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Table of Contents THE DIGITAL SATELLITE TV HANDBOOK MARK E. LONG Boston • Oxford • Auckland • Johannesburg • Melbourne • New Delhi TABLE OF CONTENTS ● Foreword ● About the Author ● Introduction file:///D|/Digital/chapt_00.htm (1 of 11) [11/1/2001 3:40:16 PM] Table of Contents SATELLITE FREQUENCIES AND ORBITAL ASSIGNMENTS ● Frequency Versus Wavelength ● Satellite Orbital Assignments ● Orbital Spacing Requirements ● Satellite Frequency Assignments ● Satellite Transponders ● Polarization & Frequency Reuse ● Satellite Power Levels ● Antenna Beam Width ● Rain Attenuation ● Satellite Footprints DIGITAL VIDEO COMPRESSION OVERVIEW ● From Analog to Digital Television ● Bit Rates ● The Moving Pictures Experts Group ● MPEG-2 Compression Techniques ● Group of Pictures ● I, P, and B Frames ● Slices ● Macroblocks ● Blocks ● Packetized Elementary and Transport Streams ● MPEG-2 Profiles, Levels and Layers ● MPEG-2 Encoding Rates ● Satellite Transmission Formats ● MPEG-2 Satellite Modulation Techniques ● Digital Video Broadcasting Standard ● DVB Compatibility Issues ● Forward Error Correction (FEC) ● Digital Bouquet Trade-offs file:///D|/Digital/chapt_00.htm (2 of 11) [11/1/2001 3:40:16 PM] Table of Contents ● Bit Error Rate (BER) & Eb/No DIGITAL DTH PLATFORMS AND BOUQUETS ● ITU Satellite Services ● The ITU’s Broadcast Satellite Service ITU REGION 1: EUROPE, AFRICA & THE MIDDLE EAST ● The Astra Satellite System ● EUTELSAT Satellite System ● The INTELSAT Satellite System ● INTELSAT Digital TV Services for Europe ● High-Power European BSS Satellites ● PanAmSat’s PAS Satellites ● Arabsat II ITU REGION 2: THE AMERICAS ● DirecTV & USSB ● EchoStar ● PrimeStar ● Canada’s Nimiq DBS Satellite ● ExpressVu ● Star Choice ● Galaxy Latin America ● Sky TV Latin America ● Television Directa al Hogar (TDH) ITU REGION 3: ASIA, AUSTRALIA & THE PACIFIC RIM 65 ● AsiaSat 2 ● Thaicom 3 ● Measat 1 & 2 ● Palapa C2 and Cakrawartha-1 ● Optus B3 ● JCSat 3, JCSat 4 and Superbird C ● PAS-2 ● INTELSAT Pacific Ocean Region Satellites file:///D|/Digital/chapt_00.htm (3 of 11) [11/1/2001 3:40:16 PM] Table of Contents FEEDHORNS AND LNBS ● The Scalar Feedhorn ● Offset Antenna Feeds ● Linear Polarization ● Polarisation Articulation ● Dual-Band Feeds ● The Low Noise Block Downconverter (LNB) ● The LNB Isolator ● Block Downconversion ● Local Oscillator Stability ● Universal LNB ● The Low-Phase-Noise LNB ● LNB Gain ● The Dual Polarization Single Output LNF SATELLITE RECEIVING ANTENNAS ● Dish Materials & Construction ● Prime Focus Antennas ● Offset-fed Antennas ● The Cassegrain Antenna ● The Spherical Antenna ● The Planar Array ● Antenna Gain and G/T ● Antenna f/D Ratio ● Antenna Sidelobe Rejection ● Antenna Noise Temperature ● The Antenna Mount ● The Az/El Mount ● The Polar Mount file:///D|/Digital/chapt_00.htm (4 of 11) [11/1/2001 3:40:16 PM] Table of Contents THE INTEGRATED RECEIVER/DECODER (IRD) ● Analog Satellite TV Receivers ● Analog Receiver Options ● Analog Satellite TV IRDs ● What is Encryption? ● Analog Encryption ● Basic Encryption Elements ● Digital IRDs ● Encrypting the MPEG’s Cube ● Digital System Troubleshooting ● Terrestrial Interference Problems ● Intermittent Reception Problems ● Rain Fade Effects on Ku-band Transmissions DIGITAL SATELLITE TV INSTALLATIONS ● Checking the Site ● Longitude and Latitude ● Azimuth and Elevation FIXED ANTENNA MOUNT INSTALLATIONS ● Installing the LNF ● Antenna Alignment ● Installing the Digital IRD LARGE APERTURE DISH INSTALLATIONS ● Antenna Assembly ● System Noise Performance ● Mounting the LNB and Feedhorn ● The Scalar Feedhorn ● Installing the Direct Burial Cable ● The Modified Polar Mount ● Lightning Protection ● Installing Actuator Motors file:///D|/Digital/chapt_00.htm (5 of 11) [11/1/2001 3:40:16 PM] Table of Contents ● Programming the East and West Limits ● Digital IRD Setup Procedures ● Auxiliary IRD Connections ● The SCART Connector ● Dual Band Receiving Systems ● Dual-Band Retrofits ● Multiple Feedhorn Antenna Installations THE SATELLITE/INTERNET CONNECTION ● The DirecPC and DirecDuo Systems ● DirecPC Services ● DirecPC System Installation ● Software Installation Preparations ● Adapter Card and Software Installation ● DirecPC Global Digital Package Delivery ● DVB-Compliant Multimedia Systems ● Internet Growth in Asia ● Cable's Internet Options DIGITAL SMATV SYSTEM OVERVIEW ● SMATV System Components ● DVB-Compliant SMATV Systems ● SMATV-DTM ● SMATV-IF ● SMATV-S ● The Multiswitch IF Distribution Method ● Fiber-Optic SMATV Systems ON THE ROAD TO HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION ● A New Global Standard ● The HD-CIF Format file:///D|/Digital/chapt_00.htm (6 of 11) [11/1/2001 3:40:17 PM] Table of Contents ● MPEG-2 Profiles, Levels and Layers ● America's Grand Alliance ● The DTV Modulation Subsystem ● The DTV Compression System ● The DTV Transport Packet ● DTV Scanning Formats ● The DTV Audio Standard APPENDIX: QUICK CHECK EXERCISE ANSWER KEYS APPENDIX: SATMASTER PRO DEMO USER GUIDE GLOSSARY OF SATELLITE TERMINOLOGY |A|B|C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|Q|R|S|T|U|V - Z| Foreword file:///D|/Digital/chapt_00.htm (7 of 11) [11/1/2001 3:40:17 PM] Table of Contents On June 25, 1967, for two hours 26 nations of the world were joined together by an invisible electromagnetic grid utilizing four satellites. The London-based production, in glorious black and white, was the first-ever use of satellites to simultaneously interconnect remote corners of the world to a single program event. The program, appropriately entitled "Our World," included the Beatles debuting the song "All You Need Is Love" to an audience estimated at more than 600 million. During the course of the telecast, live feeds were interconnected through a pair of early design Intelsats, an American experimental satellite (ATS-1), and a Russian Molniya class bird. The New York Times would write about the ground-breaking telecast, "Our World was a compelling reaffirmation of the potential of the home screen to unify the peoples of the world." Less than three decades later, or approximately the period of one generation of mankind, more than 30 million homes in the world are equipped with their own satellite dishes. The early Intelsat, ATS, and Molniya satellites were capable of relaying one (or at most, two) simultaneous TV programs; each satellite of the current generation easily can deliver as many as 200 program channels to dish antennas less than one-thirtieth of the size required for reception of the original "Our World" telecast. Well before the turn of the century, virtually any location in Asia or the Pacific will have file:///D|/Digital/chapt_00.htm (8 of 11) [11/1/2001 3:40:17 PM] Table of Contents direct access to hundreds of channels of TV, high-speed Internet links, and thousands of radio program channels. It is not an exaggeration to suggest that satellites are redesigning the very fabric of life by creating full-time universal access to "our world." All of this technology creates virtually unlimited opportunities for new business enterprise and personal development. You are holding in your hand a key that will unlock for you, your family, and your business the "secrets" of the 21st century "Information Revolution." There has never been a point in the history of the world when so much opportunity has presented itself to mankind. Use what you learn here wisely and your life will forever be changed. Robert B. Cooper, Managing Director, SPACE Pacific trade association, Mangonui, New Zealand About the Author Mark E. Long is the author of numerous technical books and reference manuals, as well as hundreds of magazine articles on radio, television, and satellite telecommunication technologies. A graduate of the School of Communications at the University of Central Florida (UCF), Mark was the transmitter manager for radio station WUTZ FM during the late 1970s. From 1979 to 1981, his service as a telecommunication consultant for Greenpeace International included several assignments as the shipboard radio operator on the Greenpeace flagship Rainbow Warrior. As a telecommunications supervisor at Solar Electronics International, he developed two-way, solar-powered telecommunications systems for rural applications, designed satellite TV receiving systems, and prototyped radiation-detection equipment marketed under the Radiation Alert brand name. Over the years, Mark has served as the technical editor of Satellite Orbit magazine; the U.S. Bureau Chief of Satellite World magazine; satellite columnist at Popular Communications magazine; and contributing editor to Satellite Direct, TVRO Dealer, Orbit Video, and Satellite Retailer magazines. He also has been a frequent contributor to Cable & Satellite Asia, Middle East Satellites Today, SATFacts, and Tele-satellit magazines. More than 350 of his magazine and newspaper articles have been printed to date. Mark provides a wide variety of consulting services for the worldwide satellite telecommunications industry. During the early 1980s, he worked closely with numerous file:///D|/Digital/chapt_00.htm (9 of 11) [11/1/2001 3:40:17 PM] Table of Contents educational institutions in the United States to adapt the use of foreign-language satellite television broadcasts for language learning applications. Among his consulting clients on this project were the U.S. Naval Academy; the Universities of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia: and the SCOLA foreign-language distance learning program developed at Creighton University. His early interest in international satellite communications also brought him to the attention of various Latin American companies
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