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NOMINATION FORM International Memory of the World Register NOMINATION FORM International Memory of the World Register Aletta H. Jacobs Papers ID Code [2016-30] 1.0 Summary (max 200 words) The Aletta Jacobs Papers offer a rare insight into the struggle for women’s rights in an era of colonialism. They highlight how transnational feminist networks engaged in the fight for suffrage, education, birth control, labour rights and peace, often limited by white supremacist thinking. Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929) was the first female doctor in the Netherlands with a university doctorate in medicine. She used her position as a medical doctor to fight for women’s social and political rights. Containing letters from famous American and British suffragists such as Susan B. Anthony, Ann Howard Shaw, Jane Addams and Emmeline Pankhurst, the Aletta Jacobs Papers reveal a life full of international political activism and travel in Europe, the USA, Africa and Asia. Jacobs was of one of the many Jewish activists and a leading figure in the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, which later gained NGO status at the United Nations. She was also the initiator of the International Congress of Women in 1915, the founding meeting of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. Jacobs and other conveners visited the leaders of belligerent countries to plead for peace. 2.0 Nominator 2.1 Name of nominator (person or organization) 2.1.1 Atria, Institute on Gender Equality and Women’s History, Amsterdam, Netherlands 2.1.2 Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA 2.1.3 University of Groningen/Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Netherlands 2.2 Relationship to the nominated documentary heritage 2.2.1 Atria is the keeper of the Aletta Jacobs Papers, which are the oldest documents in its International Archives for the Women’s Movement (IAV) collection. 2.2.2 The nomination is supported by the Sophia Smith Collection, a sister organization of Atria, which also holds manuscripts, archives, photographs, periodicals and other primary sources of information about international women’s history. They include important material on women’s rights, birth control, reproductive rights, and suffrage. 2.2.3 The University of Groningen / Rijksuniversiteit Groningen is where Aletta Jacobs completed her medical studies, the first woman in the Netherlands to do so. 2.3 Contact person(s) (to provide information on nomination) Renée Römkens, Director, Atria, Institute on Gender Equality and Women’s History 1 Elizabeth Myers, Director of Special Collections, Smith College Mineke Bosch, Professor of Modern History, University of Groningen 2.4.1 Contact details Name Address Atria Vijzelstraat 20 att. Dr Renée Römkens 1017 KL Amsterdam, Netherlands Telephone Facsimile Email +31 20 303 1500 [email protected] 2.4.2 Contact details Name Address Sophia Smith Collection 7 Neilson Drive att. Dr Elizabeth Myers Smith College Northampton, MA 01063, USA Telephone Facsimile Email +1 413 585-2970 +1 413 585-2886 [email protected] 2.4.3 Contact details Name Address University of Groningen RUG PO Box 72 Att. Prof. dr Mineke Bosch 9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands Telephone Facsimile Email + 31 50 363 5993/0612558337 [email protected] 2 3.0 Identity and description of the documentary heritage 3.1 Name and identification details of the items being nominated If inscribed, the exact title and institution(s) to appear on the certificate should be given Papers of Aletta Henriëtte Jacobs, inventory numbers 1–639 as described on page 1–28 of the inventory of the International Archives for the Women’s Movement (IAV) at Atria, Institute on Gender Equality and Women’s History, consisting of: 1. letters written to Dr Jacobs; 2. travel documents (1910–1915); 3. documents concerning the International Congress of Women in The Hague (1915), with letters from Emily Balch, Jane Addams and Emily Hobhouse; 4. documents concerning peace missions (1915–1916); 5. report of the visit to President W. Wilson (1915); 6. letters received by Dr Jacobs concerning birth control, mainly from American women (1920); 7. documents concerning the golden anniversary of her doctorate and her 75th birthday (1929); 8. newspaper clippings concerning Aletta Jacobs (1872, 1904–1956); 9. records of the ‘Comité ter eering van de nagedachtenis van Dr Aletta H. Jacobs’ (Committee to Honour the Memory of Dr Aletta H. Jacobs) (1935–1936); and 10. documents concerning the commemoration of the centenary of her birth (1954). The physical extent of the archive is 1 linear metre. 3.4 History/provenance Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929) was born as the eighth child of Anna Jacobs-de Jongh and Abraham Jacobs, a Jewish doctor, in Sappemeer, a village in the north of the Netherlands. She was the first woman to be admitted as a student at a Dutch university, the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (1871). She earned her MD in 1879 and started a career as a general practitioner in Amsterdam, becoming the first female doctor in the Netherlands. She offered a free clinic for women in the poor quarters of Amsterdam. Jacobs started to give advice on birth control, adopting and experimenting with the ‘Mensinga diaphragm’, which was later referred to as a ‘Dutch cap’. This makes her a pioneer in this respect. In 1883 Jacobs sent a letter to the Board of the Mayor and Aldermen of Amsterdam to register as a voter for city elections, since she fulfilled the criteria as a professional woman who paid enough taxes to qualify as a voter. Her request was refused; even though the gender of voters was not mentioned in the Constitution of 1848, it was in the ‘spirit’ of the law to restrict the right of suffrage to males and to exclude women. She took an appeal to the Supreme Court, which also rejected it, and at the next change of the Constitution, in 1887, the adjective ‘male’ was added in the law before ‘Dutch citizen’ whenever enfranchisement was mentioned. In 1894 the Dutch Association for Women’s Suffrage was established. Jacobs became president of the Amsterdam branch in 1895 and president of the national association in 1903. Later she became one of the most prominent international leaders for women’s suffrage. Together with the American suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt, Jacobs travelled in Africa and Asia in 1911 and 1912. She was also the initiator of the International Congress of Women in 1915, which became the founding meeting of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. After Jacobs’s death, her records were bequeathed to Mien van Wulfften Palthe-Broese van Groenou (Mien Palthe), who handed most of them over to Rosa Manus. Mien Palthe and Rosa Manus were both close to Jacobs as lifetime suffrage and peace activists. The papers are part of the core documents of the unique International Archives for the Women’s Movement (IAV) that was founded in 1935. The Aletta Jacobs Papers contain letters from feminists, suffrage fighters, 3 birth control and peace activists around the world, including Carrie Chapman Catt, Anna Howard Shaw, Jane Addams, Emmeline Pankhurst and Olive Schreiner. The papers, pictures and objects highlight both the Dutch and the international struggle for women’s rights — women’s suffrage being the most prominent, but also including women’s struggle to enter higher education and the medical profession, the position of prostitutes, women’s reproductive rights and women’s political anti-war actions. Aletta Jacobs mentioned her papers in the preface of her memoirs, first published in 1924: “when I first started to read through my old letters and papers”. She recalled correspondence with Bertha von Suttner, William Stead and Björnstjerne Björnson. When Jacobs died in 1929 in Baarn, her belongings were in the house of Mien Palthe’s family in The Hague, where she lived. Mien van Wulfften Palthe-Broese van Groenou was her only heir according to her will from 1923. On 20 May 1930, Rosa Manus wrote to Clara Hyde, Carrie Chapman Catt’s secretary, “Dr Jacobs’s books have come to me now, and I am organizing a real feministic library which I hope, will prove useful to the feminists.” This library and archive was founded in 1935 by Rosa Manus, W.H. Posthumus-van der Goot and Johanna Naber, representing different generations of the women’s movement. The new library and archive were called the International Archives for the Women’s Movement (IAV). The IAV would be based in Amsterdam and preserve, collect and publish the cultural heritage of women and the international women’s movement. In a letter to Posthumus-van der Goot from 14 October 1936, Rosa Manus writes from Montreux, Switzerland, that they have to open the ‘Jacobs trunk’, when she returns to Amsterdam. The ‘First Annual Report of the International Archives for the Women’s Movement, from its founding until 1 May 1937’ reports that Rosa Manus has given a big part of her own library, including very precious material from Dr Aletta H. Jacobs, to the IAV (p. 166). In February 1940, because of the threat of war, the IAV stored several valuable papers in a safety deposit box in the women’s branch of the Rotterdam Bank in Amsterdam, among them some important letters to Aletta Jacobs, papers from her travels to several governments in 1915 and notes of Scandinavian and London visits. After Nazi Germany occupied the Netherlands in May 1940, the German Security Police (Sicherheitsdienst) showed interest in the IAV materials. The fact that this truly international institute, headed by Rosa Manus, a Jewish feminist and well-known pacifist who had also helped refugees from Germany, could contain information on the enemies of the Nazis probably sparked their interest. On 2 July 1940, an abrupt end came to the flourishing beginning of the IAV: the Sicherheitsdienst knocked on the door of Keizersgracht 264, where the IAV was housed with the International Institute of Social History, told the two women who were present to leave, and sealed the door.
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