan The new Australian government's de- including Botswana—voted unanimously called Nathaniel Samuels, the Deputy cision to close the Rhodesia Information against the U.S. Under Secretary for Economic Affairs to Office means that the two-man Rhode- get State working on a process that took sian operation in Washington is Salis- The fact" that such staunch U.S. friends a year to complete before Union Car- bury's only diplomatic establishment out- as Liberia, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Tunisia bide got its way. side of South Africa and Portugal. While felt they could not support Nixon ap- the U.S. was trumpeting to Africa in parently meant nothing. Nixon & Co. are still getting help on 1970 the significance of closing its con- Africans, the Washington Post sug- their Rhodesia project from an unusual sulate in Salisbury, the RIO here was in gested in an emotional editorial Decem- quarter—their arch enemy the Washing- the midst of an expansion program dur- ber 13, were for terror. "Does this mean ton Post. Sharp-eyed White House aides ing which its budget has quadrupled in more violence is to be expected? In the can't help but have noticed that the the Nixon years to $175,000 annually, short run at least, probably yes . . . Af- Post's November 29 editorial asking all of which flows directly from the Rho- rican liberation' movements will do what "What in blazes is Clark MacGregor . . . desian foreign ministry in Salisbury ac- they can in white-run Africa, aided, by doing in Rhodesia?" nevertheless reiter- cording to data the RIO files with the the way, by funds from the World Coun- ated that paper's fundamental policy Justice Department. cil of Churches. It is a grim and frighten- which is that the Rhodesia question is The RIO doesn't list its contacts with ing prospect. . ." Once again the thrust ended once Britain and Rhodesia reach the Administration and Congress in of the President's southern Africa policy a settlement. The Post refuses to treat these reports, but they do disclose that got vital support from an unexpected the central problem of the Rhodesian mess Washington is also a base for its opera- quarter, boosting the odds further in which is that Moscow and Peking won't tions in Canada (making the Canadians favor of a U.S. veto of Guinea-Bissau's support any settlement short of major- sanctions violators), that the RIO is now U.N. membership application next fall

10 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 despite a State Department estimate with the white ruled nations to an un- a member of the Democratic Platform that 80 nations will recognize Cabral and precedented extent. Committee's foreign policy subcommit- support his U.N, membership bid. The Administration made fundamen- tee, says he pushed it through. Epps, At the White House, meanwhile, the tally correct decisions on the Uganda who personally is no particular friend of Guinea-Bissau problem dominated the Affair—pulling out the Peace Corps, Israel, said "two Jewish delegates with National Security Council's annual re- halting new assistance, and accepting McGovern buttons" convinced him not view of African policy in preparation for 1,000 stateless (not British) Asians—but to vote against a stronger pro-Israeli t-he State of the World address. A veto communicated them in a most unprofes- plank by promising not to oppose his of PAIGC U.N. membership because of sional fashion. State publicly announced southern Africa amendment. While its use of "terrorism" could make good it would not make any new aid to Clark MacGregor went to white Africa political sense for the Republicans. It Uganda before it had informed the after the election, the Rev. Jesse Jack- can set black and Jewish Democrats to Uganda government in private. Charles son went to Liberia and apparently squabbling among themselves, the White Bray, State's spokesman, and Assistant worked out a plan with President Tolbert House can calculate, and give the Jew- Secretary David Newsom collaborated whereby black Americans could obtain ish vote yet another nudge into the GOP on that one. dual U.S./Liberian citizenship in the same way that Jewish Americans can fold. After all, the Azores are now "vi- At the same time the necessarily deli- obtain dual U.S./lsraeli citizenship. ta!" to the U.S., the Pentagon secretly cate relationship between a career as- argues, because they are the transit sistant secretary and a politically ap- One decision the President made point for the F-4 Phantoms Nixon is pointed ambassador, Thomas Melady, nearly two years ago on southern Africa sending to Israel. contributed to some obvious foul-ups by policy is only now beginning to be Uganda and Burundi factor in not the American Embassy in Kampala. fully discernible. The ostensibly ad hoc dissimilar fashion. The President's logic Newsom, fortunately, managed to con- decisions allowing South Africa and Por- and that of much of white liberal Amer- vince Manhattan Rep. Edward Koch not tugal to purchase more types of U.S. ica seems to run as follows: Gen. Amin's to legislate the cut-off. State said De- aircraft and herbicides are not ad hoc actions not only show that black people cember 18 that harassment of Ameri- at all, according to a well informed are racists, but that they also wish to cans in Uganda has "ended," and that source. They are pursuant to a 1970 exterminate minorities: therefore blacks new loans will not be signed without National Security Decision Memoran- could not be counted on to protect "appropriate consultation" with Con- dum ordering the bureaucracy to rule in white Christian and Jewish minority gress and "a full evaluation" of Uganda- favor of U.S. business whenever a "gray rights in southern Africa if they ever U.S. relations. areas" case comes up involving the two countries. came to power. Therefore the U.S., al- Given the apparent linkage in Nixon's beit discreetly, must continue to support negative thinking between the Uganda An arms sales ban remains, but it is retention of maximum white authority Affair, the U.N. terrorism vote, and not the broad military embargo of the in the region in order that the rights of black American votes and Africa policy, Kennedy-Johnson years. Portugal recent- the white minority may be preserved. perhaps only Israel has both sufficient ly purchased U.S. aerial mapping planes. Thus, most editorial comment in the clout in Washington and interest in Af- Lockheed, which sold C-130s to the U.S. on Uganda included some remark rica to be able to convince the President South African military a decade ago, about the events bolstering South Africa and Dr. Kissinger not to follow the Mac- now reportedly wants to sell them C-5s. without examining that proposition Gregor-Rush line on Rhodesia and the The South Africans presumably are in- further. The central fallacy in it, of Lisbon line on Guina-Bissau. Israel terested in acquiring naval reconnais- course, is the stereotyping of black peo- must be among the first to recognize sance aircraft they were denied by a ple. The white assumption is that blacks Cabral's government if it is to have any 1965 U.S. ruling. in southern Africa are the same as blacks hope of retaining influence in black Af- Unpublished Export Control Office in Uganda, but white liberals uncon- rica. At the same time an Anglo-Ameri- figures show the U.S. sold South Africa vinclngly deny it is stereotyping. They can decision to flout the U.N. on Rho- a total of 1,967 light aircraft, transport say they are simply recognizing the black desia would only make it more difficult aircraft, and helicopters worth $192.5 for the U.S. and Israel to keep U.N. vot- claim of African Unity. While many million between 1963 and Sept. 30, ing from becoming even more pro-Arab. black people understand African Unity 197 I. The Pentagon says the U.S. trained to be a dream just as European Unity is The rapidly evolving black-Jewish re- 83 Portuguese air force officers between a dream among some whites, whites for lationship in the U.S. and Africa got mid-1970 and mid-1972. The U.S. had self-serving reasons persist in granting two other particularly interesting twists trained an average of less than four per to African Unity all the attributes in 1972. It turns out that the Demo- year during the previous seven years. claimed by its most fanatic exponents. cratic Parly plank that would deny U.S. U.S. trained pilots usually prefer to fly The net result of this process, of course, tax credit to American firms in white- U.S. made planes. All this of course does is further black-white polarization on ruled Africa {see "In Washington," July- not indicate a Nixon preference for southern Africa, unbalanced editorials, August, 1972) was the result of black- white Africa, oh no, just exports, old and a President willing to do business Jewish logrolling. Ed Epps, 26 and black, chap, exports. Q

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 I I BLACK MUSIC Where it's at and where it's going

On November 27, 1972, a discussion Moore: First, I'd like to throw out the tools and the procedures of European of black music took place at Brook- general question, what are the prob- musical education, would come up with lyn College, New York, in which both lems of hanging on to what we've got, the same type of end result that the black American musicians and aca- in terms of the music that comes out teacher was using: specifically, if a demics, and African musicians and of Africa, while at the same time we person is trained in the twelve-tone academics working in the New York live within the casing of other cultures technique, then nine times out of ten area participated. The intention was that arc aimed in another direction? to explore the state of black music at he will utilize this particular technique. Goines: Because we're sitting here in an Another thing has been happening in the present time, allowing the discus- academic institution, I think immedi- sion to go where the participants the last couple of years has been the ately of the black composers working wanted, rather than structuring it in desire for a number of these young advance. Since the discussion was be- more or less in the European tradition. I've noticed in the past, in playing the composers to negate this tendency, and fore a student audience and in a uni- to make a conscious effort to make versity setting, problems of teaching works of many of the younger black some kind of a tie between what they and studying black music bulked composers, that there are not many Af- large. What follows is an edited ver- rican retentions and reinterpretations are doing and what they feel they sion of the discussion, which was in their work, and this I had attributed should be doing if this African heritage sponsored by "Africa Report" and for to the academic process itself. is to be incorporated into their work which Brooklyn College generously What I mean by this is that a com- and to be furthered in this sense. provided facilities. poser, once he is prepared with the Barretto: In another area, not the classi- cal area but so-called popular music, I think that there's been a retention. But RAY BARRETTO is one of the leading JONAS GWANGWA, a South African bandleaders in the true Latin-Caribbean there hasn't been the realization. Whe- trombonist, was a member of Hugh ther the people realize it or not, you tradition, and a noted conga player. He Masekela's Union of South Africa group has toured in Africa as well as all over as well as having led his own groups in certainly find in the things that are the New World. the United States for the past ten years. happening in the Latin area, by the LAZARUS E. N. EKWUEME holds very nature of its direct influence from advanced music degrees from British and CARMAN MOORE, who was moder- Africa to the islands, that the African American universities and has been active ator of the discussion, is a composer, influence was and is still strong there, in both western and African music. He critic and teacher, currently teaching a and in American pop music. . . . When is currently Assistant Professor of Music course at Brooklyn College and a regular we played in the Ivory Coast we heard at the State University of New York, music columnist in the "Village Voice." Stony Brook. some groups there and we saw dances MICHAEL BABATUNDE OLATUNJI that were . . . you could see where LEONARD GOINES plays trumpet with is the founder of the Olatunji Center for the boogaloo comes from, only you the New World Symphony, and has also might ask the kids here what they were been associated in black music groups African Culture in Harlem, as well as with such musicians as Donald Byrd being a fine drummer who has made a doing and how they related that to and Jackie McLean. He currently teaches number of experimental recordings in Africa and they might not be able to at Manhattan Community College, New the U.S. and lectured and demonstrated answer it. Yet it was there, obviously, York. till over the country. at least the rhythmic thing had been

12 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 handed down, and the roots were still there, you couldn't deny it. Moore: Mixtures in general is what I was getting at with my question. In this particular age that we live in it's almost more natural to mix. We are barraged with everybody's ideas and everybody's cultures. If you watch television news you get a commercial about Alka Seltzer, you have a picture of some- body skiing down a mountain in order to sell something, you have people be- ing killed in Vietnam, and then you have something funny . . . they're whisking you all over the world. And musically we have the same kind of thing—it's just like a grab-bag. Does that pose a threat to African music, and to African-rooted music? Is it something we as performers should worry about? Leonard (Goinesl hinted that the pure European classical tradition was being maintained on pur- pose by certain young black composers who studied it. What about black music? Olatunji: We have to realize that for the survival of the remnants of African cul- ture in the New World, in North and South America, we must have institu- tions that will help to perpetuate them. But we don't have these institutions— and that is the only important thing, as far as I'm concerned, that we lack. Even though we have people who have been trained in the western way of composing and writing (I can't read music, I do my composition by do-re- mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do, but that can take me anywhere to teach, because I've de- veloped my own technique, based on what I have inherited), there is not a single institution in this part of the world to help to encourage, to produce and to develop talent. It's quite easy, as Brother Ray Bar- retto said, in Latin America. But we have to remember that what they took over there they retain in the form of religion, in the form of social institu- tions, which was not possible in North America, except when you go to the Gullah districts in South Carolina and Georgia, where people still bear Af- rican names like Olalee Harris or Bobo Talya, which means "the truth" which i1. :\iticrian jujn Mai. Styles like hi.\ arc dynamic v.\prcs\ion\ <>j Africa's comes from the Vai language. What musical experience—but do they threaten the main heritage? institutions do you have to encourage people who are going through the disci- a university, is for, just giving you the time, to accomplish a particular task? pline—because that's what I consider discipline to be able to budget your The absence of social institutions

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 13 'Basically we're talking about beauty . . . I don't ask why or where.'

creates a lot of problems, and I think along the coast from Uruguay going the little that we have left in this part all the way back to Ecuador, where of the world of that African influence you'll find isolated pockets, black com- that has benefited so many people in munities, where black music is re- the world, will soon disappear. Because tained. Throughout the Caribbean Is- our emphasis today is not really on the lands, especially in places like Haiti surviving elements of what we have and Cuba. And in Brazil—I spent left, but on taking what we know about some time also in Brazil this summer, it and trying to make it what it is not. and in Bahia, the black area in the -So I think we should talk about how north, you have a number of reten- we are going to develop some of these tions. institutions, or an institution within an Again it points to the same fact that we and those scholars (I am not talk- Michael was making before. Where the ing about those of us who are per- institutions have been preserved, the institution, like another institution music is preserved, and that's because Ray Barretlo within Brooklyn College; not just for of this functional nature that he was blacks, but for all those who would be speaking of. When we are speaking of But what we are saying, I guess, is interested. I think it is high time that black music, and when we are speaking that there is a need to retain the North of retentions and ^interpretations, and formers) dig down and do this re- American black music as it was, not to asking will it survive, are we asking. search so that we can be given the try to incorporate a complete African "will it survive as it does in Surinam, kind of credit that we really deserve. lifestyle in North America. Is that what where they still have an African tribal Gwangwa: I'd like to reinforce Mr. Ola- you were saying? tunji's point. I agree. And also 1 find type of life going?" That's the only Olatunji: Not necessarily so. If you all that in studying music, most of the place in this continent where we still have African tribal life, and to my remember. Brother [John] Coltrane, experts—people that we study—are knowledge that's the only place that may he rest in peace, got to the point Europeans: Bach, Mozart. Not that we have that degree of retentions and whereby he couldn't go any farther, they are not good musicians, they are reinterpretations. In places like Cuba and he was doing some soul-searching fine, but to really get down to our and Haiti, where we do have a large —and you all remember how his music thing, to retain the African heritage, number of retentions and reinterpreta- was first regarded. we have to start to study some of the tions, there's been much more of a black composers, the African com- Now. what he was trying to do is to mixture, it's been syncretized a great find new areas of identity and interpre- posers, see how they go about their deal more. music. Because in this country we don't tation, and he started coming to our have an immediate environment. Michael spoke about the Georgia school, studying the language, because and Carolina. Sea Islands, where we he discovered that he could find prob- For instance, Mr. Olatunji's been ably new inspiration in what the lan- here for 22 years, and I've been here have our greatest number of retentions and reinterpretations. but in North guage had to offer him. So even though quite a long time myself. I find that all we are not saying that what we know the music I am playing or writing, I America, by and large, there are very as North American black music should do mostly from memory. Because I'm very few overt . . . because we don't take an about-turn, it has a reservoir not in the immediate environment, I'm have any kind of cult retentions, we that needs to be exploited, I think. trying to retain as much as possible, don't have these direct religious. . . . but as much as I am assimilating too, I'm sure you're saying, Yes, we do, Barretto: I think we should deal basically I find that I am assimilating when I'm because you think of the Pentecostal with the fact that we're talking about trying to reject, because we don't have Church, you think of the Baptist beauty. And beauty is a thing to be re- these institutions, or any place of ref- Church, and we do have all of these. tained, to be passed on. I don't care erence where you can retain the home But we do not have candomble, as they so much about its original function— thing, you see. do in Brazil, we don't have vaudou as as a drummer I don't have to play they do in Haiti, we don't have shango my drums to pass a message, I can Goines: I was in Surinam this summer, as they do in Cuba and Bahia and in make a phone call—so I have to deal and I spent some time with the Djuka Trinidad, we don't have lucumi, we with that and live with that. But the (descendants of escaped slaves who don't have okonto as they do in Gui- beauty of drumming I can hang on to. maintain an African-style communal ana. As far as retentions and reinter- The way you listen to Brahms or life], and I found African retentions pretations in North America, that's Mozart—this is the way to listen to there in many instances that were al- finished—I don't think that we can go African music. This is the way I listen most 100 per cent. There are areas, all back that far. to classical music, this is the way I

14 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 'Much of the black man's sustaining capacity comes from his song/

perhaps see music, and in particular like melody, harmony, rhythm, form, African or A fro-American music, instrumentation, and musical asthetics. from an entirely different perspective Melodically speaking, maybe a lot from my colleagues here, in that 1 has been changed in the music of look at it particularly from an ana- black America, but we still notice lytical point of view. We talked about those fundamental principles of scale research and scholarship, and those and melodic organization which orig- of us who are involved in teach- inate from Africa. To wit, the penta- ing on the university level have to be tonic scale is an African form of involved in research and analysis and scale, although other parts of the description . . . cutting up and finding world had it. But music is penta- out whys and wherefors. tonically organized in many areas of I'd like to touch on briefly some of Africa. Yoruba music for example is Lazarus Lkwueme the points that have been raised here. almost exclusively pentatonic. And if The first, that we all know, is the ques- we only look at a few black American tion of retention. Retention is a very songs we find the pentatonic scale listen to jazz, to Bird, to Diz—I soak broad subject. We can look at the coming out. Take spirituals, because in their beauty, I don't ask why or functional aspect of music, and we we probably know them most, perhaps where. I think this is the basic func- find that there is definitely retention more than current pop songs. There tion that we have to deal with today. in the extraordinarily functional as- are so many belonging to the penta- Moore: Is it a richer experience when pect of music amongst black peoples tonic scale, and you even find that fla- you're drumming poetry, when you throughout the world, as originated in vor of the pentatonic scale in present- know that your drums are talking in the home-continent of Africa. day pop songs such as "Papa was a a particular language and you're par- As my colleague here, Olatunji, has Rolling Stone." by the Temptations. ticipating in an ensemble than when traced briefly, music comes in at every Now one important thing again about you're drumming in the other way, facet of human endeavor. I don't want African and Afro-American, melodic which is like a self-expressive kind of to touch on love and marriage and lines is the blue note. The blue note abstract poetry? You know what I'm death, as he mentioned, but I want to really arises from the fact that we in saying. touch on one aspect which affects us Africa have what we call "neutral Olatunji: I cannot disagree with my all, and this is the question of using thirds"—that is, thirds that are nei- Brother Barretto, because he is in a music for work. ther major nor minor but in between, unique position, coming from an en- Perhaps the area of work-songs is which the slaves brought over here, vironment which knows what it's all where the black man's universal iden- and since there are no neutral thirds about, so he doesn't Iv'.ve to care tity throughout the world manifests in American European music had to about what it means. But we're talk- itself most vividly. He has had to work opt for the minor third in some of ing about people who don't know what very hard all his life, trying to eke out those aspects. it means. He has a unique back- a living, toiling laboriously with primi- In harmony again, we find that ground, a unique community experi- tive tools on overworked pieces of parallel harmony, which is imitation ence, from whence he came—he still land, or sweating his life away in tht of the melodic line at a different pitch, retains that. mines, railroads, cotton fields or is the normal way of harmonizing Barretto: I was referring though, Mike, sugar-cane plantations to the enrich- songs in Africa. The same thing oc- curs in the Caribbean and in black to the way I define it from a personal ment of the white man, both in Africa American churches. You will find point of view. I don't have to get —notably in South Africa and the people will parallel the melody, at a involved in ... Portuguese colonies—and in the New fifth or a fourth above, or a sixth, it Olatunji: You're blessed already! World. The situation is not much dif- ferent even today. The wonder that doesn't matter, but it's still the same Barretto: We all are! But I would say principle. we're going to get institutionalized, or the black man has survived this or- attempt to. Then certainly emphasis deal becomes less bewildering when it I think that's enough for harmony, must be placed on the history and the is realized that a lot of this sustaining we're not really going to go into tech- meaning as well as the actual music capacity comes from the power of his nical detail. I am going to touch very itself. song. briefly on rhythm. I just want to men- tion that there are two rhythm pat- Ekwueme: There have been several points Personally, I am particularly in- terns that belong to Africa and belong tossed about, and I really do not know terested in those aspects where the re- also to the Caribbean, and to every exactly where to begin. I must explain tention is more theoretically musical, black man anywhere, and also have where I come from myself, because I in those fundamental parts of music

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 15 now been inherited by those non-black political oppression, to big cities, to peoples on whose music the rhythms a family's being torn systematically and drums of Africa have had an im- apart, to the breakdown of that orig- portant and dominant influence, no- inal religion and the substitution of tably the Spanish people. Somebody a new religion. All of these things, once said that Cuba may be called the existence of the blues, ragtime, Nigeria in slow motion—musically jazz, etc., etc., are testimony to the speaking, not politically speaking!— fact that this music has that . . . may- because there is a fundamental rhythm be it's that life-force that's more im- pattern in Nigeria that is found in portant than the various particulars. Cuba but much slower, and in fact Barretto: The proof of the pudding is in this rhythm pattern has become a rock its own perpetuation. It's here, it will rhythm pattern throughout the world. be here, and it will continue to influ- Two rhythm patterns form the basis ence. As the media grow, as communi- of many musical accompaniments in cations grow, I think this influence the black world. The first may be sub- will become even stronger. I think its divided into 3+3+2, and the second shown by the awareness now of Latin- into (2+2+3) + (2+3). Apart from ^merican music, in its purest sense— these two patterns, there are other as- Leonard Goines I'm not talking about Cugat and those pects of rhythm such as the simultane- people, that was "whitey"—but in the ous combination of several diverse things that are happening today and rhythm patterns on various instru- the lact that you can make a motion ments (known as poly rhythm), and 7 had no formal training in black picture, that you can make records the displacement of accents from so- music until I Iiad four music that ;re being distributed all over the called strong beats (referred to as syn- degrees.' world. copation), which are commonly em- When we were in Africa it seemed ployed by black people in all parts of like 1he circle had come full turn. It's the world. the movement of the feet and the arms as if the two continents had met— There are many other aspects of and the body, but the African invari- it was the most thrilling experience rhythm of course which we can't go ably wears bells, jingles, anklets, any- of my life. And now, you can't pick into here, but these retentions, which thing to amplify that movement in up a commercial without hearing a are fundamental to rhythmic accom- sound so you can also hear him dance. conga drum in the background, you paniment to any piece of music, show If you watch the Ballets Africains know—it's there, it'll grow, it has to that there have been a lot of reten- you're going to see them and hear grow, it's too strong a force, you can't tions. them. James Brown sings for you to hold it back. Instrumentation I want to touch on hear—but do you go to hear James Moore: Not only that, but in Africa itself, just a little bit. A fundamental prin- Brown? You go to see him. So for there have been times when so-called ciple of African instrumentation is the any art that is primarily for the visual, Latin music has been the rage. Right act of beating. We like to hit things. there is always the audible. For any now James Brown is the rage there. If it's a bell or a drum—we like to art that's primarily aural, there is I was in Ghana last year and ap- beat it, and it is this that has given always the visual. parently James Brown had just swept rise to many percussion instruments But beyond these two dimensions through the continent and could get developed throughout the world. It is there's a third one, one that is in- himself elected king any time he this that has given birth to the steel tangible, one that can only be defined wanted to, and it set me to wonder- bands of Trinidad and the West In- as the inner spiritual force—the soul. ing, possibly to worrying. . . . dies, to the vibraphone of Lionel It manifests itself in diverse ways, but There was a conference there at the Hampton, to other things that Quincy the soul of music—which is what Institute of African Studies, and Pro- Jones uses today. Even when we use Olatunji and Ray Barretto are talking fessor Nketia and a lot of other peo- woodwind instruments or brass instru- about in different terms—you cannot ple, Akin Euba from Nigeria and some ments we use them percussively, be- touch it, you can't define it, but it is other people were concerned about the cause we just like to beat things. And there, it is the burning energy, the youth of Africa finding out about tra- that percussive aspect of our music is force, the ntu, the superhuman, super- ditional African music. They were retained throughout the black man's natural sensation that permeates all worried that there was this wave from musical output. our endeavors in musical output. outside. Of course it's like wave two of Finally, a touch on esthetics. There's Moore: The glory of African music itself African music coming back after it's always a two-dimensional aspect in may be its ability to adapt, its ability been digested somewhere else, but still African artistic endeavor: there's the not only to—in the African traditional they d'd consider that a real prob- outward visible sign, and there's the sense—create itself a work-song that lem, which is to some extent why I acoustic audible sound. If a man will get the hoeing done or some- bring the problem back and toss it our dances he's primarily letting you see thing, but adapt itself to slavery, to way, because we're even more sur-

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 rounded by, let's say, western culture that it's part of ... it's in my blood- in many different ways. system too, I can accept it, I'm glad Goines: I'm glad this is coming up, be- of it, bring it all on and let's have cause we have been speaking primarily some more." And that's how it'll grow. about African traditional music, and Goines That brings up something very we hadn't spoken very much about the interesting that happened with me this popular music. And as you stated, summer also. In the past, in speaking since the 1960s at least, there's been of music of the Latin and Caribbean a big western type of influence, and countries, we have made an artificial even before that with highlife and separation between the English-speak- this type of thing. ing countries, the French-speaking, the Spanish-speaking, so forth and so I remember when I first hit East on. On my way back from Surinam I Africa about six or seven years ago, was very fortunate in that 1 hit Guy- in listening to the music on the juke- ana just about the time that their box I was trying to figure where this three-week festival of Caribbean arts Latin sound was coming from, and it began. They had a program designed took me quite a while to get a satis- to draw together under one roof mem- factory answer, and the answer was Jonas Gwangwa bers of 22 countries, performing very easy once it came: the most popu- groups, speakers, etc., and to try to lar recording at that time was done in define some kind of common heritage, Kinshasa, in the Congo, and the and (o move on from that. You had Congo had this big influence from groups there from Cuba, from Haiti, Latin and Caribbean music, and spe- 7 find that Ym assimilating when the entire Latin and Caribbean area. cifically from Cuba and places like I'm trying to reject.'' At the same time that I learned a that. And it doesn't take us very long great deal from the performances and to know why the music from Cuba being able to see a lot of the musical would attract them, because it's very elements and characteristics exhibited, close, and as Ray stated, this is a there's more drumming in the West I had a chance to speak with the di- cyclic thing. Coast than you would find in South Africa. There's a lot of different kinds rectors and performers from all of And at that same time, when I of melody and different harmoniza- these different groups. And it was en- went over to West Africa, James tion. But all these people that have lightening to me when I spoke, for Brown was still soul brother number come here from different sections of example, with the director of the one, and they were doing ihe Afro Africa, as big as it is, have a music group from Brazil and she said to me beat and other types, which was not that has become like black music that that she was surprised to find, when so much like the calypso at all—well, is indigenous to the United States, and she saw a lucumi group from Cuba, maybe a little-—-but with a sort of all you've got to do is just look back how close they were to their group. Motown type of shuffle. Where do you and try to trace it where it came from. For the first time she had seen how think that this is heading from the It's all there, at! of it. similar all of them ... It was very popular music standpoint, Ray, do you Barretto: That's the problem, you see. easy for me to explain to her, because have any ideas? The Latin community has this mixture the Yoruba base was the same. Barretto: T don't know-—we're going to of Africa and Spain, and those that are I think that Guyana is to be com- meet at the pass somewhere. u little lighter tend to go more towards mended for having this type of under- the Spanish thing. There is this re- Gwangwa: I think it's also because the taking. It was very fruitful, if for fusal to accept the strong African people out here, all the black people, nothing else than that it began people heritage that is still there whether they are taken from different parts of Af- thinking in terms of a Caribbean type want to realize it or not. And the rica, and that's why you find what is younger black American generation—• of national music, rather than thinking being done here is the same as there. is now saying, "But dad, you never in terms of Spanish and French. Be- Of course you find people taken from told me that we are Africans," when cause the African-characteristic ele- the Congo, the West Coast, and the they go to, say, Michael's school. ments transcend all of this. music is from different tribes, and Moore: Getting back to the other end of when they got out here they got to- It's not just learning the music itself the spectrum, most of us here are gether. It's like a melting-pot. In the but learning that this is all part of our composers and arrangers on certain blues you find resolutions that we heritage. Once we begin to understand levels. Is it your experience that you never have for instance in South Af- that, I think that the perpetuation of mix consciously European elements rica, like maybe F-sharp resolving to the music will intensify, because we into the music, wherever you think a G. A lot of use of the Dorian mode, can now deal with our own root-begin- that your ground-level, roots musical for instance, in South Africa, which nings and say, "Hey, that's beautiful, style is coming from? Do you reach you don't find very much in other sec- I knew there was a reason why I liked tions of Africa. Like you would find for, say. a strange chord out of the it, an innate reason, and now I know avant-garde classical tradition?

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 17 7 think . . . there's nothing major to worry about, there's just work to be done.'

Gwangwa: South Africa is a large coun- nothing to do with Africa. I don't be- try, and if you iry and take music lieve in the Gregorian chant having from the different tribes and try to put had any effect on South Africa, for it together, it's very diverse. And I instance. (I always keep on saying don't think that you would be trying South Africa, but it is the only place to reach out for a chord that is for- that I have really known very much.) eign, because it would sound foreign And I have heard various kinds of —it wouldn't fit, it just jars the ear. So music coming out of Africa, from the I never really try to find any kind of back country, from people who never foreign thing. have been exposed to any kind of western music at all, who sing in cer- Barrctto: That's musical boundaries being Carman Moore tain harmonies . . . you know, I took torn down and the old traditional dos and don'ts of composition and arrang- a Congolese record to my counterpoint ing being eliminated. I wouldn't be teacher and said, "You analyze that difficult pieces I've had to work with, surprised if the European-oriented and I'll write the exam," and he and it's indigenous African, from the composers become more and more broke, the computer broke! deepest "jungle" there could be in Af- aware of African music. I think you Ekwueme: This is very interesting, be- rica, without any external influence. will find symphonies being written cause anybody who may have said However, it is up to us to capture with that influence. I expect that to be that Gregorian chant, medieval music, these powerful ingredients of African the next big movement. or any period of European music in- music and use them in our composi- fluenced African music is basing his tions. And I am not afraid of the Gwangwa: Well, I figure that within Af- judgment on this fallacious theory that changes that take place, because no rica itself, we have a range of so many nothing, period, much less anything man is an island entire of himself. The kinds of music that you could write good, could come out of Africa. It is African, in fact, has to take from without doing anything that is Euro- the same assumption that, to try to other cultures to the enrichment of pean, and it would appear that it's justify the existence of metal artifacts his own. European, but it really isn't. in Africa, people have to hypothesize Olatunji: That's what I'm saying. We Barrelto: But we're beginning to ... once that the European must have taught have been robbed of our culture, of we can get past political boundaries them how to work metal, which is a our cultural practices. Take a simple and get past the old suspicions about ridiculous theory to propound. It's just example. Tom Jones is a product of one another, maybe we can start deal- the difficulty the white man has in Motown, really. And grew big on it. ing in terms of "I dig where you're at, accepting that there are certain funda- (Continued on page 20) I'd like to use it for some of my things mental, sophisticated cultural develop- and see what happens." ments in Africa that have come about without the help of the white man. Moore: Mr. Gwangwa. you play trom- bone, which is a western instrument, Talking about influences and com- that's a foreign element already. positional techniques—we find that fundamentals of African harmony in- Gwangwa: Actually, I never even think clude what I call a "pedal" tone, a of it as a western instrument, you drone, which again manifests itself in know, because it's just the sound that western black American music. . . . I'm dealing with, but to me it has al- One of the most intricate pieces I ways had an African sound, that I am have heard, harmonically and rhythm- trying to utilize in a certain manner, ically, is a piece sung by ten Ekonda but I never really think what any Congo women in Zaire. For one, it is music is, what's the instrument. in 13/8 metric system, and the harm- I still want to hear something that ony is in five parts, starting with a is purely western, that I can say has drone. Anyway, that's one of the most

'For our music's survival we must have institutions.* Michael Babatunde Olatunji

18 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 each other and with Afro-American styles. This record, for which I wrote the notes as well as making the selec- Black music tions, gives examples from 11 countries (including some rare East African tracks* and a range of around 20 years. A substantial batch of new West African and Zairian on record recordings documents continuing developments in the modern urban field, and particularly a growing tendency for styles to take elements from each other without losing By John Storm Roberts their identity. This is particularly noticeable in a collec- tion of newish recordings from western Nigeria. Ashiko Muwie Vol. 2, by I. K. Dairo and bis Blue Spots, on Decea It is, obviously, impossible to list even the most impor- Vt Al'S 34, taken together with two recordings by his rival tant recordings of black music of the United States; and Ehenezer Obey, recorded with some two years or so be- there is now a good deal of material from other parts of tween them, show this very clearly. The Obey recordings the black pluriverse, even if it i>- patchy both in quality are Dcoca WAPS 38 and WAPS 58. Particularly marked and in geographical coverage. This listing, therefore, con- is the progressive influence of Congolese guitar styles. The centrates on new African records, with a few others that syncretization is even clearer on another Yoruba re- are relatively unknown, or that cover a little-known area. cording. General Prince Adekunle in the United King- It dors not preclude, in the ease of new records, a longer dom (Ihikun Orisun lye MOLPS 6), where for perhaps review. the first lime, a juju guitarist uses black U.S. elements An album of great importance, although it is not fairly convincingly. without fault*, is Roots of Black Music in America, compilc-d and annotated by Samuel Charters (Folkways Two releases of Ghanaian highlife illustrate strikingly FA2694), an attempt to suggest connections or parallels the major changes that have taken place in 20 years. Hi- between the New World and the relevant musical styles Lift-H You Have Loved (Decca WAPS 45) is an anthol- in Africa. The recording quality—reflecting the quality ogy record reissuing some of the major successes of the of earlier a I bums from which this one was drawn—is 1950s, by groups such as the Black Beats and E.T. Mensah poor, some of the examples are decidedly odd, and the and his Tempos Band. This was the period in which, per- notes, too technical for the layman, are probably not haps, most western influences came into highlife. Contrast technical enough for the expert. But a beginning to this this record with Uhuru Special Hi-Life Numbers, a rela- kind of comparative exploration is overdue. tively recent album by the Professional Uhuru Dance Band I WAPS 31). Here the wheel is turning full circle, Apart from this album. Folkways Records, of 701 Sev- with urban popular musicians in search of their own tra- enth Avenue, has perhaps the largest collection of African ditional roots, and of new ways to relate to them, includ- material. The Biirenreiter scries issued for Unesco is ad- ing references to traditional, semi-traditional and older mirably documented and illustrated, as are the superb urban Ghanaian styles. French Oc.ora selections from francophone West and Cen- tral Africa. Both these series are available in big record The flood of releases from Zai're continues unabated, stores. and the favorites remain the same-—-Roehereau, Franco, Highly welcome are the first releases from a new or- Dr Nieo. Most show signs of a sort of creative fatigue. The ganization, the Traditional Music Documentation Project. musicians involved can produce a highly professional On its label, Kaleidophone, the TMDP has just released sound in their sleep, and too often sound as if they were ten albums of recordings from Hugh Tracey issues that doing so. For the record. Roehereaus most recent album originally appeared on the South African Gallotone la- is on African 360.040. The most interesting releases are bel. These records (Kaleidophone KM A 1-101 include not from Roehereau or Franco, however, hut from other seven arranged by instrument-type, and three country musicians somewhat overshadowed by (he big names. One collections—Rhodesia, Tanzania and Uganda. All the ex- of these is the late Bavon Marie Marie, whose very per- amples were recorded in the early 1950s, and therefore sonal style is recalled in a memorial album. L'IntrepicIe are beginning to take on a certain historical perspective. Bavon Marie Marie, on African 360.023B. Two other Listeners should remember that these records all stem albums featuring somewhat ft hough only somewhat) less from south-eastern, eastern and central Africa (from parts well-known musicians are "Dynamite" Verckys el l'Or- of what is now Zaire). The most interesting records in the chestre Veve, (African 360.016,1 and Sam IVfangwana collection are perhaps the two devoted to early examples (African 360.031B). of guitar music. These include some highly important and A logical development in the two-way relationship be- rare examples of very early Congolese guitar playing—- tween African and U.S. music is the growth of syncretic important because of the later pan-African influence of popular styles that are somewhat similar whether they Congolese urban music. come from American or expatriate African musicians. In the modern urban field there have been a number of Notable recent examples include a rarity—an LP by a new releases. In one of these 1 am myself involved. Africa Kenyan band. This is Matata, on a small British label, Dances (Authentic 601) is an attempt to present to a President PTLS 1052. Frankly it is something of a mish- U.S. audience a wide range of modern urban African mash—hut interesting nevertheless. Another group new styles, with notes explaining their complex relations with (Continued on page 51)

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 'Why can't we enrich our culture by acquiring from others?'

(Continued from page 18) many talents in Harlem. I wouldn't be Olatunji: I would say yes and no. Yes in So why can't we take from all those afraid of that, because many of our the sense that, as I said, we have so cultures, for goodness sake, and not people have become aware of what many strikes against us. But I don't be ashamed of it, so we can also en- their heritage means. What the dances know of any place else in the whole rich our own cultural practices by ac- mean. What the music means. wide world, and I've traveled far and quiring from others? Coming back to black studies, we're wide, where if you really want some- We Africans and African descended now in the period of trial and error. thing, if you really want it that bad, people have to live in two worlds. We And when a course is offered, how you can struggle for it. You can get have inherited the practices of our many of our people register for it? it, as bad as things are for black forefathers and we live with the ac- And if they do register. . . . people. quired experiences of living in the Just because I'm a black professor, I hate to bring my school in, but it's 20th century world. And that's where if you don't do your assignment you an example. I saw the need for it, I we excel, that's where we are better don't automatically get an "A". We're established it, and the only way the than others. So we have an advantage, pointing one finger at the other per- school has been maintained for the and we should use it, and not be son, and I fear that we have four past seven years is through concerts ashamed of it. fingers left pointing to ourselves. Now given by my group. I think this brings us back to how we need to examine what these four Moore: Mmm. That sounds like part of we are going to create institutions that fingers are doing, right or wrong. We a solution. will keep what we have. I think to have lo go to work. We have our Olatunji: What I'm saying is that if we bring it off, especially in this century studies to do now. stop and take a look at what our four and this part of the world, is going to Ekwueme: I think it's important, too, for fingers pointing to ourselves are doing, take Ihc joining of all of the blacks, us to take a reckoning of ourselves especially in New York City, and in Afros. And unless those of us who are and what our objectives are. If you the United States of America, we can in a position of power find ways in want to have an institution, what do start our own institutions. which this information can be shared, you want to be the function of the And I can tell you one thing. When I believe that 20 to 25 years from institution? Do you want a place they see that you are really doing it now, it will still be something that we where we can meet and rap and play yourself, I believe that even funds are are talking about—wondering what sonic music when we like, go, come provided if you start your own institu- has happened to it, why it has disap- when we like? Even if you play with tions. Now we have been able to get peared altogether. a group, you know that you've got to people who are qualified to come. Barretto: With one danger, Michael. be (here at rehearsals regularly and There are people with master's degrees We've just got to be careful that we practice very hard for some time. in my group. I call on people, and they don't get ripped off in the process. There's got to be some discipline. come. Clark Terry has been on many Just the way James Brown, with all Without discipline, you cannot do any- of my albums. Yusuf Lateef used to his success, is still not on the same thing. If you come when you like, you play in my band. It's calling all of the financial or social level as a Tom read the assignments if you like, you talents and putting it together and Jones. There are too many kids who do your work if you like, and don't make it work. And that's how we are can say "Hey, man, did you see that do it if you don't like, because it's pat- going to retain and perpetuate this cat do that thing," and "Hey, let me terned after a white man's institution, vital force. you are not helping anybody. do that" and they start a group, and Barretto: Motivation. I don't think any- those cats are blond and blue eyed. So we must first of all define what body on this panel was born rich. You And they go on to Vegas and you'll the objective is. Are we going to get kicked in the teeth by being born still be playing over here on 125th achieve anything? If so, what? How black and you turn that into pride. St., you know? And that's where the are we going to achieve it? You get kicked in the teeth by being danger is, that we'll get ripped off. Barretto: Before we get into goals and born Puerto Rican and you turn that Olatunji: Well, I wouldn't be afraid of ideals, the basic reality is: you get an into pride. And once you turn that sharing my knowledge in that area institution—who's going to pay for it? into pride, you turn that into motiva- with anybody because I know what I You have to either go back to Uncle tion, . . . have, I know who I am. Economic Sam and say: "You've got to provide I learned drums, and I didn't have consideration is going to come when funds for us," in which case you're at no money. I went out and I watched we have more than one James Brown. his mercy again, or somebody's going and I listened and whoever could Why shouldn't there be more than one to say: "I'm going to work for noth- teach me something I stole—I did James Brown? There are so many ing." And then his landlord is going what I had to do. I know Michael did talents on our streets, more than any to kick him out. So we're into a whole the same thing. I know we've all theater in the world. There are so vicious circle. learned from the past and. . . .

20 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 5oKny Boy Williamson (center) with Houston Stackhouse and Peck Curtis—major blues artists in a style on which white rock stars grew rich 20 years later.

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 21 Motivate yourself. There's too much person last summer, and I don't want course to handle everything. We need strength, too much beauty, there are to mention his name, but we were courses in music of Latin and Carib- too many giants sitting out there. Give questioning someone and after we had bean areas, not because it's different, yourself a chance to grow. Don't put interviewed him he said, "Well, I have but because it needs to be handled by the fact that you're living in America, to place it in correct perspective." And itself. that there are so-called white institu- by this he meant that he was going to Where can you go to get a course, tions, white policemen . . . the hell discount everything that the guy had say, in the country blues or the folk with all that. Go and do your thing. said and put it the way that he wanted blues that will go into the kind of 'Cause it's gonna happen, we're gonna it. Now this is research done by some- depth that's necessary? I remember grow and I think that history will re- one with a big name, and of course his in my training spending semesters on cord us as the race that gave the world books will be regarded from that particular European composers, I stud- beauty. I mean, that's the biggest con- standpoint. ied Purcell for a year, you know? The tribution we can give. But one of the biggest problems that nature and the scope of black music is Goines: One of the biggest problems in we have again stems from this one, such that courses have to be expanded Afro-American music or black music and that is the problem of one course so that we can handle all of those or however you want to define it, is in an institution. Now 1 have fought things. ( myself had no formal train- the ethnocentric point of view that's with this in many places. I teach a ing in black music until I had four been there in all of the literature, and survey course at NYU, and I huve degrees, including a doctorate. Of we know very well why this is so. All hassled with them over and over be- course I had been playing and study- ing and singing and everything else of the literature until very recently was cause you can't teach Afro-American since I was in the junior choir, and done by white scholars, or whoever music in one semester. It was okay playing in the street and playing in you want to call them, many of them three, four years ago when everyone became interested in Afro-American the pit band at the Apollo Theater with dubious credentials. In the area and all this kind of thing, so you're of jazz, all that you needed to do was music, because no one knew anything. So survey courses popped up all over, familiar with everything that's going to stake out a claim and say, "I'm a on out in the street. But when myself specialist in this, and not in that." but even the student body is much too sophisticated now for a one-semester and Donald Byrd were coming up I was on a research trip with one from the Manhattan School of Music we had no jazz ensemble or any kind of band that would prepare us for re- cording sessions, or to play in the stu- dio pits, or to do a Broadway show. We had to do that out in the street. Thai's changing slowly, and the pro- gram that we have at Howard is such that, if you caught Donald Byrd's last couple of concerts here in New York you'll see a couple of our students are playing with him, and this is the kind of training and experience that was completely out. when we were coming along. But the scope of the whole problem is so immense that we have to tackle it from every side possible. Kkwueme: Part of our problems as black people—I suppose other people have the same problems—is that when we disagree on methods we tend to take it on a personal level, and we'd rather

Caribbean "mummies" group is typical of the islands' mixed heritage, using frag- ments of a medieval English Christmas play and fife-and-drum music with an- a'ofiies in both Africa and Europe. The "mummies" drum in a style, like early jazz drumming, that shows strong Euro- pean military band elements but is totally transmuted by African-descended atti- tudes to rhythm and musical practices.

22 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 see the opponent die than have any- have gone through this mill, to get to- n't really teach it even in five semes- thing to ilo with him, and this has gether and put out the authoritative, ters, there's so much to be taught. We been the bane of otir destruction. We factual, documented information for only have been exposed to certain cannot disagree on principles and our children to learn. But until that is kinds of music, and only from a cer- methods of arriving at the same goals done we'll still be suffering—watching tain geographical area in Africa, and without fearing that we have different Tarzan movies and listening to James Africa is so big, you know, there's so goals. I personally have resented the Brown. much to learn. I myself still find that attitude of "'blacker than thou" which One of the causes of the failure of I have to go back home and I'm going seems to come up in many black peo- Black Studies programs in this coun- to learn—people always go to Africa ple, and I always say, "I come from try is politics and warfare between and teach. But we really have to learn an aristocratic family in Africa, so blacks and blacks. There are many quite a lot from Africa, still quite a nobody can tell me he is blacker than white people who don't have bacca- bit. I." laureate degrees who teach at univer- Barretto: Well. I am a Puerto Rican. My Also, talking about institutions, as sities, especially in music, because you parents are Puerto Rican. Up until Carman Moore pointed out. unfor- do not need a baccalaureate degree to very recently that's what I knew about tunately we are living in a 20th-cen- teach someone how to play the piano, myself. But my whole life has been tury world, a world dominated by you don't need a Ph.D. to teach some- involved in drumming. When I became western technology and economic body bow to play in a jazz ensemble, intellectually conscious as well as emo- power, and we have to survive in this the experience is what matters there. tionally conscious of what I was do- world. The whole idea of our sitting But when internal politics comes in, ing, I knew that there was something here today in an institution of higher there's nothing one can do. to drumming that had to do with other learning is patterned on the western Barretto: Well, I think we'd be some kind than Puerto Rican, so when I became system. Africans have their own insti- of outer space if we didn't argue, man. conscious of Africanness and black- tutions. We had our own universities 1 mean we have to argue, you know. ness. ... I can understand that other long before Oxford and Cambridge Moore: That's the creative process. people who had been denied knowl- were established, but they were not on Barretto: But we can't divide in the pro- edge, the way I had. could also not this pattern. So if we have to live in a cess. The unity, the common goal is deal with black music and its root. pattern of western institutionalization always in sight. Has to be. And if as a performer it took me time with courses and programs and things, we have to adapt ourselves to the cir- Moore: Right! to get into it. the non-performer would cumstances and make the best we can Well, today we've been talking have an even harder time. of the situation. about some of the challenges of the What I'm getting at is relating. 20th century to black music, to this When every nonwhite. no matter I'll tell you a little of my own ex- music that comes out of Africa. I where he's from, can relate to Africa perience. I motored from the univer- would like to have a statement from as the root and relate to it with pride, sity where I was teaching to the State each of you as to your sense of this then I think Michael's school will fill University of New York at Stony problem at this point. up, I think the demand for studies in Brook, to teach one course each se- Gwangwa: For my part I would appreci- the white institutions will increase, and mester on African music. In the first ate it if more black people went to the pressure will be great. semester I had about 20 black stu- more actual performances. The per- Motivation has to be spread. The dents. By the time the semester ended formances are important because then cat that goes home from school and there were only ten, and many of the people would learn that the visual wants to play records, to fool around, them unfortunately did not do as well thing is important in a lot of African he's not taking care of his business, as I had expected. Because for some music, other than just listening to the and he's not asking himself, "They've of these things you need just a little radio, because what you hear in the got their culture, where am I from?" effort, of coming to class, going to the media this day is a hit record, and the Got to ask yourself that first. Then the library, reading something that is put hit record is approved by them, and things that you've been listening to— on reserve for you—and they wouldn't that's the record that sells and that's Drums of Passion, the mambos and do that. How much more can I ask as the person that you Ye going to see and the chachas and things—you'll start a black professor? that's it. saying, "Hey, that comes from some- If you want to learn about African If people went out more than just thing else, and that rhythm in James music, and only one course is offered, sitting in class and waiting for the Brown's record—that comes from attend regularly, read the things as- one course or semester, or ten se- something else." Then you start check- signed to you to read, do your home- mesters, and started to go and find ing that, and the further back you go work, take the examinations, get your the cultural school that Michael has. the further you go into yourself. And credit in that one course, then you ... If there is only one course in your the taller and more beautiful person know one thing in African music. You college, go out and do a little more re- you become to yourself. And that can go from there to something else. search, there's a lot more to be done happened to me. I think if that kind of motivation can grow and grow, we'll Suppose we instituted courses in Af- in that line. And that way you can get something that you couldn't get in the really see an awareness of where we rican music here. Who will teach are and where we came from. them? ft is up to us now, when we school, because like we say, we could-

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 23 Olatunji: I believe, as I have always be- that relate to the students, there are world. But his strength lies in the lieved, that the time would come, and problems that relate to the administra- power of his unique identity—the cul- something is really going to happen to tion, and there are problems that re- tural affinity that has overcome the us so that we can wake up one day. late to the faculty. And it all comes gigantic span of separation by colossal Because there are stages to the fight from this former exclusion. waters. The legacy that has withstood for freedom: freedom of expression, What I would like to see happen, if the bondage of slavery and the yoke freedom from the shackles of oppres- not now then after a few more of these of imperialistic impoverishment. sion. When you finally wake up one type of meetings, is that we can just He must continue to preserve the day and find that you've been in start at Ihe problem level, and not deal heritage and perpetuate those lasting chains for so long and you ask for that with the problem over and over. We've bonds (hat take him back to the orig- freedom, then you realize that from got to move on from there. inal home continent. Wherever his time immemorial in history people Ekwuemc: I'd like to remind all of us present abode may be—in Latin who ask for it don't usually get it, that the problem is not limited to mu- America, the Caribbean area or the which brings us to you're going to sic. There are many other branches of United States—the black man must fight for it. I think we're at the fight- African and Afro-American cultural seek out and capture that power that ing stage now for the revitalization of expression in which the same prob- lies in the knowledge of his art and what has been the maintaining force lems arise, particularly art and its culture, his religion, in whatever guise, that has kept us going so far. whole history and development. Dance his history, and above all, the three-di- So I hope that we will do three —drama—folklore, which is still a mensional soul of his music, so that the things: that we will be able to con- continuing tradition even in black extraordinary strength of his cultural tinue this discussion much farther, so America today. And of course con- genius will, in spite of the pressures of that we can achieve unity of purpose; temporary literature, both African and external forces, triumphantly continue that in the process of getting that unity Afro-American literature, which is ex- to endure. of purpose we will be able to develop tremely powerful. These are all Moore: Well, that's an incredible testi- a positive program of action; and branches of the black man's cultural mony to the strength not only of these when we do develop a positive pro- heritage, which today needs to be ex- fine brothers and black musicians, but gram of action then we're going to amined and re-evaluated in the con- also of the African roots in the music. really ask for total commitment from text of the present-day world. The sense of the panel, it seems to me. everybody. Personally I have no fear for Af- is that we do wish to pay some atten- The more of this type of discussion rican music as such. If after years of tion to the survival of these African that we can have, bringing in all of separation from the mother-country, roots and of the secondary roots, not these very talented brothers and sis- centuries of oppression and human only to the Africa that gave the first ters, the more we will be able to de- degradation, and other forms of ob- seed to the blues for example, in the velop a unity of purpose, and a posi- struction, it has continued to persist in U.S.., but to the blues itself. But that tive program of action. And then we'll hardly changed forms in some cases, attention must be paid in the face of be able to demand and get total com- then there's nothing to fear because it modern technology, the fact that the mitment. will weather whatever storms are com- media are in the hands of others. And ing. And we can be sure that there I think we feel that from these Af- Goines: One thing that always happens rican-rooted cultures must come the when a group of people get together will always be African music as long as there are Africans and African- kinds of introspection—looking back and deal with the subject of black mu- into our own culture and understand- descended people. There will always sic is that they deal a great deal with ing of that culture—that can only be Afro-American music as long as the problems, and their solutions are come from a certain kind of careful there are Afro-Americans. the immediate solutions they see. And analysis and study. I've come to believe that this happens What is important to look at in my because most of the differences that judgment is the motivation, the goal I think it's also the sense of the we find all relate to the same thing, ahead, the objective. Where do we go panel that these roots are just in full which is the former exclusion of black from here, what is our attitude toward flower at this time, and that the future music from the curriculum or from the the whole situation, and how do we holds no danger of the non-survival of history books or from any other place. battle these problems? African-rooted music. We've seen it If black music had been handled in Let me just quote: "No man is an last through such incredible trial and music history along with white music island entire of itself." The black man we see it spreading forth across the then there wouldn't be a need for a cannot and should not live in isolation. world, carried by not only people with course in black music or for us to sit He cannot but be subject to the tre- black faces, but by whites and Orien- here and discuss it now. If I had stu- mendous influence exerted by the eco- tals and everybody else. died jazz and all of the other forms of nomic and political forces of Western black music when I had a course in civilization. He must draw from cul- Finally, I think we're talking about 20th century music, then I would not tures other than his own, to the en- a music that has its own survival built have needed some other kind of richment of his own. He must continue into its own esthetic, and there's course. The problems are on many to adapt to changing conditions in or- nothing major to worry about, there's different levels. There are problems der to survive in an ever-changing just work to be done. Q

24 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY !973 Africa Day by Day Compiled by Frederic Eckhard

November 5: The foreign policy of the by popular vote and 40 delegates where British exchange controls Malagasy Republic continued to un- from the PAIGC membership. caused persona! hardship in matters dergo the reorientation designed by November 7: A military tribunal im- such as travel, marriage and adop- its new head of state, General Ga- posed the death sentence on I I tions, or as they affect the sick and briel Ramanantsoa. Following an of- leaders of the assassination attempt the elderly. A Rhodesian government ficial visit to Peking by Foreign Min- on King Hassan of Morocco last Au- spokesman called the concessions ister Didier Ratsiraka, diplomatic gust 16. The three-week trial of 220 "valueless"; the moderate, multi-ra- relations were established with China, air force officers and men resulted cial Centre Party welcomed them, and the Malagasy ambassador in in prison terms for 32 and acquittal and an official of the African Na- Taipei was recalled. The Johannes- for 177. Among those sentenced to tional Council angrily rejected any burg Star (November II) expressed death by firing squad were Lieuten- move to reduce the effectiveness of discomfort at the encroachment of ant-Colonel Muhammad Amokrane, the sanctions. Chinese influence in Africa and saw former deputy chief of the air force, November 14: It was announced in Braz- the ties with Madagascar as a consid- and Major Kouera el Wafi, com- zaville mat the month-old territorial erable strengthening of Peking's posi- mander of the Kenitra air base. dispute between Gabon and Equator- tion in the Indian Ocean. November 10: Britain extended for one ial Guinea has been settled through November 6: Amilcar Cabral, Secretary- year the Rhodesia Sanctions Order; the joint intervention of the Congo General of the PAIGC, announced at the vote in Parliament was 266 to 29 and Zaire. The two countries agreed a news conference in Algiers that a in favor of extension (the House of on an offshore border line in Corisco Council of State is soon to be formed Lords later approved the order, 159 Bay; the uninhabited islands in the in Guinea-Bissau. The "Popular Na- to 43). Many Conservative M.P.s bay which were the cause of the tional Assembly of Guinea" will con- were won over at the last moment by dispute will be "neutralized." sist of 80 delegates chosen from the the Foreign Secretary, Sir Alec Doug- November 15: Dr. Marcello Caetano, 15 regional councils already elected las-Home, who promised concessions Prime Minister of Portugal, made a Uganda diary

General Idi Amin personally inspected a head count of the The president ceremonially opened the new Libyan Arab- Asians permitted to remain in Uganda; the total was thought Uganda Bank for Foreign Trade and Development on Novem- to he about 2.000. with an equal number possibly living outside ber 20, owned 51 per cent by Libya, and was predictably criti- the capital. The president lold a mass rally on November 12 cal of Britain for cancelling a proposed $23 million loan to that the remaining Asians would be physically transported to Uganda November 30. the countryside and given land to cultivate. The government's conflict with the Roman Catholic Church A Somali delegation inspected the Uganda-Tanzania border came clearly in the open on November 30 with the expulsion of on November 10, as provided for in the peace agreement. 58 European missionaries. Amin had ordered a hcadcount of Amin declared the inspection "satisfactory" and reopened the all non-Ugandan missionaries a week before in preparation for border, which had been closed for about a week. 'Africanization" of the churches. On December 3, he publicly The national economy showed the effects of the expulsion accused the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kampala, the Most order; most small shops were closed following the departure Reverend Emmanuel Nsubuga, of conspiring against him. of their Asian proprietors. Sugar production dropped drastic- When a papal nuncio arrived bearing a note from Pope Paul ally following the expulsion of Asian millionaires Mahendra assuring him of the Church's good will toward Uganda, Amin Mehta and Manubhai Madhvani, owners of the two largest was said to have changed from his uniform into traditional sugar plantations as well as major tea estates and industrial and Muslim dress in what was later described as "a characteristic transportation firms. Large quantities of sugar were being im- snub." ported from Kenya by the end of the month. A major bus Finally, a twice-postponed announcement on the future of company in Jinja closed down because of financial difficulties Britons in Uganda was made in a midnight broadcast Decem- one week after the departure of Mr. Mehta, its former owner. ber 18. Tn it, the president proclaimed the nationalization of President Amin promised to get the economy back on its eight British firms and told all Britons who did not plan to feet in one week. On November 23 he created a government stay in Uganda indefinitely to get out by the end of the year. board to run 15 major companies, including the Mehta and By December 31, 120 Britons, mostly teachers and their fam- Madhvani sugar estates, and personally directed Army Lieu- ilies, had left. The number of British expatriates in Uganda lenant Colonel Suleiman to open the bus company in Jinja. dropped from 7,000 to 3,000 since August.

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 25 Africa Day by Day

statement on nation-wide television work Is envisioned, providing the first example, South Africa backed away that was interpreted as a serious re- international electric power network from Its insistence on separate de- buke to Rhodesia. The Portuguese in central Africa. velopment for the different ethnic leader criticized "some of our neigh- November 25: A spokesman for the groups in order to accommodate the bors" for spreading alarm about the government of Egypt denied rumors U.N. position, and agreed to the for- military situation in Mozambique. of a major reshuffling of the military mation of an advisory council drawn Rhodesia has made no secret of its command. Reports originating In Bei- from representatives of the various concern over that situation which it rut claimed that I 10 high-ranking of- groups. Vorster himself would assume seems to feel is fast deteriorating. ficers were arrested following the responsibility for the territory as a Sources in Lisbon say that consider- discovery of a military plot against whole, relieving the different minis- able bad feeling resulted from Ian President Sadat on November II. tries presently responsible for its sev- Smith's "holiday" trip to Lisbon last The same sources, according to Paris' eral sectors. month, which was a poorly disguised Le Monde, named Mustapha Mehrez, The agreement also included a prom- showdown on the Mozambique situa- chief information officer, General All ise to examine the possibility of re- tion. According to a report in Lon- Abdel Khablr, former commander of moving restrictions on the freedom of don's Financial Times, Lisbon officials the first military region, and General movement and assembly. But where were so embarrassed by the Rhode- Abdel Kader Hassan, former reputy critics could not be silenced was in sian Prime Minister's references to minister of war, as the principals the report's failure to specify details discussion of Mozambique upon his affected by the shuffle. of a plan for the independence of the return to Salisbury that all reports of territory, and the refusal of South it were censored In Portugal. The trip Brazil's foreign minister, Mario Gib- Africa to agree to a U.N. presence was to be strictly non-official, they in Namibia. said, yet Smith's aides slanted leaks son Barboza, spent the better part of in a way to imply a kind of recogni- November touring Africa accompan- As the debate In the Security Council tion of the Smith government, an ied by representatives of all of Bra- got under way, the main question to implication which Lisbon has no de- zil's major newspapers. The Brazilian be considered was whether or not to sire to make. This, together with minister visited eight independent Af- renew Kurt Waldheim's mandate to recent Rhodesian criticism of the rican states, explaining a proposal for pursue dialogue with South Africa on Portuguese High Command in Mo- tri-partite talks to resolve the conflict the question of Namibia. Reports zambique, puts a heavy strain on the between Lisbon and guerrilla move- from Windhoek indicated that Afri- relations between the two countries ments in Portuguese African territor- can political leaders in the territory which, some say, might be exploited ies. There were reports that the guer- generally favored the continuation of by Britain to bring Rhodesia to a rillas would welcome the talks, and dialogue, yet firmly rejected the idea settlement in the year to come. government officials in Yaounde said of an advisory council as proposed that Cameroon President Ahmadou by the South African prime minister. Ahldjo was considering placing the November 19: Ahmed Osman, Moroc- SWAPO (South West Africa Peoples' proposal before the OALJ. Most can premier-designate, presented his Organization), on the other hand, West African diplomats indicated new government to King Hassan, hav- said through its secretary for foreign that Portugal would have to show a ing failed to persuade the nation's relations in New York that it would willingness to grant Independence to political parties to join a coalition. categorically reject further contact her African territories before the (See "Out of Africa." page 5.) with South Africa because the talks talks could begin. thus far had not focused on the November 24: President Mobutu Sese central concern: independence. Seko of Zaire inaugurated the first November 28: The U.N. Security Coun- On December 6, a resolution tabled dam and hydro-electric station ever cil prepared for a debate on the by Argentina was passed renewing built on the Congo River on the oc- Escher report on Namibia. The report the Secretary General's mandate, yet casion of the seventh anniversary of had been widely and hotly discussed regretting South Africa's failure to his rise to power. The Inga dam is around the U.N. since its publication give "unequivocal clarification" of its situated between Kinshasa and the on November 16. The initial reaction policy concerning independence for principal port, Matadl. It was built by of most African delegates was nega- Namibia. Alfred Escher was not Italian companies (Sicai and Astaldi) tive; Sallm A. Salim of Tanzania, made a public scapegoat during the and contains Italian-made generating chairman of the Committee on De- debates as some feared, yet the deep equipment. The Inga project will gen- colonization, said, "The South Afri- dissatisfaction with the results of his erate 1,000 megawatts annually by cans have not yet seen fit to make mission felt by most of the African the end of the decade, and will pro- any concessions." But other delegates delegates could only mean that his vide electricity via a transmission claimed that a careful study of the contract would not be renewed. He cable over 1,000 miles long to the report would show significant conces- quietly went back into retirement on copper industry in Shaba. From there, sions had been made. On the ques- December I I. a link-up with the Kariba Dam net- tion of the unity of Namibia, for

26 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 President Frangois Tombalbaye of is contrary to statements made by his predecessor, Sheikh Abeid Ka- Chad announced that his country was Prime Minister Smith after the Sep- rume, who was assassinated in April. breaking off diplomatic relations with tember convention of the Rhodesian The congress provided what was de- Israel. (See "Out of Africa," page 3). Front; it is being interpreted by some scribed as detailed and highly cred- The Israeli presence in Chad is mini- as a policy designed to put pressure ible statistics on the economic situa- mal, consisting of a half-dozen tech- on Britain to come to a settlement. tion of the island for the first time. nicians and their families working on December 8: All 17 members of Zam- The 1,000 delegates also voted to agricultural programs. In the same bia's only opposition party, the Afri- publicly execute all those convicted speech, the president announced re- can National Congress, walked out of of being involved in the assassination cognition of the Peoples Republic of Parliament in protest after the first of Karume, and passed a resolution China. reading of the Constitutional Amend- barring from public office all mem- December 2: The Rhodesian Financial ment Bill designed to suppress all op- bers of the Zanzibar Nationalist Par- Gazette's November 10 predictions position parties in Zambia. The bill ty, which was overthrown in the 1964 of stronger race measures for Rho- then breezed through a second and revolution. desia proved accurate. In the weeks third reading and was passed. Presi- Portugal's relations with her neigh- following the reconvening of the Par- dent Kaunda signed the bill Decem- bors In southern Africa took a turn liament on November 13, several bills ber 13, calling it the end to opposi- for the worse following a South were tabled aimed at curtailing Afri- tion but not the end to criticism. (See African report of a communique can rights: one would Introduce a "Out of Africa," page 3.) from Mozambique military authorities South African-style pass system; an- December 9: The ruling Afro Shirazi which claimed that Frelimo forces other will keep Asian and Coloured Party of Zanzibar concluded its first were operating from within Malawi. people from moving into white sub- congress in almost a decade. Ob- Lisbon's representative in Blantyre re- urbs. A new Education Bill was resub- servers in Dar es Salaam see it as an fused to confirm or deny the report, mitted on November 17, minus a Indication that President Aboud Jum- drawing front-page criticism from clause originally inserted at the re- be is determined to make the party President Banda's official newspaper, quest of the churches guaranteeing the main political force on the island, the Malawi News, which called the Africans access to non-government to the detriment of the Revolutionary refusal "an insult to the government schools. The new "hard line" on race Council which was the strong arm of and people of Malawi." Relations be-

Mr. Pompidou and the Franc Zone

French President Georges Pompidou's third African tour was Pompidou departed from a prepared text lo say firmly that expected to provide an indication of the future of France's parity was a question for French monetary authorities alone to relations with her former colonies in Africa. Already five of the consider. The two heads of state seemed to come to an agree- 13 nations bound to France by cooperation agreements dating ment during a long talk the following morning, and Pompidou from about 1960 (Mauritania, Congo, Niger, Cameroon and returned to Paris November 24 after promising increased aid the Malagasy Republic) had requested a renegotiation of those to Togo. accords, and this trip to two of the least prosperous countries While President Pompidou had been talking of the possibility within the franc zone was said to be part of France's effort to of more flexible arrangements within the franc zone, his Fi- maintain the initiative in a rapidly developing diplomatic situ- nance Minister, Valery Giscard d'Estaing, was working them ation. out with members of the Central Bank of the States of Equa- The French president arrived in Ouagadougou on November torial Africa and Cameroon. An agreement was signed on No- 20. His host. General Sangoule I.amizana, indicated that Upper vember 23 in Brazzaville giving increased African control of Volta would like to see its ten-year-old agreements with France the bank. brought up to date, but not fundamentally changed. Pompidou Members of the second major franc zone monetary organi- took the opportunity to announce France's decision to cancel zation, the Central Bank of West African States, met in Ni- certain debts incurred by her former colonies just after inde- amey, Niger, on December 1, and concluded by giving firm pendence; the total debt, shared by 14 nations, is about $200 support to the basics of the existing monetary agreements with million. France. There followed a number of individual statements in At a reception in Lome. Togo, where he arrived November support of the franc zone, and by month's end only Mauritania, 22 on the second and last leg of his trip, Pompidou encountered Dahomey and the Malagasy Republic had become marginal to his first difficulty. President Etienne Eyadema. in a welcoming it. But within the context of the new. and so far successful, speech, called for a change in parity of the CFA franc against French policy defined by President Pompidou, e\en these three the French franc. The French were reportedly surprised by nations could retain an affiliation with the loyal members of this public statement on what they considered a delicate matter. the zone.

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 27 Africa Day by Day

tween the two countries have been the country is controlled by Asians. came to dominate the poorer coastal strained in recent months; the Portu- peoples. On December 12, fights be- guese ambassador left Blantyre on The new Egyptian Minister of War, tween Merina and coastal students three months' leave November 15, General Ahmed Ismail, was in Trip- broke out in a dispute over General and it is widely believed that he was oli, presumably trying to patch up a Ramanantsoa's Malgachization pol- requested to leave for failing to give little-publicized rift between Egypt icy which changed the language of "adequate explanation for the incur- and Libya. It was President al-Qadafi instruction from French to one which sion of Portuguese troops" from Mo- who was credited with being behind was understood perfectly only by zambique into Malawi. President Sadat's decision to expel Merinas. The fighting took to the As Frelimo has stepped up its guer- the Russians from Egypt, and he is streets and soon turned into a purge rilla activities in Mozambique, both reportedly not pleased by Cairo's of the Merina population, as well as Rhodesia and Malawi have become overtures to Moscow in October. The general rioting and looting. The gov- fearful for their important rail links Libyan leader also was an admirer of ernment used a minimum of force to restore order in the hope of prevent- to the sea which pass through Mo- General Ahmed Sadek, the former ing civil war. zambique. Rhodesia's open criticism War Minister ousted by Sadat. of the Portuguese inability to contain Though the rift is considered minor, December 18: The United Nations the guerrillas led to public rebuke of it was noted that the latest install- Council on Namibia was expanded Rhodesia by Prime Minister Marcello ment of Libya's $82 million subsidy to from II to 18 members, to include, Caetano in mid-November. It was Egypt is six weeks overdue, and Pres- among others, the Soviet Union and about that same time that reports ident Sadat is thought to have can- China. reached Salisbury that several attacks celled a planned trip to Tripoli. December 23: President Frangois Tom- against the Beira-Tete railway line December 13: The foreign ministers of balbaye of Chad concluded a three- had been carried out along a 100- Zambia, ZaTre, the Congo and Tan- day visit to Libya which seems to mile stretch where the line skirts the zania met in Kinshasa in a round of have resulted in a new friendship. In Malawi border; it was thought that talks designed to bring together An- discussing the visit three days later, Frelimo guerrillas based in Malawi gola's two main liberation move- President al-Qadafi said that he had were responsible. One reason for the ments. The two, the Popular Move- promised to turn over to Chad any growing tension between Portugal ment for the Liberation of Angola FROLlNAT guerrillas found In Libya. and Malawi is thought to be Lisbon's (MPLA) and the National Front for Up until the time of President Tom- increasing suspicion that Banda might the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), balbaye's visit, the guerrilla move- strike a bargain with the guerrillas: have been at loggerheads for years. ment dedicated to the overthrow of freedom to operate within his bor- The division has made it easier for his government had maintained a ders in exchange for an agreement Angolan authorities to contain the powerful radio transmitter in Tripoli. not to attack strategic rail communi- guerrillas in this, the most econom- (See "Out of Africa," page 3). cations through Mozambique. ically important overseas province of December 26: As a result of constitu- December 12: On the occasion of the Portugal. The talks succeeded and an tional reforms, elections for the leg- ninth anniversary of Kenyan inde- accord between the two organiza- islative assemblies of Portugal's over- pendence, President Jomo Kenyatta tions was signed. seas provinces will be held by the told a rally in Nairobi that foreign end of March, 1973. The Assemblies December 15: General Ramanantsoa will be elected in part by universal investors would be protected, but declared on December 10 that "there suffrage and in part by the provincial that Kenyanization of the economy is now a breath of freedom in Mada- administration. Mozambique and An- would continue. The government of- gascar." Three days later he was gola will hitherto be called "states." ficially denied in mid-November that forced to declare a state of siege in All the territories will be governed any mass expulsion of Asians was be- the important port town of Tama- autonomously, the highest official be- ing planned. The Kenyanization laws tave where schoolboy demonstrations ing the governor, described as the date from 1967, and greatly accele- turned into wholesale race rioting. agent and representative of govern- rated the progressive transferal of The roots of the racial problem go ment of the Republic. businesses from foreign to Kenyan back to the end of the last century December 31: Zambia's president Ken- hands. This is done primarily through when a two-tier social structure im- neth Kaunda released former vice- the Trade Licensing Act which pro- planted itself with the aid of the president Simon Kapwepwe after I I vides for a withdrawal by stages of French colonialization effort. A Ma- months' detention for "un-Zamblan trade licenses from non-citizens. The layo-Polynesian minority, the Meri- activities." Kapwepwe had left Ka- Asian community is hardest hit by the nas, inhabited the high inland pla- unda's UNIP party and founded an measure. Approximately 50,000 Asi- teaus while the African majority opposition movement. Zambia is now ans in Kenya hold British passports, lived largely on the coast. The French officially a one-party state. (See "Out and no other, and an estimated 80 established the seat of power at Ta- of Africa," page 3). per cent of the retail trade In nanarive among the Merinas who

28 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 REFUGEES The million-person problem

By Jon Woronoff

Recently Africa reached another mile- favorably received. What made even big- "Don't you miss the country you left," stone in its history, one very few are ger headlines, however, was the tragic I asked, '"the village you lived in, your aware of, and which many may be crisis in Burundi which led to consider- friends or family?" shocked to learn. By the end of 1972, able bloodshed and an outflow of refu- "Yes, sometimes I miss them, the ones there were at least one million refugees gees. Each time the refugees were in the that did not leave as I did. But we had brought to the attention of the United news there was a spurt of interest in no choice but to leave. And now I have Nations High Commissioner for Refu- their fate, a mixture of curiosity and as much here as I left behind, or more, gees. Ever since the earliest days of the pity, which might be accompanied by the money, there's a school for my children, era of decolonization the number of refu- feeling that had circumstances been dif- there's a dispensary. We had none of this gees has been rising. Over 250,000 Al- ferent one might also end up a refugee. back home. Why should I return?" Then the interest fades, attention is di- gerians fled to Tunisia and Morocco, but When I visited the settlement where he they were fortunate enough to return to rected to other events, and the refugees lived, it was obvious that he had all these an independent Algeria. There are still are forgotten. things and more. Indeed, the economic over 400,000 Angolans, 60,000 Mozam- Yet a person is not only a reiugee level there was considerably higher than biquuns and 80,000 from Guinea-Bissau while his story appears in the newspapers, in his old village or in the other villages who were not as lucky. And a large num- he is a refugee most often lor years and around the settlement. He had not really ber of South Africans, Numibians and sometimes until he dies. What is sadder, Zimbabweans live in exile. Unfortunately, and this is now happening in Africa, his forgotten his old home despite the way the other haJf-million refugees have fled children may be born refugees, and if in which he was driven out, but there not colonial rulers but Ihcir fellow coun- nothing is done, their childrens' children were now many reasons to stifle nostalgia. trymen in Rwanda. Burundi. Zaire or may also be refugees. The refugee prob- Perhaps nine-tenths of Africa's refu- Sudan. These one million refugees have lem is a long and hard one, requiring gees have been settled on the land, as is been forced to take up a new life in the many forms of aid and a generous dose both normal and logical, since the vast dozen African countries that have re- of human kindness. Even then, as we majority are of rural background. When ceived them. shall see. the result can be an encourag- there arc difficulties in their home coun- Last year, as repeatedly over the last ing success, an unhappy compromise, or try they gather their scant possessions decade or so, Africa's refugees have been tragic failure. and move to a place of safety, often in the news. Over recent months the I met one of Africa's one million refu- across an international boundary. There movement of refugees out of camps and gees in a little market town where he had they are met by representatives of the settlements and back to their former come to purchase a few things not avail- host government and of various refugee homes in the southern Sudan has been able in the nearby settlement. He and his agencies and given food rations or cloth- family were decently dressed and seemed ing if they are in serious need. They, and Jon Woronoff is currently completing a happy. perhaps also their cattle, are vaccinated and then they are settled in. hook on Africa's refugees. "Go back home? I don't see why."

AFRICA REPORT. JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 29 Often enough they arrive in villages of tral African Republic, Sudan, Burundi stress on cooperation and self-help. Thus, the same ethnic group but across a na- and Ethiopia. In Tanzania and Zambia, gradually communal plots were opened tional border, and traditional hospitality the national policy was to bring all rural for certain crops and the workshops were comes into play. New homes are built, refugees into such settlements. So far the run on a cooperative basis. By 1971, the land is cleared for farming, their chil- broadest and most successful program has first of these settlements had reached a dren go to the same schools and use the been in Tanzania. This was not an easy level of economic progress such that it same services, and soon the refugees can task, and in the early days there was could continue on its own. The TCRS hardly be distinguished from the nation- near-disaster when several thousand refu- withdrew its staff and the refugees were als. To avoid a general lowering of living gees threatened to leave their camps. But henceforth treated like their neighbors. standards when a larger population draws they were persuaded to stay and, in co- They kept on receiving government serv- on the existing facilities, the UNHCR operation with the Tanganyika Christian ices and making a contribution to the and various voluntary agencies have Refugee Service, careful and comprehen- country—an amazing one for men and helped to build new schools or hospitals, sive plans were worked out for settling women who had arrived with only the clothes on their back a decade before. provided tools and seeds, and sometimes over 50.000 refugees on several settle- foodstuffs until the first harvests come. ments. Not all settlement projects have been With such aid. this "spontaneous" settle- Each new influx of refugees in Tan- successful, and the reasons are often ment has been a success in Senegal and zania was noted by the government, and hard to find. In some cases there was in- for Angolans in Zaire. The refugees are its agents along the border would direct sufficient land for newcomers, as in Bu- living much as they did before on the the refugees to reception areas and ulti- rundi, or the land available was not par- other side of the border, but now in mately settlements. There they were ticularly good, as in Uganda. There safety. looked after by a staff of expatriates, might be Haws in organization or insuffi- Over the ages it has been observed that Tanzanians, and very soon also refugees, cient government support, as in the Cen- refugees, having lost everything in their with agricultural experts, teachers, doc- tral African Republic. But even where land of origin, have been willing to make tors and general services. Upon arrival, one could not speak of success, the refu- extraordinary efforts to succeed in their the refugees received medical and other gees were at least settled on the land and new country. Often they have come with care. There was clothing for those who could look after their own needs. Greater problems arose when refugees decided to new skills, but above all they have been needed it, and emergency food supplies. leave a settlement and shift for them- shaken loose from their old environment Then they were assigned a site for their selves. In such cases these so-called "free and are willing to innovate and sacrifice houses and farms. Each family received livers" were often forced to accept very in order to make good. This has been enough land to reach more than mere subsistence level. Even while they were marginal land, with no technical assis- true of the African refugees, as was noted building their own homes, the necessary tance or social facilities. Their standard by a man who has helped settle many infrastructure was being set up: admini- of living could fall to the point where thousands of them, who comments: strative and communal centers, roads and they were lucky to earn a bed and food "Admittedly mass movements of Af- water supply, dispensaries and workshops. by working for bigger farmers. In other rican peasants rarely bring with them spe- A key element was the school, built to cases, they drifted into the towns and cial skills unknown to the country in government specifications and following cities, where their lack of capital and which Ihey take refuge, but their presence the same curricula as all others in the skills condemned them to an equally pre- in the new host country, provided that nation. carious life. there is agricultural land to spare, and their need for succour, provide a chal- The refugees were given seeds and The urban refugees present quite dif- lenge which can lead to positive gains for soon planted maize, beans, cassava and ferent problems, and encounter quite dif- the country concerned. groundnuts. They were also introduced ferent problems themselves. I met one such urban refugee in a cheap bar, in "Properly treated from the start, they to paddy-rice. They had to live off their preference to the rather squalid quarters bring with them one of the most im- harvests, and put away enough seeds for he was sharing with several others, where portant prerequisites to any agricultural the next planting season. There were also he did not wish to invite me. He was scheme in Africa—land hunger. Their efforts to introduce cash crops like ca- rather shy. but the message was similar removal from their own familiar environ- shew nuts or oranges, and fish ponds for to that of more vocal refugee spokesmen. ment can render them more absorptive of an added source of protein. Other sources new agricultural methods, and the fact of income were wages from employment "Sometimes I wish I had never left that they have to be provided for with on the project or sales of goods made home. I didn't know it would be so hard reasonable humanity and with proper at- in the workshops. The refugees were not here!" tention to Ihe social aspects of their set- left unguided, for each settlement had a "But what about the colonial domina- tlement provides an opportunity for the test farm where agriculturalists and refu- tion? What about the war?" local people around them to be drawn gees worked together to select the best "I know, I know I won't go back. But into and stimulated by their activity." seeds and crops. One of their number what future do I have here? What will was usually trained as an extension happen to me next? Where can I go?" In order to use these human resources worker for the village. fully—and secondarily in order to super- Only about one-tenth of the refugees vise the refugees—several countries have Most refugees were accustomed to are of urban background, or too educated decided to create "organized" settlements. farming their own plots, but they also to live anywhere else than in town (or, Projects have been launched in the Cen- had to learn the Tanzanian way, with its in practice, in the capital city of any

30 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 Tents and people carrying pitifully few possessions are part of the image of the refugee, though only part of the reality. country that gives them asylum). But When these young refugees first came was clear that these refugee students even 100,000 refugees is a sizeable prob- from southern Africa, they usually came would not be leaders in the near future, lem; indeed, they are a far greater prob- seeking an education. Assuming that the the scholarships started drying up. lem than the many more rural refugees. struggle might soon be over and the new Perhaps this rivalry would have been Throughout the colonial or settler- independent states would need trained helpful if only the education had been dominated territories there are young cadres, they were rapidly provided with appropriate. Unfortunately, the refugees people who fee! that educational oppor- scholarships, sometimes in Africa but had a preference for non-technical sub- tunities are insufficient, that they will more often abroad. Indeed, there was al- jects including, as often as not, political never rise to a decent level economically most an auction of potential leaders as science or law. Since they did not have or socially. Some have decided that the cast and west offered education in their an adequate background in science or only path to fulfillment is through solidar- schools. The United States accepted mathematics, the only universities they ity with the nationalist struggle, others about 500 under a Southern African Stu- could enter offered liberal arts. With no assume a much more personal attitude. dent Program, Scandinavia offered hun- professional skills these students tended Members of both groups often flee to dreds more scholarships, and the United to stay on and seek even higher educa- independent Africa and, although refu- Nations set up special programs for these tion. Education, as one refugee counsellor gees usually have to be accredited with students. has commented, was no longer a solution, some liberation movement, many of them The socialist countries, the Soviet Un- it was a way of avoiding a solution by be- do not end up in the ranks of the freedom ion and China sometimes flew plane- coming a perennial student. Moreover, fighters. Sometimes, after trouble within loads of Africans to training institutes once the refugee had spent several years the nationalist movements, students and and seminars. To fill the gaps in the edu- in Europe or America he began losing dissidents seek refuge again and again. cation of the young refugees, the African- contact with Africa. His tastes and train- going from one country to the next. The American Institute opened two training ing increasingly isolated him from his student I met had already been to three, schools in Tanzania and Zambia, which home continent. Thus, recently, the trend and might try several more before he prepared the students for higher educa- with the High Commissioner for Refu- found a new home, if ever he did. tion. But, as the cold war thawed and it gees and other refugee bodies offering

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 scholarships, like the International Uni- versity Exchange Fund, has been to stress skills and technical training, while offer- ing this education as much as possible in Africa. But this is not the end of the problem. For there is limited room in Africa's secondary and higher institutions and, as is quite natural, each country provides priority for its nationals. Thus the refu- gee agencies have had to step in to obtain and often finance the schooling of refu- gees, paying not only tuition but also some sort of living allowance. These al- lowances, modest as they are, have since become a bone of contention with the locals, whose children sometimes receive less. But the refugees, with no relatives to look after them and often unaccus- tomed to the local food and housing, find them all too skimpy. Nevertheless, despite these trials and tribulations, the young refugee may get an education. At higher levels, the southern African students are being joined by children of rural refugees who have left the settlements for further training. And they all join the mass of school-leavers and graduates.

What happens then? Obviously, the refugees must look for work. But the job market in Africa is extremely tight. The educational systems of the young states are turning out graduates much faster than their economies can create jobs. And, once again, the preference goes to nationals. There is considerable opposition to giving a refugee a post, and ln a reception camp—where is unimportant, for the details oj a refugee's life are often even an expatriate, technical assist- much the same anywhere—a hot meal of rice and beans is served to new arrivals. ant or volunteer is preferred. These for- eigners are often paid by external sources, and in addition, they have limited con- tracts and can be replaced by nationals hopes are beginning to lose them. The later. It would not be so easy—or pur- tinent asking the member states to offer saddest cases are the southern Africans poseful—to hire a refugee for a few years scholarships or at least receive African who heard and believed the appeals and until he can be replaced by a local. Thus refugees if others pay the way. They have promises of independent Africa. One can even refugees with suitable training and urged that refugees then be recruited to scarcely find people more skeptical at a desire to work in and for Africa are the civil service, the private sector or best, bitter at worst, than many highly rejected. More often than not, the HCR even as teachers and doctors in countries educated South Africans. They arc now resettles refugees outside of the continent, where there is a scarcity of trained per- being joined by Rhodesians, and refugees and of the SASP's 500 highly trained sonnel. The results, so far, have been from a dozen countries. students only some 100 have returned to sadly limited. HCR and World Council Africa. of Churches attempts at helping refugees All these urban refugees are faced with with skills as carpenters or tailors to set the same dangers, as was pointed out by To overcome these problems, the Or- themselves up in business have been only a knowledgeable social worker, Mrs. Aco- ganization of African Unity in coopera- marginally more successful. The mass of lia Simon-Thomas, in research done for tion with the High Commissioner's Office trained and unemployed refugees is still the 1UEF/WCC. These problems "centre and several voluntary agencies, has set growing. around insecurity due to lack of efficient up the Bureau for Placement and Educa- This means that only ten years after government machinery to determine tion of African Refugees. BPEAR's Di- the problem arose, Africa is getting its quickly eligibility, unemployment, lack rector, Lamine Ba, and high level OAU own "hard core" refugees. People who of relevant education and training, which officials have travelled around the con- came to brother countries with high results in inability to find jobs. In the

32 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 "One million refugees are too important to neglect. Their potential for evil is not negligible. But their potential for good is far more significant."

absence of employment and educational students who had been trained and edu- the agencies running the settlements, or possibilities, the urban refugee is com- cated were able to return to their native the Oflice of the High Commissioner for pelled to live for a long period at sub- land, assume posts of responsibility, and Refugees which helped to finance them. sistence level and is forced into over- cooperate in the establishment of a united In addition, since the most acute prob- crowded, usually unsafe and unsanitary nation. However, the Burundi situation lems arose with the urban refugees, the living conditions. His social maladjust- meant that by the end of the year at least OAU's other member states could grant ment and unproductive life brings about 40,000 refugees had escaped into neigh- scholarships or work to qualified refugees. a feeling of frustration, despair, lassitude boring territories and the overall number BPEAR, which looks after the aspects of and instability." of African refugees reached one million. education and placement, might be given Thus Africa has gained little from this There was, of course, no celebration greater support than it has so far en- category of refugees, whose potential for to mark the arrival of the millionth refu- joyed, and the Refugee Commission could good was enormous. What about the po- gee in a camp somewhere in Africa. be reactivated. Along with material aid, tential for evil? There is already a rise There was no reason for the continent to the refugees need legal protection such as in educational unemployment throughout be overly proud of this situation, neither provided by the 1951 International Con- the continent, and it would not seem that as concerned the refugees who should vention and the 1967 Protocol. To date, a few more such people would make a have been avoided, those fleeing difficul- unfortunately, only 24 African states difference. However, since the refugees ties in independent Africa, nor the many have adhered to the former and far fewer stand even less chance of getting a job southern Africans and those from Portu- to the latter. It is particularly regrettable than a national, they may be more active guese territories, whose return would be thai the special "African" Convention of in seeking alternatives. Already petty further delayed. Despite repeated efforts 1969, carefully and painstakingly drawn thievery and prostitution supplements the by the Organization of African Unity and up by the Organization of African Unity, allowance of a small minority. others, lew solutions had been found to has only been ratified by five states and It would be unwise to forget what has permit refugees to alter their status by a thus not even come into force. Fewer happened to the world's largest mass of return home. Thus the masses of refu- states have adopted national legislation permanent refugees—the Palestinians— gees had to live off the land, sometimes guaranteeing a positive and regulated and this parallel is not academic: similar reaching a rather satisfactory level or at status to the refugees, and the hope of events have already occurred in Africa. least eking out the same subsistence they ultimately becoming citizens of their new The Rwandese refugees have been per- had before, although tb" situation of the home countries. mitted to form groups of inyenzi who "free-livers" was le_. viable. Africa has reacted extremely well in received military training and then The urban refugees were also begin- crises. Its countries have generously launched raids against their former home- ning to cause serious difficulties, and the granted asylum to the refugees and per- land. The real victims of this were not frustration among them was growing, mitted operations to help them settle. themselves, but other Tutsi driven out especially those whose escape from co- and swelling the ranks of refugees. More But this can only be a beginning, and lonialism was not the end to their trou- recently, some inyenzi joined with simba the African states and peoples must con- bles. Moreover, how could the continent refugees from Zaire in supporting an at- tinue contributing in the longer haul as even acknowledge an event about which tempted coup in the host country of well. More has to be done to share the its peoples still knew so little? For it Burundi, and bore at least some respon- burden of material support, to receive seems obvious that if more attention were sibility for the initial massacre and sub- and promote the well-being of refugees paid to the problem, if more Africans sequent outflow of yet more refugees last settled on the continent, to offer the knew of the hardships and desperation of year. abler among their children an education some of their brethren, greater efforts and opportunity to work, and finally to This past year started off rather well would have been made to help. facilitate the assimilation of those who for the refugees. The war in Sudan was What could be done to help? Many would stay. One million refugees are too finally settled and already about 30,000 things. But first it must be recalled that important to neglect. Their potential for refugees had returned home (see Africa almost all of the refugees, owing to the evil, if they are not cared for, is not Report, November-December 1972). This hazards of fate, have been received by a negligible. But their potential for good is was a particularly welcome result for the dozen African states. These states have far more significant. Given help and sym- representatives of the refugee agencies usually done their best, and yet they were pathy, they can make an immeasurable who had helped keep these tens of thou- carrying a burden that was sometimes contribution to their lands of asylum and sands of refugees alive and well, and too heavy for them and, at any rate, Africa as a whole. This potential should brought some to an economic level such should have been shared by the whole be tapped, now. before there are more that (here was no haste in returning to continent. The other countries with few refugees, and before growing frustration the devastated southern Sudan. or no refugees could, and should pro- and the phenomena of urbanization com- For the first time, thousands of refugee vide material assistance to the host states. plicate the task. Q

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 33 INTERVIEW Pan-Africanism and black nationalism are one' Roy Innis talks to Afroman U. O. Canada

Last issue, we published a view of the there to build up Africa and then Canada: Surely, Mr. Innis, all leaders of relationship between Africans and black chase out Europeans. Blacks of today both groups are struggling or have Americans by Harvard professor Orland in this group want to go back to Africa struggled for the same goal, that is, Patterson. Now Roy Innis, leader of Ihe and help in building Africa. In other freedom and equality for all blacks. Congress of Racial Kquality gives a very words, those of us who go to remain Isn't that right? different perspective on the same issue. there [Africa] or are struggling abroad Innis: No. that's not completely right. simply have a goal to be able to relate Partly, it may be the same goal but Canada: Mr. Innis, what are your feel- to and call Africa ours, just as the the way they go about it is different. ings about the relationship between Europeans in America relate to Europe Nationalist/separatists want indepen- black Americans and black Africans? —they never want to dissolve into dence—pay our own taxes to support Innis: I think it has improved many fold white America. our own hospitals, schools, houses, po- in recent years. It became the greatest Integrationist / assimilationists are lice and take political and economic thing to happen recently to many black people like W. B. DuBois and his pre- control of areas we live in, no matter families. The more knowledge we have how small. about Africans and African states, the decessors like Booker T. Washington Integrationist/assimilationists want more we develop our nationalism and and Douglass. They want to be more to bus our children to white schools, pan-Africanism. European than Europeans themselves. They want to intermarry, mingle pay taxes to support our facilities, join Canada: Is there any difference between with whites, get all the good things of to enjoy the good things that by any nationalism and pan-Africanism in the life. If you compare these leaders- score belong to the whites. They simply conception of black people? past and present—you'll find that na- want to live like the whites and hence Innis: In practical terms, there is no dif- tionalist/separatists are people who cannot truly relate to the lives and ference. Nationalism is the local com- look back to Africa as our real mother- needs if the blacks. ponent of pan-Africanism. land while integrationist/assimilation- If Nixon wanted to sell jets to the Canada: American intellectuals have clas- ists tend to be people with heavy Eu- Arabs, the Jews here would have stop- sified black civil-rights activists in two ropean mixing. The former group, ped him. The Jews, as you know, are groups: nationalists and separatists. Do you'll notice, look like you and me. separatists. We can do like the Jews, you believe in that classification? while the latter look half European also. Innis: No. Distinctively, there are two and half like us. Canada: You don't believe in integration? classes of blacks—be they in America Innis: No. I do not believe in integration. or in our motherland, Africa. The first Canada: Which of the existing civil-rights I believe in pragmatic separatism. We class is the nationalist/separatists and groups would you say belong to the na- can cooperate with whites, but not in- the other is the integrationist/assimila- tionalist/separatists and which belong lionisls. to the integrationist/assimilationists? tegrate in order to pick up whatever drops from them and call it inte- Canada: Would you define each group Innis: The National Urban League, Na- gration. and the differences between them? tional Association for the Advance- Innis: Nationalist/separatists are people ment of Colored People. People United Canada: Do you share the idea of having like Marcus Garvey in the western to Save Humanity. Southern Christian a separate state in the U.S. set aside hemisphere and his predecessors like Leadership Conference, and—you may for blacks and ruled and controlled Edward Blyden and Martin Delaney. be surprised—the Black Panthers be- completely by blacks? These people wanted to relate to and long to the integrationist/assimilationist Innis: No one can disagree with that good reconnect with Africa by returning group. Organizations like the Congress idea—but how do you get it? We may of Racial Equality, Imamu Baraka's succeed in changing everything, but at group. Republic of New Africa, US the moment, to get a separate state Afroman U. O. Canada is a Libcrian and the Black Muslims are nationalist/ cannot work. All the same, it's a very journalist working in New York. separatists. desirable idea.

34 AFRICA REPORT. JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 Canada: In the last two or more years, want to be changed culturally and so- You'll notice that U.S. governments black elected officials |the Black Cau- cially and basically, therefore, he offers often send light skinned Negroes to cus] in Washington have been strug- resistance from his unpolluted black these embassies, and they are not real gling with the U.S. government for African way of life to black American black Americans who can relate with more aid to and recognition of African integrationists who want to make a Africans. states. Do you admire their efforts? white man out of him. African governments must open up Inn is: Their efforts are not—and may Canada: What about Africans who dis- citizenship to black Americans, just as never be—very effective because most criminate against black Americans? the Jews could become Israelis and of them are integrationists. They don't Innis: I have not heard or seen that prac- Americans at the same time. CORE really love the motherland as the Jews tised by any Africans from the mother- has been negotiating this citizenship love their Israel. The little they are land. I was in Africa—so many times issue with many African governments. doing now is simply because we are —and I was always received with open In return we will be able to have the forcing them to do so. arms. Believe me. I went to Africa like support we need to represent them Look at it this way. They have much a prodigal son going home. [Africans] in the United States, as the more bargaining power than they used Canada: As most black Americans were Jews represent Israel here. to have. We have more people—25 —to use your own word—deported ini- Whenever in the United States, Af- million, official counting, but we know tially from West Africa. Why do you rican leaders should look us up. They we are over 30 million blacks in the think many black Americans today should meet and discuss our common U.S. and there are only five million copy the cultural life of North and problems with progressive and nation- Jews throughout the United States— East Africans? alist leaders here. but the Jews have more voting power. Innis: Only a few relate to East African African leaders should recognize the We have only one Senator, that is. cultures, and these few are national- plight of black men in the United Senator Edward Brooke of Massachus- ists. Many others, you'll notice, do not States and make the white man's ra- sets—but he is more white than black. really relate to East Africans, rather cism an international problem and not Canada: Why do you use the Jews as a they emulate the Arabs, which is an internal problem of the United yardstick for blacks to emulate in order worse. That's why they learn Swahili. States. to relate properly to Africa? They actually do not identify with Canada: What do you think of the action Innis: First, the Jews are a small enough East and West Africa, south of of Uganda's General Amin in expelling model to study very easily. Secondly. the Sahara but rather with North Af- over 50.000 Asians from Uganda and they are a model of people who faced rica. History, we know, tells us that his alleged endorsement of Hitler's per- oppression in the lands of oppressors. the first black men were enslaved secution of the Jews? They are like ihose of us who were through the Arab nations to Europe Innis: General Amin took a bold step in a deported [from Africa] by colonialists but most black people in the Western very explosive way. But foreigners to the land of oppression. Actually, world today were actually "deported" need not capitalize on that action. As they are an example of nationalists from West and Central African slave black people, we have no records to who understand the need for a home- markets by oppressive colonialists. prove if Hitler was a friend or an en- land. However, we must forgive these in- emy of black people. Canada: Talking about relations between tegrationist/assimilationists who want A country's economy is too impor- Africans and black Americans, do you to adopt the cultures of North Africa tant to be left in the hands of foreign- accept the allegation that some black rather than the cultures of East and ers. It is proper to expel non-East Af- Americans discriminate against black West Africa. With increasing contacts, ricans from Uganda. I hope West Africans in the United States? these wrong relations will be changed. African states will do the same—per- Innis: It's true that some blacks here CORE every year sends pilgrimages to haps more diplomatically but it must discriminate against Africans. These both East and West Africa to give the be done. Black people must refuse to blacks are the misinformed ones. They black Americans more exposure to allow other people to dominate their are the integrationists. They love only their [African] people. economy. the blood of their erstwhile European Canada: What can African governments Canada: What form of government would grandfathers, rapists and oppressors. do to promote this relationship between you recommend as most suitable for Canada: Do you think that this sort of Africans and black Americans? African states? discrimination explains why so many Innis: The big key to an improved rela- Innis: As a pragmatist, I will recommend marriages or friendships between Afri- tionship is for individual African gov- total pragmatism. Africans should not cans and black Americans break up? ernments to do more to relate and ally adopt a preconceived system. We need Innis: I know a lot of girls who couldn't themselves—sometimes more openly any system that can work for us. Or make it with their African husbands, without fear or shame—with progres- we can update our previous system. I as well as those who are still together sive black Americans in the United should like to practise communalism, today. The reason is that black Ameri- States. And not be fooled by special which pre-dated Marxism, Lenin or cans too often try to change Africans color-cat aristocrats whom the Ameri- democracy and the so-called European into Europeans living as they [black can government presents to them as socialism. For one thing, I don't think Americans] live here, and hence they Negro leaders through posting them in that African states should be bogged don't get along. An African does not American embassies in African states. down with any European systems. Q

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 35 THE LIVELY ARTS Youthful traditions score at Kaduna

What happens to a traditional culture when the young peo- ple who must carry it on appear to be bombarded by ele- ments of everywhere from the international entertainment and news media? A serious question raised by the partici- pants in the Black Music Colloquium on page 12 of this issue. Answers we haven't got—but this report suggests that the arts and crafts that underpin the northern Nigerian masked dancer, right, are far from becoming "irrelevant"— never mind at death's door.

By Robert M. Wren

Behind the outstanding success of the densely populated a nation is surely The South-Eastern State group at Ka- All-Nigeria Festival of the Arts lay a unique even in this century). Nigerian duna was composed of recent secondary question of great importance to all of arts are no more likely to remain static school graduates for choral music, vary- Africa: the problem of the preservation than Nigerian transportation or housing, ing-aged schoolgirls for dance, and rural of traditional art seen to be under attack so the question must arise whether the villagers—farmers, palm-wine tappers, by imported influences. This problem un- change can be controlled and if so should and the like—playing their accustomed it be? derstandably preoccupied a two-day sym- horns, calabashes, drums and gongs. It posium on "the place of Nigerian Antiqui- The festival itself implied a partial would appear that for the time being lit- ties in the World of Arts," and less spe- answer. The competitions at Kaduna fol- tle encouragement is needed to activate lowed 12 state festivals at which (if the cifically, the rest of the festival, which the arts, and that the Festival concept Lagos festival was typical) the competi- was held in Kaduna, North Central State, can help to keep dynamic a deep and in- from December 9-16, 1972. tion was already keen. Many thousands digenous artistic tradition. Understandably, because in Nigeria a of people from certainly all walks of life The Kaduna Festival shows that Ni- whole society is undergoing change at a and all levels of society were engaged ac- geria need not sacrifice culture to eco- phenomenal rate (a 12 percent annual tively in the creation or encouragement nomic expediency, that there need be no economic growth-rate in so large and of Nigerian arts. At Lagos, for example, during many hours performing groups of true conflict between modernization— all kinds from tens of villages had danced, symbolized by the handsome stadium, the Earlier this year Dr. Robert M. Wren— played, paraded in magnificent and bril- electronic communication, the accurate an old contributor to Africa Report— liant masks and costumes, all or almost timing—and art, which rather than being went from Houston University, Texas, to all arising from the people themselves, reduced by the festival's modern setting the University of Nigeria, Lagos. His not from a museum or an expatriate was enhanced by it. field is African literature in English. curator. Kaduna—high, spacious, cool, and

36 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 serene—is in December often cloaked Nevertheless authenticity was part of showing of Wole Soyinka's Brother Jero with the mist-like dust of harmattan, and the general excellence which won first at the Kaduna Club.) Many thought the indeed on Monday, the third day of the place lor the South-Eastern State. Their East Central State production of Hen- Festival, visibility on a cloudless day was girl dancers, for example, were undeni- shaw's Jewels of the Shrine was better (it so poor that the plane carrying the guest ably excellent—and some, like the one did not place), but it profited by follow- of honor for the evening was unable to wearing a vast headdress as the "bride", ing a miserable production of the same land and diverted to Lagos, 400 miles almost magically beautiful—but they play by a state that shall be nameless. away. Clearing had begun late Monday were certainly not even the second-best The Western State took second with a however and as the week progressed the dancers. The best by popular acclaim visually exciting presentation of Wole days, already satisfactory, became good, (and category prize) were the East-Cen- Ogunyemi's Erua (a Yoruba Everyman). then excellent, so that the Grand Finale tral State's squad of frenetically-paced Perhaps all were hindered by the very at Ahmadu Bello Stadium was the suc- small boys, brilliantly costumed, who poor facilities available for staging (my cess it deserved to be on an ideal day. danced with such speed, accuracy and own production of J. P. Clark's The (apparent) wiklness that the audiences Masquerade had its worst performance, Impressive as the weather and the per- were in almost constant applause. formances—of which more shortly—was technically, on "All University Day" on the clockwork precision of the schedule Almost as popular were the acrobats the same stage; fortunately, it was not in and execution throughout the Festival from the Mid-Western State whose hand- competition). The most spectacular show and, as well, the apparent scrupulous and less cartwheels during the Grand Finale —over-produced and under-acted—was intricate fairness of the judging. Prompt- provided the most exciting five minutes the University of Ibadan's presentation of ly at 6:15 on the last day, after two of the afternoon, though they did not Hassan (adapted from James Elroy hours and 25 minutes of the first and only place in the judging. To my own mind, Flecker" s play); with 50 gorgeously cos- public performances of the festival for a the best dancers, however, were the West- tumed actors, it was too big for the Gov- packed crowd of 30,000, Mrs. Victoria ern State troupe, two groups of six, one ernment College theater the other pro- Gowon, wife of the Head of State, be- with swords, the others with curved Yo- ductions had been forced to use. so it gan the presentation of awards including, ruba drum sticks, whose interaction with was played in the open on multiple set- finally, a huge Golden Gong to the South- each other and whose rhythmic syncopa- tings. It was the only precision play Eastern State delegation for best overall tions (using huge male and female drums) production at the Festival. presentation. That delegation, overwhelm- had a subtlety all other performances But the best production—the most en- ingly composed of teenagers, accepted lacked. But Western State took only third; joyable even to me, a non-Hausa-speaker with tumultuous ecstasy while their the more authentic South-Eastern girls' —was Kowa Yayi a Yi Mishi (roughly, youngest member, the "Queen" dancer— dance celebrating virginity and marriage "if you do evil you will have evil done eight-year-old Beatrice Oniari Ogar— took second, and sheer popularity took to you") performed in Hausa (not in mounted the Stadium steps to greet and first. competition) and lasting two and a half be greeted by General Yakubu Gowon. The awards to the East-Central State, hours. The play is a satire on manners, Though General Gowon's speech incidentally, as well as their perform- police, and justice, in which an adulter- ously pregnant woman in danger of exe- which followed was inevitably anticlimac- ances, reflect just how full the reintegra- cution is counseled to reply to any ques- tic—the stadium was three-fourths empty tion of the Ibo into national life has been tioner as to who the father is, "You are." by the time he finished—-the four-hour since the Civil War. They alone intro- It is an old comedy plot idea, handled ceremony had been spectacular and ex- duced their instrumental music with the citing, rarely dull and never tedious, in with a full appreciation of its possibilities national anthem. Also in their choral mu- and amply fleshed out with sub-plots only short a remarkably sophisticated example sic, they alone introduced songs from of the new Nigeria looking upon its art thematically related, including hilarious other regions of Nigeria in languages not satire on the police. If this play is a fair and its traditions and being pleased to spoken in their state; they alone ex- tind them so good and so durable. example, a dramatic tradition in Hausa pressed thus the unity of Nigerian cul- is developing that could lead to very fine The Kaduna Festival was in no real ture. That they received first place gongs drama indeed. It is just the sort of tra- sense a revival of the past, [ts most re- in choral music and dance, in turn, shows dition which Shakespeare had—complex, markable characteristic, among quite a to what degree the past has lost relevance. ample, varied, and (above all) in the few. may have been its youthfulness. Americans who are aware that the vernacular, And where the performers were less wounds of their Civil War are not yet young—as the choral singers and the completely healed may marvel at Nigeria, The happy effects of the festival were traditional instrumentalists from northern where the Biafran secession was not long suddenly reduced at 2.30 p.m. the day states tended to be—their work was se- ago thought to have been a permanent, after the finale, when 17 Western State vere and craftsmanlike, indicating that unredeemable disaster. participants were killed. Their bus struck their music was still contemporary. a stationary trailer which had stopped Further, of the seven competitive cate- The weakest part of the festival was in at a very sharp bend of the highway near gories (dance, instrumental and choral drama. South-Eastern State won with an Kaduna. No one who watched the music, drama in English, crafts, painting, unimpressive production of Ime Ikiddah's Western State performances—consistent- and sculpture) only the first three were The Blind Cyclops by the Cross River ly good to excellent, winning four prizes judged for "authenticity," and in those Theatre group. (Curiously, they did far —can help but feel a special sense of cases for only 15 out of 100 points. better after this festival with a private loss at this tragic end to the week. Q

AFRICA REPORT. JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 37 EDUCATION Starting with the arts

By Leon E. Clark

African art perhaps more than any other Among her student objectives she self-expression much closer to their aspect of the African continent enjoys lists: "To discuss the influence of Afri- hearts than issues of capital investment. universal recognition, and yet few aca- can art on modern art today"; "To con- Lastly, there Is a plethora of good demic art programs devote much time sider the functional qualities of African materials on African art, ranging from to it. This is particularly true in the art and its relationship to the everyday films, filmstrips and slides, to books schools. lives of the people"; and "To discuss the usable with opaque projectors. The reason for this neglect, of course, typical African social structure and cul- Ms. Maitland begins her African art is that art teachers on all levels are prod- ture." program, very sensibly, with an examina- ucts of a parochial educational system The resemblance between art and so- tion of "The Influence of Africa in Our that failed to expose them to art out- cial studies objectives stems from the Everyday Lives." She shows her students side the western tradition. Others who nature of African art itself. Unlike art in several panels of illustrations, beginning might be expected to teach about Af- the west, which is created by specialists with pictures of modern western art that rican art—social studies teachers, for and hidden away in museums, African has been influenced by African art, spe- example—are doubly handicapped: they art is very much a part of everyday life, cifically works by Picasso, LIpchitz and are unfamiliar with African art and gen- created by "average" people for useful Brancusi. She then shows a panel of Af- erally afraid of all art, which they see as purposes; its social function in other rican art to illustrate the source of in- an alien, intimidating, highly technical words, is inextricably entwined with its fluence and to allow students to become discipline unconnected to the "real" aesthetic qualities. As a result, it Is not acquainted with a different art tradition. world of economics and geography. really possible to study African art with- She purposely concentrates on "realistic" This condition can and should be out learning about African societies and art and avoids "unfamiliar forms' at this changed argues Ms. Carolyn J. Mait- religions. point. land, an art teacher from Theodore What applies to art classes, then, can Finally, she shows a series of panels Roosevelt High School, New York City, be applied to social studies classes with depicting the use of "African design mo- in her paper "Teaching African Art in only a slight change of emphasis here tifs and techniques in fashion design, the Secondary School," delivered at the and there. Moreover, art is an excellent interior decorating and personal adorn- annual meeting of the African Studies introduction to a foreign culture. It is ment" m this country. Association in Philadelphia in November. concrete, visual and very often provoca- From a social studies point of view, Her main thesis is that "The integration tive. It raises questions such as: What is such an exercise would illustrate the con- of African art in the secondary cur- it? Why was it made? What is its func- cept of "cultural diffusion" and ultimate- riculum should be regarded as an essen- tion? What sort of culture would create ly the notion of cultural interdepend- tial part of the educational process." art like this? ence. It could be tied in nicely with Ms. Maitland might have extended Answers to these questions, of course, Ralph Linton's popular article "One her argument to include all programs in require an investigation of the historical, Hundred Percent American," which hu- African studies (instead of just art), for social and religious aspects of a culture. morously reassures the purist American the objectives she sets for her art pro- That in itself is a social-studies program. that despite his use of Turkish towels, gram are equally applicable to other Further, art has the advantage of rais- China cups and Indian pajamas, etc., he disciplines. Studying African art, she ing a question that is seldom heard in is still untouched by "foreign" influences. points out, should help "dispel the myth social studies classes: What is the func- Ms. Maitland remarks that Euro- that Africa did not have a significant tion of art and self-expression in soci- pean (including white American) fashions cultural heritage prior to European colo- ety? Is that question any less relevant are traditionally "dull in color and re- nization." It should also "promote pride to social analysis than questions of ge- petitive in design" but have recently among black students" and help all eth- ography, resources, internal politics or taken on a new "excitement in color and nic groups appreciate the value of Af- foreign relations? There Is a very good creativity." mostly as a result of African rican art. chance that students will find issues of influence. "Today a dress which is com-

38 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 "The Black woman it their own culture, not outside it. Is Ravi Shankar a great sitarist because he in- fluenced the Beatles or because he meets the criteria of Indian critics? In short, our educational goal is not to learn to like all cultures but to respect their uniqueness. Another question, equally valuable from a social studies point of view, Is why so many Africans have adopted the "drab" dark-suit, dark-tie, white-shirt dress of conservative Europeans, so com- mon in African cities. Clearly, the In- fluence has been in one direction (from Europe) until recently; why has this trend begun to change? Or, more subtly, why is it that diplo- mats from Senegal, Sierra Leone and Kenya appear at the United Nations in western dress, while their counterparts from Nigeria and Tanzania often appear In African dress? The answers lie in the histories, ethnic compositions and cur- rent politics of these countries. The point, however, is that something as seemingly innocuous as foreign Influ- ences in fashions can serve as a spring- board to larger Issues. Ms. Maitland and her students, in fact, quickly go beyond this initial stage of cultural borrowing and pursue the cul- tural and historical background of Afri- can art. They question "the meaning of terms such as primitive, industrialized, savage, culture, crafts, and fine art," and conclude that "art produced by primitive people can be exceptionally sophisticated." Ms. Maitland points out that "Afri- can art including design has been con- A panel devised by Ms. Carolyn J. Maitland, a New York art teacher, to show sidered 'primitive', a term associated the use of African motifs in U.S. fashion. with crudity and lack of sophistication. Gradually the realization is spreading posed of three patterns within the de- couraged, but from a social studies point that the art and design of primitive peo- sign is Indebted to African design for of view a further question should be ple (referring to people who live a sim- inspiration." asked: To what extent is the value of ple way of life removed from technology To reinforce this point, Ms. Maitland African art and culture (or any art or and industrialization) are neither tech- next has her students examine African culture) dependent upon its acceptance nically crude nor aesthetically Inferior." artifacts such as batik and tie dye ma- by "outsiders"? Or to put it another This is an important point and cannot terials, Icente cloth from Ghana, basketry way: To what extent do we perpetuate be made often enough, but does it go and sculpture. "Black Americans," she our own ethnocentrism by valuing an- far enough? If "art produced by primi- says, "can be proud of an artistic her- other art or culture because of what we tive people can be exceptionally so- itage which is appreciated and utilized can take from it? phisticated," then why persist in calling by other ethnic groups." In fact, African art is valuable whether these people primitive? If a student says, Such an approach is undoubtedly use- or not Americans appreciate it. The arts "Gee, for simple people those Africans ful as a motivating technique (and as a and beliefs of a culture should be sure make great art," a teacher's reac- source of black pride) and should be en- deemed valuable within the context of tion should not be one of satisfaction. It

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 39 EDUCATION

should be another question: "If their ari preferably the latter because they can son than to test their own hypotheses. is so sophisticated, then why do you call be held on the screen—could be used Much of what the students find will them simple?" The answer of course is to launch an inquiry episode in social be identical to the usual content of so- that their "primltiveness" comes from studies. Show students a series of masks cial studies programs: many masks are Cisewhere; it comes from our use of west- and ask: What do you think these would used in initiation rites, so important in ern technology as the yardstick of cul- be used for? Allow students to specu- belonging societies [and comparable to turai sophistication. late freely; there are no right or wrong confirmation and bar mitzvah in the But why use technology rather than answers at this point. west); intricate carvings of the sixth cen- art or anything else as the basis for As a spur to discussion, you might ask: tury reveal the existence of highly so- judging cultures, if one persists in mak- Why do we wear masks? When? (What phisticated African societies at a time ing such judgments? Why not use the is the origin of Halloween? Why are when Northern Europe was a collection warmth of human relations, or social sta- masks-worn?). of warring clans; Benin plaques record bility, or the continuity of a fulfilling phi- In general masks are worn to disguise the history of early kingdoms in Africa; losophy? Are these achievements any the wearer; they also invest the wearer and fetish figures and other art objects less significant than material progress? with new powers. A Halloween Super- grow out of a deep spiritual dimension in African cultures. As Ms. Maitland points out, in quot- man not only hides his real identity but ing Leopold Senghor, African art "has assumes the qualities, at least imagina- Just as important, students should de- been called primitive only in the sense tively, of the "genuine" article. The velop an appreciation for the function that it was first and because it has re- same is true with African masks. The of art In society, which might lead to mained close to the cosmic and vital wearer of the mask drops his daily Iden- some interesting questions about con- sources of human emotions." tity and becomes the spirit he is de- temporary America. What does our art In effect Senghor reverses the mean- picting; at the very least he conjures up say about us? What would an archaeol- ing of "primitive," turning it into some- that spirit in himself and others. ogist, a thousand years from now, infer thing sophisticated. Teachers should do Show pictures of other carvings such about American society? What does an the same. If African art is sophisticated, as statues and fetish figures, and ask abstract painting suggest? Or a precise which surely it Is, then the conclusion similar questions: Where would these be geometrical form? Does our art suggest should be that African cultures are so- used? When? Why? What comparable an arid, scientific culture, caught up with phisticated, not that "primitive" people figures do we use in our everyday lives? technique and not feeling? Are we more con make "sophisticated" art. (Christian medals, statues, crosses; Jew- interested In things than people? That is one hypothesis. Is It true? To study the cultural context of Afri- ish mezuzahs, etc.). An African fertility can art, Ms. Maitland uses a series of doll wilf seem far less superstitious to Show examples of contemporary films, including The Family of Ghana students who recognize similar objects in American art to the students and let (Contemporary Films), a highly personal their own culture. them decide. Or examine everyday ob- account of village life on the coast of Other kinds of art, such as Ife heads, jects and ask: To what extent does art Ghana, showing the conflicts between a Benin plaques, or Ashanti gold weights, affect our necessary creations? traditional father and his modernized will suggest more temporal aspects of Ms. Maitland makes this observation: son, and Bozo Daily Life (Internationa! African cultures. Students should be able "We are aware that the aesthetic values Film Foundation), a non-narrated glimpse to infer the types of societies that would and concepts of the African are utilized of daily activities along the Niger River create such art, and they should be able In every aspect of his life. In compari- in Mali. Both films are excellent and can to relate it to the court tradition in Eu- son, art in our own Western culture be used in any type course on Africa. ropean art. (Don't forget to show the threatens to become an increasingly in- Another film that integrates art and stelae of Axum and the churches of Lali- consequential luxury. We need to copy + history is The Ancient Africans (Interna- bella). from he African the idea of integrating tional Film Foundation). Ms. Maitland And of course the crafts of Africa, art into our every day life. It is a di- also recommends Buma: African Sculp- seen in the design of cooking utensils, chotomy that Western man has created ture Speaks, West African Arts and the carving of calabashes or the weaving between fine and applied arts. There is Craf+s, African Craftsmen: The Ashanti, of materials, will suggest yet another a need to propagate the use of good Bakuba, and The First Negro Festival of function of art. design which combines aesthetic and Arts. The point of such exercises is not to functional superiority In the creation of Numerous filmstrips are also available. qive answers—teachers in fact do not objects which serve our every day Ms. Maitland specifically mentions have to know very much about African needs." Maslcs, "which is part of an African art art—but to raise questions, to stimulate There is a saying that "Life is short, teachinq kit," produced by the Univer- curiosity and create a demand for In- art long." Perhaps only through the study sity of California. Also, the Museum of formation. Students can find their own of art can we learn to appreciate the Primitive Art has produced a set of art answers or read material handed to truth of that statement, and as a result slides for teachinq purposes. them. Once provoked, however, students come to understand the importance of Any one of these films or filmstrips— should want answers, if for no other rea- culture and history. Q

40 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 TRAVEL Second thoughts on travel package finances

By Nancy McKeon

Kenya's great success in stimulating tour- much of the economy is based on tour- As more and more of these cases ism +o East Africa by encouraging group ist spending, it has pretty serious impli- came before the public attention this -ravel and package tours in the major cations. last summer people's awareness of the coastal resort hotels and game parks has Still, countries like Tanzania, which has risks heightened, but the lure of low air- made tourist officers throughout Africa gotten short shrift in the general crush fares is still a strong inducement to take look to low-budget, pre-arranged travel of East African tourism, actively seek a chance. This last summer's crises all as the secret to an increase [n foreign large groups like the German, Italian seemed to take place in Europe, and or- exchange. and Swiss package groups. December ganization and resources were such that But while these officials are seeking 1971 saw the beginning of regular char- the travelers—largely young Americans TO emulate Kenya, observers are already ter flights from Germany to Dar es —got home without too much fuss. But taking a hard look at where East African Salaam, and Germans now head the list travelers stranded in Africa could have travel money really goes. Critics have of nationalities visiting the once-Ger- a harder, and more expensive, time get- long realized that most package tours man colony, outnumbering the Ameri- ting home. are paid for in the country of the tour- cans. The groups that come into Tan- For that reason several African coun- ists' origin, and except for the portion zania include those that just stay at the tries have been seriously aiscussing re- of prepayment that must be remitted to various luxury beach hotels outside Dar fusing landing rights to illegal charters; Kenya, much of the profit remains in and others that get on Tanzania's tourist i.e., charter groups that do not meet Europe or the United States. But ob- circuit of game parks and towns of in- with the specifications set by the In- servers now contend that some pack- terest. The latter put more money info ternational Air Transport Association, ages, specifically ones that originate in the coffers of the country because the the governing body of most of the Switzerland and Germany and include game parks, as in Kenya, fall under the world's airlines. One West African coun- all food and lodging, do nof even gen- jurisdiction of the government depart- try thinking about taking this step got erate minimal spending for incidentals ment of tourism and wildlife, rather than stuck with a group of stranded charter- in Kenya. the private sector. flight passengers once several years ago Resort owners along Kenya's coast— The disadvantages that apply to pack- and vowed never again. Whereas British from Shimoni to Malindi—react with age tourism do not apply to charter businessmen in London helped to ball out dismay at the German tourists' frugal flights that do not include land arrange- the young American tourists who were ways. The manager of Mombasa's famed ments, but for both the African nations stuck without transportation home this Nyali Beach Hotel moaned, "These Ger- and individual passengers there are per- past summer, neither private African mans come here and just lie in the sun. ils here also. While it remains true that business nor the public sector has the Most of them do not do any sightseeing the cheap airfares offered by charter- resources to make such a gesture. that costs extra, they do not shop in the flight dealers enable people to travel to The chairman of the African Travel town. They usually do not even buy an Africa who might not otherwise be able Commission, Ignatius Amaduwa Atigbi, extra beer at the bar. Whatever is in- to, it is also true that there are many who Is also secretary general of the Ni- cluded in the price they paid in Ger- disreputable charter "consolidators" who gerian Tourist Association, has urged Af- many is all they want." This may sound go out of business before the return rican governments to encourage charter like a petty complaint, but in a country, flight, thus stranding passengers all flights as a way to lower airfares and like so many others in Africa, where so around the world. spur tourism. And he Is right. The major

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 41 TRAVEL deterrent to Americans, for instance, Is In trying to get a bigger share of the have been effectively closed to visitors. the high fare—a fare that increases even tourism dollar, or shilling, or cedi, for But a recent increase in government sur- as European fares decrease. the government, departments of tourism charge on all hotel accommodations has But both the governments and the often introduce measures that, unfor- caused many tour dealers to think twice intended passengers should beware of tunately, have the opposite effect. In about exploiting Tanzania's tourist po- the charter's legitimacy. Although the many tours, for instance, Tanzanian tour- tential. The net result? Probably, in the whole travel industry is in flux, with ma- ist features have been substituted for long run, a gain for Tanzania in foreign jor airlines running charters (in effect Uganda's, now that the latter's borders exchange. Right now, a stalemate. Q usurping, some critics contend, the role of the travel agent) and rules of charter eligibility being challenged, for the mo- ment travelers can check the legitimacy A royal hotel in Addis of their charter by being sure they have belonged to the group sponsoring it for By John Ravenson at least six months and by checking that the group was not formed solely for the In 1944, after Emperor Haile Selassie of wherever room could be found. purpose of cheap travel. Ethiopia had finally retrieved his domain After the conference, the hotel was Discounted tickets, also illegal under from Italian occupation, he had a small opened for tourists, who have not stop- IATA rules, are another story altogether. palace built at the foot of Addis Ababa. ped coming since 1963. They found the These are tickets issued by major air- This was Filwoha Palace—named after rooms pleasant, the garden refreshing, lines, usually through reputable agents, its mineral hot springs—and it was a the hot springs soothing and the atmos- that cost less than the officially listed place of relaxation while the more im- phere always Imperial. In 1970, the hotel prices but are on regularly scheduled posing Jubilee Palace was completed. was graced with a new restaurant in the flights. Unlike charter consolidators, who Relegated later to a mere annex, the shape of a foucoule, the traditional peas- sometimes disappear overnight, these older palace was almost forgotten until ant's hut so typical of the Ethiopian tickets will usually be honored—if only 1963. Then one of the most significant countryside. But the moments of splen- by that one airline—unless there is a events in recent African history occur- dor had not come to an end, for Addis check of individual tickets at the point red. Largely at the insistence of the Ababa was again and again the site of of departure, in which case the pas- Emperor, representatives of the emerg- major African conferences, and Ghion senger can be left out in the cold. ing African states were called together was the hotel of predilection for heads to overcome their differences and form of state and secretaries-general of inter- Two airlines famous for low-rate trips a common front toward the outside national organizations. from London to Nairobi—United Arab world. This conference also created an At Ghion the atmosphere Is Imperial Airlines and British Caledonia—run full Organization of African Unity with its In more ways than one, for the Emperor planes back and forth from Africa headquarters in Ethiopia's capital. throughout the summer, filled with Eng- himself lives just around the corner in lish, American and African students on If was not easy to hold a summit con- the Jubilee Palace. You may well get a holiday. The interesting aspect of the ference in the Addis Ababa of that glance at him as he drives by In his lim- Egyptian flights is a one-night stopover time. There were pitifully few hotels or ousine or stops to receive petitions from in Cairo, hotel paid for, and a quickie accommodations of any sort. Yet one of humble subjects. His private grounds tour of the city in the morning before the greatest assemblies of crowned almost surround the hotel, and the riding your flight continues. But even these ma- heads, presidents and prime ministers stable of beautiful Arabian ponies is just jor operations get checked once in a was expected. So the Filwoha Palace was across the parking lot. You may be while, and United Arab, also known as quickly refurbished as a suite for Haile awakened in the morning by "reveille" EgyptAir, was fined heavily this summer Selassie, who wished to live near the calling the imperial bodyguard to duty for a few ticket violations. other leaders. A new wing of the palace and fall asleep to the sound of "taps." was made into a hotel, and a luxurious Nor is the Emperor an unfriendly neigh- While independent travelers to Af- "imperial" wing was built to receive 33 bor. Tours of the palace can be arranged rica are thought to put more money into African leaders. The new hotel was call- and the visitor may pass through the the general economy, by avoiding the ed Ghion, a Biblical term for a constant garden, where tame lions and cheetahs well-paid middleman, it is also true that flowing source of lasting abundance. stroll like so many curious cats, and on charter-flight passengers, mostly teach- The lesser dignitaries and members of into the building from whence the Lion ers and students, have less money to delegations—thousands of them, if one of Judah rules his vast empire. Back at spread around than the well-heeled mid- counts the bodyguards, secretaries and the hotel, you can go to the old palace, dle-aged "safari" seekers. But African private cooks—were not as fortunate. since become a casino, or retire to governments are willing to welcome the The new hospital, several schools and bungalow No. 73 where Nasser once less affluent travelers, because of their even unfinished houses provided lodg- slept, or room No. 225 where Nkrumah attitude toward African travel and be- ings for many, while the remnant dreamed his dream of African unity, or cause their money quite often goes pitched tents on the hotel grounds or that of many a great leader. • where it is most needed.

42 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 Darkness at noon in the heart of Africa

It has always been a source of energy, but a historic eclipse will make the sun a source of unprecedented tourist rev- enue in 1973 for Niger and Kenya, and a few countries in between. The total eclipse of the sun, which will occur on June 30 at around noon, will be of exceptional duration. As it cuts a swathe across the central section of Af- rica, the sun will be eclipsed a full seven minutes—close to the theoretical maxi- mum. As the eclipse travels from its point of origin in Brazil and across to Mauri- tania, it will reach its maximum duration over Mali and Niger, then cross over Chad, the southern portion of Sudan and northern Kenya, where it will be re- duced to four and a half minutes. As long as two years ago, scientists and tourists were making plans to view the unprecedented eclipse. More than 1,000 members of the scientific com- munity have arranged to bring equip- ment to Mali and Niger, the prime site being 135 kilometers north of Agades in Niger, to observe the phenomenon, and •ome 200 students and teachers, settling for four and a half minutes of eclipse, have already rented all available space at the Lake Rudolf Angling Club in northern Kenya. Because the cfub can only accommodate, in cabins, one-tenth of the 200 expected, most will camp out on the beach, leading Mrs. Pat Robert- son, the manager, to hope that the lake's two resident 20-foot crocodiles will go away by June. The two have harassed, and in one case attacked, visitors to the lodge in the past.

But it is not too late for the general public to get in on the act. Both the Cunard Line of New York and Arnold Tours of Boston are offering trips to Niger river/nan. Visitors to Niger this year can have a once-in-a-li/etime h

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 43 EWS' Two views of Hoagland on South Africa

ing a central foreign policy concern of like everyone else. Ultimately he was South Africa: Civilizations in Con- the U.S. If it becomes a centra! foreign told not to darken South Africa's stoeps flict, by Jim Hoagland (Houghton Mif- policy concern, then South Africa Is again, but in the process he managed flln, 1972. $10). fearful ultimately it will lose all possibil- to beat the system. He obviously worked ity of remaining an ally. Therefore in hard at beating it—that is at saying The sovereign Republic of South Africa principle it would not like to permit something despite South Africa's news would like to be regarded by the United entry to any American journalists since management techniques—but he could- States as the U.S. regards Israel. Yet, the news media are a principal means n't have done it without the help of the despite this, it treats America visa ap- of focusing public attention. However, Pulitzer Prize jury. Hoagland, until re- plications with the greatest suspicion. An the South African government is wise cently the Washington Post's Africa cor- American who does not seem disposed enough to realize there can be no alli- respondent, won the 1971 Pulitzer for to be ideologically compatible with the ance without an exchange of journalists, international reporting for a series of self-view and world view of South Af- so—however reluctantly—some visas are articles based on a six-week visit to rica's ruling elite may be granted one if approved. Most favored are editors of South Africa in 1970. The award ap- —and here one is trying to read the small town newspapers and trade maga- peared to surprise Hoagland's editors, collective mind of South African official- zines. The most dangerous in South Af- who registered amazement that an off- dom—if it is believed that the indi- rican eyes are those journalists likely to the-froit-page story like South Africa vidual is so fair minded that he is be serious, long-term South African could have been plumbed for a Pulitzer. susceptible of being awed by the com- watchers. Those are the ones who might write material on the theme that South Their assessment was essentially cor- plexity of the South African social struc- rect. Hoagland had masterfully organ- ture to the point of "understanding" Africa is a serious foreign policy con- cern for the U.S. Thus the most advan- ized and trenchantly, even lyrically, South Africa, that is in essence putting written his series, but he hadn't said it out of mind, once he gets back home. tageous solution for South Africa, one in which the U.S. press acquiesces with- anything that could convince one that Any American journalist from a major out turning its collective heat on Wash- South Africa was a major foreign policy publication enters this thicket with at ington, is to allow the major papers to problem for the U.S.—a day-m-and-day- least one strike against him. By and send a representative to South Africa out front-page story. Hoagland culled large major American publications no every few years, but rarely allow the quotes like the masterpiece from a guide longer employ supporters of racial seg- same person in twice. The assumption is who, asked to explain the difference in regation, and they try not to hire white that the neophyte, if he's adventurous, wages between a black and white gold Supremacists as their foreign correspon- will dare to say at most "apartheid is a miner, replied, "Because Willie's skin is dents. This means that the American no-no" and think he's getting away with white. It is the most valuable commodity journalist going Into South Africa is something. However, this quite cor- you can have in South Africa. It is more automatically one of those "on trial." rectly no longer bothers the more so- valuable than this yellow stuff we blast He is under strong pressure to write phisticated South African officials, who out of the earth." But in the final analy- stories that say implicitly or explicitly know that to say that is no longer news sis Hoagland didn't say anything more that the U.S. should be nice to South in the U.S. They simply refuse to renew than "apartheid is a no-no." Africa. Yet the very terms of the visa the correspondent's visa, which allows However, the Pulitzer apparently gave and the accompanying pressure imposed the correspondent and his editors the Hoagland the boost he needed. If is an by South Africa are such that an Amer- delusion of thinking that he wrote some- instant American tradition that a Pulitzer ican journalist must have a strong will thing significant; and the correspond- winner should translate his prose into indeed not to cave In to the impulse to ent's reputation among his peers goes book form. Hoagland conformed, and do the reverse, that is the most vitupera- up a notch thanks to the banning. In- the vastly expanded result is a penetrat- tive hatchet job possible on South Af- deed, the syndrome has become so en- ing p ece of reportage that leaves an rica. trenched that any American correspond- increased appreciation for the depth ent who has his South African visa His probable second and third strikes and seriousness of the policy problem reqularly renewed is suspected by his Come like a knuckle ball out of Alice In confronting the United States in south- colleagues of being an apartheid sympa- Wonderland. The syndrome begins with ern Africa. I undertook the job of writing thizer. the fact that in addition to wanting to a review with the idea of saying some- be a U.S. ally, South Africa wants to thing about a book that hopefully, be- achieve that state of grace without be- Jim Hoagland had to play this game cause of the author's exceptional skill,

44 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 3K was the last In the long line of "My question rather than a race question, Trip to South Africa" writing we've had the class outlook of both governments SPEOAL STUDIES in the past decade from Kennan, Drury, being that of the top looking down Michener, Kahn, etc. Instead, I found rather than the Marxist bottom up. something substantially more, a first Looking at these new constraints In a EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS OF DEVEL- hand, tough-minded look at southern Af- more historical context, in the early OPING COUNTRIES: With Case Studies of Ghana, Pakistan, and Nigeria. rica all across the board, a mountain of 1960s American journalism accepted the Expanded and Updated Edition. Adam raw material for policy pundits to concept that a reporter could be pro- Curie. Reassesses some of the author's ponder, a book that may well in time fessional and fair on racial questions as earlier (1969) published concepts about come to be seen as the first in a new an Integrationist, thus replacing the educational planning for development U.S. generation on southern Africa. earlier concept that segregation was as in light of recent events in Pakistan and Most outstanding is Hoagland's chap- respectable as integration. Nixon's po- Nigeria. March, 1973, 212 pp., ca. ter, "A Peculiar Economy," effectively litical successes have partially modified $15.00. refuting the thesis that expanded for- this to the point that the objective eign trade and investment is the best reporter must give equal time to anti- way to Induce change in South Africa. busing views. Translating this into for- AID AND DEVELOPMENT: A Handbook Should the right people read Hoagland, eign correspondence, American journal- for Small Donors on Social Factors. the message might get through that for ists of the 1960s were able to tread Man'an Radetzki. Describes Sweden's the sake of truth and good taste the lightly the line between covering South experience as a small donor country drive to accelerate even further U.S. Africa as a racial matter and as a for- attempting to stimulate the economic de- exports to South Africa (thereby spur- eign policy matter. This was so because velopment of poor countries. Defines the ring investment as well regardless of the conventional wisdom said white Af- concepts of aid and development, and applies them to Sweden's aid activities official rhetoric) during Mr. Nixon's sec- rica was fast crumbling of Its own folly in East Africa. May, 1973, ca. 350 pp., ond term should not be accompanied without substantial foreign policy input from the U.S. Southern Africa news tables, figures, appendix, bibliog., index, by pious prattle that this is being done ca. $17.50. for the good of black South Africa. brought stirring hope to the hearts of Perhaps this particular political context liberals, and deep fear to the conserva- is in itself a major reason for sensing a tives. Now it does just the reverse. This heightened significance in Hoagland's means that the professional journalist— THE PROSPECTS FOR AN ECONOMIC book read in the wake of the 1972 elec- who of course should have done so be- COMMUNITY IN NORTH AFRICA: tion, as compared with the original news- fore—must rein himself in, treating Managing Economic Integration in the paper series in the summer of 1970— southern Africa as a strictly foreign pol- Maghreb States. Abderrahman Robana. so long ago it even preceded the an- icy question with the views of the seg- Comprehensive assessment of the eco- nouncement of Mr. Nixon's first boon regationists there being just as respect- nomic and political conditions of the to Union Carbide on Rhodeslan chrome. able as the integrationists, a situation Maghreb countries [Algeria, Morocco, In mid-1970, the U.S. tilt to the white in analogous to domestic racial reporting and Tunisia), and their potential for eco- southern Africa was still not publicly of the 1950s. nomic integration. May, 1973, ca. 210 apparent. One's assumption was that pp., tables, charts, maps, appendix, bib- liog., index, ca. $15.00. Mr. Nixon would be sufficiently astute in Hoagland, obviously aware of such handling the question to keep it in gen- forces, makes a start in cranking "South- uinely low profile. Africa - may - be - the - wave • of - the - future" type thinking into his analysis. PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AND POLITICAL Now, however, one knows better, and Noting the analogy is not exact, Hoag- land says the National Party in South CHANGE: Four Case Studies. Edited by this in turn places new constraints on the Gregory Henderson, with Barton Africa "had reacted to a series of crises political journalist. In other words he Wnaley, Johannes A. Binnendijk, Caro- must deal with South Africa seriously as somewhat in the same way ihe Nixon lyn E. Se'/ow. Discusses the influence ex- an American ally. South Africa, to many administration might have if it had had erted on international policies by public around the President, is not the ana- a free hand to follow Middle American opinion and the masss media. Includes a chronistic and extreme perversion of the public opinion, inflamed by Watts, case study of the expulsion of the Peace attitudes prevalent in the America of a Newark, the hippies of San Francisco in Corps by Guinea. Summer, 1973, ca. quarter century ago, but rather is weli 1967, and finally Chicago in 1968." 225 pp., tables, maps, figures, charts, ca. along the road to "solving" its racial Although Hoagland doesn't get very $15.00. problem and may in fact have devel- deep in futurology in a book that he ac- oped some techniques in for instance knowledges is essentially descriptive ra- handling questions such as public hous- ther than prescriptive, he does get his ing and dissent that could be applicable feet wet on the question of U.S. policy Order directly from to the U.S. future. South Africa then in southern Africa in his concluding can be seen from Washington as a class chapter, "The Dollar's Shadow." Not sur- pfoeoer 111 Fourth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10003

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 45 BOOK REVIEWS prlsingly, given the fact that he was pejorative fashion. He was wise to do policy assertion that violence will not writing from Africa, not Washington, so, but he might have explained that solve the problems of Southern Africa. and under deadline without very much the term has come to have distinctly Why should Southern Africa be different genuinely relevant material in the field negative connotations in the U.S. partly from the rest of the world? If violence to refer to, this is the weakest chapter. because of Vietnam backlash and partly does not solve problems, there should Although it might have been stronger because of the perceived chronic wide- have been no American revolution, no without it, the book would not have spread turmoil in Africa. point in going to war against Hitler, no been as revealing of the author. An Africanist, by definition a non- birth of Bangladesh, and why are we in Jim Hoagland is fair, but he is by no African, is either a conservative who ar- Vietnam? Violence in each of these cases means objective. If he were, the policy gues in self-interest which popularly did solve problems. It also created new prescriptions he toys with would have means economic and political domina- ones, as an uprising In South Africa been much farther to the right, closer tion of Africa or a liberal Africanist who would do'." to those of George Kennan. Hoagland argues In the African national interest. What Monthly editor John Rothchild cares, and cares passionately, about the Since most U.S. Africanlsts are liberals, did no~ report were Hoagland's next two future of the U.S. and that of southern the term has come to be synonymous sentences: "I am not suggesting that it Africa. "Perhaps in watching the South with apologist, primarily because of the should be American policy to encourage Africans shoulder their heavy burden of widespread inability of these liberals to such uprisings; they will undoubtedly be racial conflict we will all learn some- defend their policy proposals in con- costly to the Africans and only they can thing," he wrote closing the book. "If servative terms, that Is the U.S. national decide if the price in blood they will not, that burden will surely crush first interest, which is the only firm basis for have to pay is to be worth the likely them, and then us." sound foreign policy. Hoagland, then, is outcome. I am suggesting that we im- signalling that southern African policy media-ely abandon the presumptuous That Is apocalyptic stuff. Journalists development is important not out of re- like foreign policy elite are not supposed stance of advising blacks that the price gionalist sentiment, but rather a general cannot be worth it." Hoagland's com- to "care." Caring leads to commitment concern for U.S. foreign policy. (Hoag- on one side of a question or another and ments were set into a rather inade- land, incidentally, is now the Post's mid- quately clarified eifher-or set of options with it involvements, biased reporting, dle East correspondent). partisanship, and finally war. Yet Hoag- so Rothchild is not wholly guilty of lond cares for both sides in southern Hoagland's book, however, was re- quoting Hoagland out of context. In an Africa. That surely is an adequate stand- ceived last fall as though it were written interview Rothchild said not only does ard for reportorlal credibility. Ezekiel by a liberal Africanist, which means that he not believe "in fighting someone Mphahlele writes that Hoagland has of course it received less than excep- else's just wars" as a result of liberals probed intensely, "Almost as if, one gets tional play in the major book reviews. A being "used" by the U.S. government in only a slight hint about this, he were Pulitzer jury may have been tired of Vietnam "by their support of freedom engaged in an odyssey into himself, Indochina and the Middle East, but and democracy," but that he now "dis- seeking to understand himself and even- book editors apparently are not. Such trusts" the U.S. "so much that anything tually his own fellow whites through the comment as there was tended to prove that makes me think people are going to South African experience." Mphahlele is anew the thesis that Americans will see get interested makes me scared." (Em- only partly right. Any American writing only what they are disposed to see in phasis added). Hoagland's proposal, about southern Africa, well or poorly, that which they read about South Af- rounded off at the edges, is in the right or left, is only kidding himself if he rica, and South Africans will see only Lusaka - Manifesto - cum - Charles - is not conducting "an odyssey into him- that which they want to see in what Diggs - Point - Four vein, supporting the self" in so doing. That is part of the ever Americans say about them. threat of violence to spur negotiation as closer, ever greater mutual fascination a hopeful alternative to the actual use that South Africa and the United States The liberal Washington Monthly's en- of violence, but Vietnam-shocked liberal have for one another. Hoagland seeks to tire comment about Hoagland's book is, America only wants to come home now understand not simply "his own fellow "An otherwise excellent history (sic} of even If it means the government, mean- whites," but in a much more existentialist southern Africa ends with a disturbing while, Is free to support the colonial side fashion "his" society, meaning black, reminder that outside of Vietnam, the of another set of wars of national libera- white and all the other nuances of Amer- lessons of Vietnam are lost—even to tion elsewhere in the world. ica. Intelligent journalist-reformers like Hoag- land. Coming up against the dilemma At the same time, Alan Syer, a Johan- Throughout his chapter on U.S. policy, of how the U.S. should handle a racist nesburg Star New York correspondent, Hoagland uses the reportorial device to regime, Hoagland sounds just like Ed- reported back home only the other side keep at arm's length, and thus avoid win Lansdale did in Southeast Asia in of Hoagland's black power or white defending too deeply, any of the policy 1961. Here is Hoagland's paean to powc choice. He termed the book "bal- options he suggests. He uses the word idealistic bloodshed: anced and penetrating," citing Hoag- "Africanist"—as in "liberal Africanist" 'We could begin our support immedi- land's suggestion that white power will —at least five times, all in somewhat ately, however, by dropping the present survive in South Africa for 50 years or

46 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 Oxford University Press more and that a coherent American policy might begin by saying so. Hoag- land then toys with the concept of direct U.S. aid to the Bantustans. Chronology of African History Hoagland laid himself open to mis- By G. S. P. FREEMAN-GRENVILLE, State University of New York, New understanding from all sides by setting Paltz. This comprehensive chronology sets out, in tabular form, the known up entirely artificial options in the at- or approximate date of every important event in African history between tempt to keep himself at arm's length c. 1000 B.C. and 1871. It enables the reader to see at a glance the course of from his own policy recommendations. events in different regions of Africa as well as the main events in the rest of This is not the place to discuss the sub- the world. prob. $17.00 ject in detail, but a consistent, sensitive, and even-handed U.S. policy can be forged talcing into consideration all of The Tio Kingdom of the Middle Congo 1880 1892 what Hoagland considers irreconcilable By JAN VANSINA, University of Wisconsin. Based on intensive field re- factors. However, the most serious flaw search and a detailed study of rich documentary sources, this volume recon- In his venture into policy questions is the structs and analyzes the political and economic organization of the Tio king- insufficient attention to placing southern dom at the end of the nineteenth century. 17 maps, 7 figures, 4 plates. $25.25 Africa into a world context—relating it to the major powers and to the Middle East. Hoagland wants maximum coope- Sources of Yoruba History ration with the Soviets and Chinese in handling the situation, and he makes the Edited by S. O. BIOBAKU. The Yoruba of Nigeria are still largely a non- literate society, and for this reason a prospective historian must have a deep very valid point that only the big understanding of their oral traditions. The written sources are scanty ac- powers can guarantee any partial or counts of explorers or missionaries, dating mainly from the nineteenth cen- total settlement in the region, but the tury. In this volume, all the archetypes of historical material are exemplified, failure to discuss this fully serves to un- analyzed and evaluated, as a prelude to a forthcoming two-volume history dercut his contention he is a generalist of the Yoruba. 4 plates, 5 figures. (Oxford Studies in African Affairs) $16.00 rather than regionallst. Hoagland, however, in his concluding The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1886 1890 paragraph comes up with what should be the opening paragraph of any worth- By IAIN R. SMITH. H. M. Stanley's last great African expedition remains while prescriptive book done on U.S. the best-documented of all the historic journeys through nineleenth-century policy toward South Africa. Syer cites Africa. Drawing from the full records left by those involved, the author it; one feels it impossible to do other- presents a vivid account of Stanley's efforts to aid Emin Pasha during the wise. "For all of its mighty flaws, how- Mahdist revolt, illus. (Oxford Studies in African Affairs) $21.00 ever, South Africa retains mighty poten- tial for proving prophets of doom wrong. The External Trade of the Loango Coast 1576-1870 It is a magnificent land that is worth the struggle to master it. There is a vibrancy The Effects of Changing Commercial Relations on the of life, and therefore a demand for Vili Kingdom of Loango hope, for a coming to terms with the By PHYLLIS M. MARTIN, Indiana University. The Loango Coast, lying absurdity of existence. The result is a between Cape Lorenz and the Congo River, was one of the major sources strange, attractive mixture of exuber- of slaves for the transatlantic trade in the eighteenth century. This study ance and melancholy in the people who traces the development of trade in the area from the pre-slave era through live in this Elysian setting where beauty the mid-nineteenth century and Ihe development of legitimate commerce. and betrayal set off each other in daz- 4 maps. (Oxford Studies in African Affairs) $14.50 zling contrast. South Africa is Eden after the fall but before the expulsion. . . ." Saharan Myth and Saga Jim Hoagland neither sought nor By H. T. NORRIS. Among the Saharans, myths and sagas about Muslim found cheap and easy profundities heroes and nations, fabulous cities and the source of the Sudanic Nile are about South Africa. Surely in an era in recent, although they contain ancient material. The author examines how which South Africa seems to be inex- this material has molded Muslim African tradition and provided a continu- orably becoming more important to the ous cultural transfusion into inner Africa from the Middle East. 6 plates, United States regardless of which party map. (Oxford Library of African Literature) $20.50 is in power In Washington the question of free access to South Africa for Amer- W OXFORD W UNIVERSITY W PRESS ican citizens becomes vital if U.S. policy 200 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 47 BOOK REVIEWS toward the region is to be sound and of change" speech in Cape Town in Hoagland's book contains several even-handed. South Africa exercises I960, were shattered and brought to an anecdotes which throw light on the in- controls on the free flow of ideas within anticlimatic end as the late 1960s re- ner workings of the white establishment. its boundaries; that is its own affair. vealed the disarray not only in the ranks Basic white attitudes are brought out Yet when it seeks as it regularly does to of the liberation movement but in Af- unintentionally in a revealing light. Thus, manage the flow of ideas about South rica as a whole. The 1970s have only the eminently liberal Professor Julius Africa into the U.S. in order to influence underscored the fact that blacks cannot Lewin falls—unconsciously perhaps—in- U.S. foreign policy, isn't that a form of escape the consequences of their own to a common South African practice: interference in U.S. domestic affairs? powerlessness by mere rhetoric and that "It is illegal for whites to teach Africans Isn't such a capricious visa policy an in the final analysis, their salvation lies without a permit, as Lewin discovered open invitation to the U.S. someday to In themselves. when he was visited by police after vol- retaliate by going down the quarantine unteering to teach some black youths Many reasons have been advanced path, the road to escalating hostility? fo read in a makeshift school in his for the failures and continued ineffec- More appropriate to the moment, how garage." tiveness of the liberation movement. The does a country with such a visa policy formidable problems, both physical and The garage has replaced the kitchen expect the U.S. to be its ally? Jim Hoag- psychological, facing the resistance lead- as the place where white South Africa land is persona non grata in South Af- ership are constantly being pointed out "meets" black South Africa. Church rica today although he neither preaches and debated (John Marcum has done a services are held for black servants in violent overthrow of the government nor brilliant analysis of them in his The Ex- the garage on Sunday afternoons. One is he otherwise a threat to state security. ile Condition and Revolutionary Ef- Afrikaner dominee, a staunch supporter He does not even "hate" South Africa fectiveness: Southern Africa Liberation of apartheid, used his garage as a place in the vindictive, self-righteous sense. Movements) and South Africa continues to mee'- his black mistress on Sunday Jim Hoagland is not welcome in South to hold the stage as the only self- afternoons. He was caught with her in Africa in part because he understands it proclaimed racist country in the world. flagrante delicto. To eradicate this too well, but principally because he re- "unspeakable sin," the enraged mem- fuses to censor himself in what he writes Jim Hoagland is the latest entry to bers of his congregation burned the about that country for American read- the ranks of those who have assumed garage and the parsonage to a cinder. ers. That last single fact says all that the task of figuring out some pattern or needs to be said about the validity of making some sense out of the nightmare Hoaqland manages to capture the es- South Africa's claim that it is vital to world of the South African blacks. Un- sential puritanical Calvinism and preoc- the future of the so-called West, vital fortunately, to anybody who knows the cupation with sex of the Afrikaners, as to the future of freedom and democracy country, he offers very few insights. well as their slightly weird choice of and free speech. —Bruce Oudes There is little to fault as far as his facts phraseology. Dr. Verwoerd coined the are concerned. There are, however curi- phrase 'black spots" to describe ser- osities like: "Interestingly, South African vants' quarters in the white areas. Hoag- There is no running way from the fact blacks do not have many guns. . . ." In land quotes J. J. Kruger, the South that to date the "African revolution" in 25 years or so of growing up In and African chief censor: "This sex wave southern Africa has been more successful traveling all over South Africa, I never that is engulfing the rest of Western in providing the hollow sound of drums saw one black with a gun. civilization is not for us. We are re- ligious and conservative people. The than the ominous sound of guns. The It is hard to accept Hoagland's claim people don't want the sweet moan of white minorities in the southern redoubt that: "Indian intellectuals played a lead- pornography." As part of a continuing —Rhodesia, Mozambique, South Af- ing role in organizing and financing some effort to dehumanize him, a black is des- rica—seem more secure, more confident of the political parties that gained !n- ignated as a "labor unit," and his family and more defiant in their racism than depedence in East and Central Af- in the urban areas is regarded as "su- ever before. rica. . . ." The tragedy of East and Cen- perfluous." Hoagland's description of The bright hopes of the early 1960s, tral Africa today is the failure of the the Afrikaner is cruel but accurate: "The nourished on Harold Macmillan's "winds Indians to play a role in and identify Afrikaner is not white, as he proclaims, themselves with the pre-independence or even pink as most Americans are. He black struggle. Had the Indians refused is gray." AUTHORS WANTED BY to play the role of "running dogs" of the English, and had they shown less Some of Hoagland's statements are NEW YORK PUBLISHER preference for British nationality as confusing and appear contradictory. He Your book can be published, promoted, distrib- against the nationality of their countries writes: "The Dutch settlers who arrived uted by successful reliable company. Fiction, of domicile in East and Central Africa, In the middle of the seventeenth century non-fiction, poetry, scholarly, scientific and General Idi Amin of Uganda would even controversial manuscripts welcomed. New were the first permanent settlers in Af- authors welcomed. For Free Booklet write have found It more difficult if not im- rica. They began to arrive when African Vantage Press, Dept AF-3, 516 West 34th possible to have gotten away with what settlement of the region was still in a Street, New York, N.Y. 10001. AF-3 he did recently. state of flux and indigenous patterns of

48 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 social organization were just coming into threatened; consequently the tempta- when we will reach the point of collision being." Yet on the following page he tion is to go on trampling on the blacks. Is anybody's guess. My opinion is that states: "In a predominantly rural coun- Change will come the day the blacks white South Africa Is living on borrowed try, where African tribes occupied clear- reach the breaking point and refuse to time—time loaned to it by the blacks. ly defined territory and managed their take the muck white South Africa has Nona Mahomo, producer of Phela own tribal affairs. . ." Earlier also, he been pouring down their throats any Ndaba ("End of the Dialogue") and had seemed to accept the evidence of longer—when failure to resist would be South African activist. earlier African settlement in southern a surrender of their humanity. The mes- Africa. He writes: "A recent authorita- sage then will be: "So far, but no tive work, the Oxford History of South further; if oppression goes past that lim- Towards Social Change, ed. by Peter Randall (Christian Institute of South Af- Africa, Volume I, edited by Monica Wil- it, I could no longer believe myself a rica, Johannesburg, 1971, n.p.). son and Leonard Thompson, presents a man." convincing case that Bantu-speaking External deliverance appears a pipe- tribesmen were probably in the region dream, given the alignment of forces in In mid-1 969 six commissions—Study at least as early as the eleventh cen- the world today. The likelihood of the Projects on Christianity in Apartheid tury." U.S. and the Soviet Union acting in Society (SPRO-CAS)—were established Without ever defining his terms and concert to guarantee a settlement in under the sponsorship of the Southern explaining when, in his definition, a tribe South Africa is so remote that it can be Council of Churches and the Christian becomes a nation, he leaves the reader dismissed outright. As John Marcum Institute of Southern Africa. The sixth to puzzle out statements like: "Urban puts It: ". . . Western powers have built SPRO-CAS Report—Towards Social Africans were becoming a New Tribe and nourished a relationship with South- Change—is devoted to the urgency of with the potential to evolve into a New ern Africa that is fundamentally anti- the need for "radical reform and Nation that would outnumber the revolutionary." That relationship is still change" in South Africa. Its major basic whites." His use of the word "tribe" growing today with western powers assumption is that "the requirements of tends to be arbitrary. After ploughing pouring investments into South Africa, justice are that African, Indian, and through terms like "Afrikaner tribe," supplying arms and the technical know- Coloured people in South Africa [should] "African tribes," "Bantu tribes," "Zulu have influence and power which is effec- how and generally ensuring that white tribe," "colored nation" and mon- tive in regard to all matters of policy rule remains entrenched in the sub- strosities like "Bantu-speaking tribes- affecting their interests." continent. Meantime "Third World" rev- men" one is thankful when he finally olutionaries are viewed with "apprehen- abandons his foray into anthropology Of course, the assumption, stated in and returns to his very readable style of sion by most Western powers, especially this manner, begs the question, "what writing. the United States." type of influence and what kind of Hoagland is very pessimistic about power?" In attempting to provide an Hoagland advances the proposal that the possibility of a revolution in South answer, the authors of the report ("a one way of solving the South African Africa: "All available evidence Indicates very broad group drawn from as wide problem would be by the creation of that the threat of revolution is not a a range of societal activity as possible") "four or five governmental bodies realistic prospect, for lack of method, analyze apartheid society, expose its in- formed on the basis of ethnic Identifi- not for lack of cause." Apparently consistencies, and suggest strategies for cation." The reader is not told how white domination will still be the basic change. The first chapter presents the South Africa will be persuaded to ac- feature of South Africa for the next commission's major presuppositions and cept this plan, nor by whom, let alone 50 years. We reject this gloomy assess- offers the context within which strategies how, South Africa will be gotten to the ment. It is always a risky thing, this for change are advanced. The next five bargaining table on the basis of equal- prediction business. The Third Reich was are written by Individual members of the ity. We are told, however, that the bar- going to last for a thousand years. When commission and deal with many of the gaining power that the black South Af- Lord Hailey wrote his revised African specific themes in Chapter I: myths and frican federation units "can have is their Survey in 1956, it was predicated on an justifications of apartheid ideology, or- labor, which they must be able to with- indefinite imperial domination in Af- ganizations and Institutions available for hold and yet survive." rica. In two short years, it was already change, practical proposals for reducing inter-group tension, and broader per- Similar proposals have been peddled obsolete. spectives on strategies for change within by South African liberals since apartheid Granted, on past performance the apartheid society. was introduced in 1948. These argu- black revolution has not been very im- ments ignore the fact that white South pressive, and odds are still very heavy The most egregious features of in- Africa has no intention of giving up any against us. But there are new break- justice and discrimination in South Af- of the power and privilege it enjoys throughs and the revolution is acquiring rica are summed up in succinct but now. 1$ sees no reason to give up any a new sophistication and know-how every compelling terms. Having stated its po- more than 13 per cent of South Africa's day. Black South Africa and white South sition, the commission wastes little time land area to the blacks. It does not feel Africa are set on a collision course, and or ;pace in repeating manifestations of

AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 4t BOOK REVIEWS discrimination in South Africa which Africa; however, class distinctions ope- with the basis for Its recommendations— have been documented time and again. rate politically within the context of ra- "pressures from blacks themselves offer Though readers may disagree with many cial caste. Some black South Africans the only hope for Incisive change in the of its specific recommendations, the re- may conceivably be wealthier and even foreseeable future," the gradualism im- port appears to focus on the major better educated than some white South plicit in many of the prescriptions is un- issue—how to devise, promote, and ac- Africans, but all black Africans are as- likely to satisfy advocates of radical celerate social change in South Africa. signed lower social status by those in change. And, as noted in the introduction, it is power. They enjoy no effective political Clearly the commission does not try not definitive but "a contribution at a power or representation, suffer flagrant to absolve the South African govern- point in time to an on-going process of statutory discrimination, and are subject ment or people of responsibility for the change. It is itself part of that process." to stark degradation. Irrespective of the ills of their society; however, the au- achievements of the black South African There are, however, two major prob- thors' attempt to account for the cause as an individual, he or she cannot enjoy lems. First, the report's authors blur dis- of injustice and discrimination as "hu- the rights and privileges of the upper tinctions between caste and class. They man alienation ... as found everywhere, stratum. Racial caste is the pervasive argue that injustice In South Africa can- in West and East, in the first, second factor. not be understood merely in terms of and third worlds" does not tell the prejudice and racism, and regard the If apartheid is the "operative Ideo- whole story. While it is true that "South Africa's problems are not unique," the South African situation as one of "class- logy" as the commission argues, it would basic fact remains: It is only in southern conflict where the lines of economic con- be contradictory to subordinate racism Africa that one finds racism consecrated flict are overlaid by racial divisions." to class, especially since many specific as the official ideology. Human aliena- Acknowledging that race and ethnic measures of apartheid are economically tion is one thing; racial oligarchy provid- differences are more important than irrational. In view of South Africa's acute manpower needs, is racism merely ing for s'atutory, legalized discrimination class distinctions in the motivations and as a way of life is another. perceptions of the South African people, a factor "reinforcing" legislation for job the commission maintains that racism, reservation? In terms of the pressing James H. Mittleman, properly viewed, is a "powerful factor manpower requirements in urban areas, Assisfanf Professor, is racism merely a factor "reinforcing" which tends to reinforce class distinc- Columbia University, governmental decrees that Africans will tions in South Africa." New York. be returned to their "homelands"? Yet there appears to be a lingering measure of uncertainty in the commis- The report's second major problem is Other books received sion's position. Despite the thesis that that there is too little analysis of ex- racism is subordinate to class in their ternal relationships. To what extent do analysis of South Africa, mention is foreign investment policies and dealings Planned Change in a Traditional Society, made of the fact that class cleavages in with multi-national corporations influ- by David C. Korten (Praeger Publishers, South Africa have a "caste-like char- ence the perceptions of South Africans? New York, 1972, $20). acter." Discrimination, inequality, and To what degree does (and will) social Subtitled: "Psychological Problems of status are "utterly pervasive," and ". . . change within Portugal or Rhodesia have Modernization in Ethiopia." a domestic impact on the third partner ethnic group membership Is reified as to the Lisbon-Salisbury-Pretoria axis? the only important basis for group for- The University of Ife (Nigeria) Law Re- mation. . . ." Even if liberation forces are militarily ports, Part I, ed. by O. I. Odumosu Hardly a matter of mere semantics, little more than an Irritant on the peri- (University of Ife Press, lle-lfe, 1972, the notion of racial caste extends to the phery of white-dominant southern Af- $15.50). heart of apartheid society. Both caste rica, are they likely to have a psycholog- Mackirtnon and East Africa, 1878-1895, and class refer to patterns of social ical impact of whites and blacks in South by John S. Galbraith (Cambridge Uni- stratification, that is to divisions of so- Africa? Similarly, even if one acknowl- versity Press, 1972, $17.50). cial distinction which rank group mem- edges that international organizations bership and accord privilege and de- are impotent in bringing radical change A History of the Colonial Agricultural to apartheid society, does frequent con- privation. Whereas a class system is Service, by G. B. Masefield (Oxford demnation by international organs have relatively open and allows mobility be- University Press, 1972, $12.75). tween strata, a caste system is closed any effect whatsoever within South Af- and groups are corporate to the extent rica, whether of soul-searching or rein- Cultural Engineering and Nation-Build- that mobility tends to be impermissible. forcement? ing in East Africa, by Ali Mazrui (North- In a racial caste system, these social The SPRO-CAS commission has made western University Press, Evanston, Illi- distinctions are assigned according to a valuable contribution to the literature nois, 1972, $10.00). perceived physical differences in skin on social change In South Africa, and its An examination of linguistic, social, poli- pigmentation. recommendations deserve serious con- tical anc technological aspects of nation- Clearly social classes do exist in South sideration. But though many would agree building in a culturally diverse society.

50 AFRICA REPORT, JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1973 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR' Awoonor's Nkrumah: too sympathetic?

Because of my job, which involves a Those I refer to are, reading from of Mr. and Mrs. Jo Dendel, photo by considerable amount of travelling, your the left, Sir Arku Korsah, Chief Justice; Frank J. Thomas, Los Angeles; pg. 30: June 1972 Issue has just reached me. Mr. E. R. T. Majity, Commissioner of Courtesy Lilly Rare Books Library, In- Although Kofi Awoonor tries to paint Police; Mr. E. C. Quaye, Chairman of diana University: pg. 32: Kuba Weaver, a sympathetic picture of the iate Kwame Accra City Council and Major-General photo Barbara W. Merriam, Blooming- Nkrumah ["Kwame Nkrumah: symbol of M. A. Otu, Chief of Staff. ton, Indiana; two rings, Collection of emergent Africa"] It Is interesting to E. Oforl Akyea, Mr. Jay T. Last, photo by Frank J. no>e that all the identifiable persons who Geneva, Thomas, Los Angeles: pg. 33: tweezers, appear in one of the pictures accom- Switzerland collection of the University Museum, panying the article in which he is being Philadelphia, photo by the owner; comb, sworn in as President suffered in his Correction collection of the American Museum of hands. An analysis of their dismissals and Natural History, New York, phoio by imprisonment will [tself be a useful com- A number of the photographs accom- the owner; gold bead, collection of Dr. mentary on the late Osagyefo's method panying Professor Roy Sieber's article, and Mrs. Hilbert H. DeLawter, photo by the owners; copper anklet, collection of of government and point to some of the "The 'Forgotten' Arts of Adornment," Dr. and Mrs. Roy Sieber, photo by reasons that led to the 1966 Kotolca were wrongly credited. The correct Hediye Coyne, Bloomington, Indiana. coup. credits are as follows. Pg. 29: Collection

Black music on record

(Continued from page 19) (101 Second Street. Stamford. Conn. I. Cook has some to inc. London based, consists largely of southern African particularly interesting traditional Trinidad drumming. musicians. This is Assagai, whoso alhuiti Zimbabwe is on Folkways has material from Haiti and Jamaica, as well as Philips 6308 079. This is highly international music of the only commercial recording, to my knowledge, of the type which lf.S. and U.S. based African musicians Cuban cult music I Folkways FF 4410). lend to call simply "Mark music" and which Carman The Nonesuch Explorer series, which maintains a good Moore (luhheri "fusion music."" The well-known Ghanaian standard of stereo recording (allowing for the problems Kamblers International group shows ihe same tendency of field work I. has two recordings with rare examples of on Dccca WAPS 35. a more localized version of the com- black music. One is David LewislonV In Praise of Oxala plicated mix of showhiz trendiness and genuine experi- and Other Cods (Nonesuch 11-720361. which contains mentation typical of this sort of se.-sion. And the Parisian fine examples of black Colombian music. The other was expatriate. Mann Dihango, has one of his most successful recorded by myself in Jamaica and the Dominican Repub- as well as most eclectic recordings in O Boso (Fiesta lic, and is Caribbean Island Music (ISonesuch 11-720471. 360.(139.) Lastly, a fine range of Spanish-Caribbean urban popu- Another form of eclecticism is found in African church lar music is available on a number of I .S. labels that are music. Everybody, surely, knows the Miasa Luba by now regrettably unknown outside the Spanish-speaking com- —it has always overshadowed heller music of a similar type. munity. Fania Records is perhaps the leader in the not to mention the highly significant music of indigenous modern, U.S.-Latin music of hands like Ray Barretto, black churches of Africa. In case you have missed them. Johnny Paeheco and others, though the smaller Alegre three highly interesting masses are: the Mina Douala from label has much line music. A splendid historical perspec- (lameroun, on Pathe-Marconi C 054-11144, and Missa tive is supplied by the rerelease on a number of tiny Koonga and Missa N'Kaandu, on Philips 6320 004. labels of sones by the Septeto Nacional of Ignacio Pine- Two major collections, very variable in quality but iro, the Cuarteto Maehin and the Septeto Habanero. This important if only for their width of coverage, are those is delightful music, and most important historically as on Folkways, and the much less well-known Cook label well. The labels to look for are Patty, Esquivel and Seeco.

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