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Reference List 318-Check Abstract, 470 Has Fire History Paula .J. Anderson, David T. Cleland, John C. Zasada; North Central Research Station 1. Abrams, Marc D. 1984. Uneven-aged jack pine in Michigan. Journal of Forestry. 82:306-307. Note: In the sand plains of lower Michigan, regeneration "failure" is common in jack pine stands that are clearcut or burned. Unburned clearcut sites usually become sedge meadows and burned sites are either converted to sedge meadows, or shrubs and early successional hardwoods and grass. But, jack pine can not be expected to quickly regenerate even-aged stands on sand plains, instead, natural seeding will, through time, produce uneven-aged stands as evidenced by tree ring data collected from 20 mature jack pine stands. Study sites were in Roscommon, Crawford, Oscoda and Ogemaw Counties. Keywords: MI/ vt, pine barrens/ fire, prescribed/ logging, clearcut/ sand plains/ regeneration, seed/ age-class structure/ succession/ pine, jack/ sedge. 2. ---. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests in eastern North America, oak distribution reflects a variety of ecological paths and disturbance conditions. Bioscience. 42(5):346-353. Note: Publications on oak ecology from paleoecology, presettlement and present day vegetation, ecophysiology, and the role of fire on present day expansions are reviewed. The expansion of red oak forests into areas that were previously northern hardwood forests is explained. Highlights include the following: (1) Oak forests dominated the eastern United States by 10,000 B.P. to about 500 B.P., and were associated with fire. Many paleoecological studies show lots of charcoal at times when oak was present. (2) Oak species show many adaptations that allow them to persist in areas with frequent fires. These include thick bark, ability to sprout, resistance to rot, seedbed suitability for seed germination. Drought adaptations include deep roots, xeromorphic leaves, low water potential stomatal closure, and the ability to osmotically regulate. Oaks do not do well in low light. (3) Many past and present vegetation types of eastern North America consist of a dominant or common component of oak where frequent fire occurrence or droughty soil conditions persist, such as in the oak savanna areas throughout the tallgrass prairie region. It is assumed that a fire frequency of 1 to 10 year intervals maintained the tallgrass prairie because precipitation is adequate to maintain a hardwood forest. The northern hardwood forest region has a very long fire interval but, stands of oak savannas within this region were probably supported by Indian-caused fires. Red oak dominates sites that were white pine- red pine, hemlock-birch-maple, maple-birch-pine, etc. after clearcutting and burning. Many oak species persist in the mixed-oak forests of the mid-Atlantic region. It is believed that Indian burning kept fire frequency high enough to maintain these oak forests. After European settlement, oak forests were maintained and even increased by logging and fire through the 1800's. The evergreen forests of the southeastern coastal plain and Piedmont region include oaks and long leaf pine forests Burning by Indians, European settlers and lightning maintained these vegetation types. Another forest type in Florida has an overstory of pine and an understory of scrub oak, sand pine scrub and sandhill vegetation. This vegetation type burns infrequently but, when it does burn, the fire is very intense and stand replacing. Longleaf and slash pines, and turkey oak is a common vegetation type that historically had frequent low intensity fires, usually set by Indians. (4) Currently, oak regeneration is very poor in eastern North America. Due to the absence of fire, shade tolerant, long lived species are encroaching upon oak forest types. Keywords: eastern United States/ FL/ vt, oak forest/ review/ wildfire/ fire, prescribed/ paleoecology/ life history attributes/ fire, Native American use of/ oak, red/ oak, white/ oak, pin/ oak, bur/ oak, black. 3. Abrams, Marc D., and Dickmann, Donald I. 1982. Early revegetation of clear-cut and burned jack pine sites in northern lower Michigan. Canadian Journal of Botany. 60:946-954. Note: Study sites were in Roscommon, Crawford, Oscoda and Ogemaw Counties. Abstract: Revegetation of clear-cut and (or) burned jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) sites in northern lower Michigan was characterized during the first 5 years following treatment. Burning promoted the establishment of a large variety of species not typical of unburned areas. A total of 89 species was recorded on burned sites, of which 40 were exclusive, compared with 51 species on unburned sites, of which only 2 species were exclusive. Burned sites consistently showed greater species richness compared with unburned sites of the same age. Low species diversity on the older unburned clear-cuts (years 3 to 6) and certain burned sites was directly influenced by the dominance of the sedge Carex pennsylvanica. The total domination of Carex (up to 86% cover) on many of these sites appears to be unique to northern lower Michigan. It is hypothesized that Carex, acting as an opportunistic species, monopolizes the space and soil resources liberated following disturbances and suppresses or excludes other species. Keywords: MI/ vt, pine barrens/ sand plains/ fire, prescribed/ fire effects/ logging, clearcut/ pine, jack/ sedge/ shrubs/ herbs. 4. Abrams, Marc D., and Orwig, David A. 1996. A 300-year history of disturbance and canopy recruitment for co-occurring white pine and hemlock on the Allegheny Plateau, USA. Journal of Ecology. 84:353-363. Note: The previous stand was destroyed by tornado and/or fire ~1690. Soil charcoal and fire scarred trees indicate last fire occurrence to be before 1900. Windthrow occurred before and after 1900. Summary 1 Dendroecological techniques were used to examine the patterns of canopy recruitment in relation to disturbance history for two dominant, yet ecologically contrasting, tree species, Pinus strobus (white pine; disturbance dependent) and Tsuga canadensis (hemlock; late successional), in a 300-year-old primary forest. 2 2 Most tree recruitment in both species occurred between 1690 and 1810. All of the white pine, which dominated recruitment during the first 40 years due to more rapid height growth, recruited in this period. Low levels of hemlock recruitment continued until 1900. Most of the younger trees comprised several northern hardwood species. No trees were less than 50 years old and the forest was devoid of an understory due to intense deer browsing. 3 Radial growth chronologies were determined for 27 cores across all species and age classes. These exhibited 1-11 major and/or moderate releases (indicative of disturbance) in most decades between 1730 and 1990. Peak releases were recorded in the 1950s when a series of severe windstorms impacted the site. Species recruitment patterns were related to earlier growth releases observed in the oldest cores. 4 White pine exhibited a degree of plasticity in initial radial growth (1-5 mm year- 1) depending on the time of establishment, as well as the ability to survive through prolonged periods of depressed growth (<0.5 mm year-1) followed by growth releases. Hemlock was less plastic in its initial growth rates but did have dramatic growth releases (up to 8.8 mm year-1) in several older trees. Thus, both species exhibited some unexpected dendroecological as well as successional attributes. 5 The future of this stand is uncertain due to the impacts of deer and insect outbreaks that plague the region, as well as fortuitous natural disturbances, e.g. wind and fire. Nonetheless, the dendroecological approach elucidated disturbance history, stand development and mechanisms of coexistence of two ecologically contrasting tree species, and should be used to further understanding of the complex ecology of other mixed-species forests and the successional role of various tree species. Keywords: PA/ eastern North America/ vt, hemlock hardwood forest/ windthrow, occurrence of/ tornado/ fire history/ wildfire/ fire scar/ fire effects/ deer browsing/ insects/ age-class structure/ dendroecology/ disturbance ecology/ succession/ pine, white/ hemlock/ beech. 5. Abrams, Marc D., Orwig, David A., and DeMeo, T. E. 1995. Dendroecological analysis of successional dynamics for a presettlement-origin white pine- mixed-oak forest in the southern Appalachians, U.S.A. Journal of Ecology. 83:123-133. Keywords: PA/ eastern United States/ vt, pine-oak forest/ presettlement vegetation/ dendroecology/ succession/ windthrow, effects on vegetation/ fire effects/ pine, white/ hemlock. 6. Abrams, Marc D., and Scott, M. L. 1989. Disturbance-mediated accelerated succession in two Michigan forest types. Forest Science. 35(1):42-49. Abstract: In northern lower Michigan, logging accelerated sugar maple (Acer saccharum) dominance in a northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) community, and clear felling and burning quickly converted certain sites dominated by mature jack pine (Pinus banksiana) to early successional broadleaves, including Prunus serotina, Populus tremuloides and Quercus spp. In both forest types, the succeeding broadleaves should continue to increase at the expense of the pioneer conifer species. In the cedar community, sugar maple was also increasing in an 3 undisturbed, old-growth stand, but at a much slower rate than in the logged stand. Traditionally, disturbance was thought to set back succession to some earlier stage. These study sites and at least several other North American forest communities, however, exhibited accelerated
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