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Cluj Adrian.Qxd Cluj-Napoca claudiopolis klausenburg kolozsvár Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Na]ionale a României TUDOR, OCTAVIAN Pictori români uita]i / Tudor Octavian. Bucure[ti: NOI Media Print, 2003 ISBN 973-7959-02-7 75(498) Cluj-Napoca claudiopolis klausenburg kolozsvár Clujul, în a doua jum`tate a secolului al XIX-lea Vedere general`, dup` o gravur` de M. Kolb, K. Gungen, L. Rohbock [i multiplicat` la Darmstadt în 1864. Cluj in the second half of the 19th century General view after an engraving by M. Kolb, K. Gungen, L. Rohbock, printed in Darmstadt, in 1864. Cuprins Contents Scurt istoric Short history 8 Via]a cultural` The cultural life 36 Peisaj citadin Cityscape 54 Parcuri, gr`dini Parks, gardens 92 8 Scurt istoric A short history Ora[ul Cluj-Napoca este situat în nord- The city of Cluj-Napoca is situated in vestul României, la hotarul dintre Mun]ii north-western Romania on the border Apuseni, Podi[ul Some[an [i Câmpia separating the Apuseni Mountains, the Transilvaniei. Cu o popula]ie de 334 543 Somesan Plateau and the Transylvanian Plain. locuitori în anul 2000, ora[ul se num`r` One can say that the city lying on the banks printre cele mai mari localit`]i din ]ar`. of the Some[ul Mic River attracts visitors by its Se poate spune c` ora[ul de pe Some[ul peculiar features that come from the Mic atrage printr-un specific aparte, izvorât picturesque blend of cultures and religious din amestecul pitoresc de culturi [i faiths having existed in this place for centuries. confesiuni sedimentate de secole în aceste As Mircea Zaciu put it too, this city is “a locuri. Cum afirma [i Mircea Zaciu, acest historical reality made up of three distinct ora[ este „o realitate istoric` format` pe trei ethnic groups: Romanian, Hungarian and trunchiuri distincte: românesc, unguresc [i Germanic”, a fact that gives it its individuality germanic”, ceea ce-i d` individualitatea [i în and, at the same time, is “a phenomenon which acela[i timp reprezint` „un fenomen de dou` is interesting from two points of view: the ori interesant prin paralelismul valorilor [i parallelism of values and their interaction.” prin interac]iunea lor…” The oldest proofs testifying to the fact that Cele mai vechi urme de locuire de pe people lived in the territory of the city of Cluj- teritoriul municipiului Cluj-Napoca apar]in Napoca can be traced back to the Middle paleoliticului mijlociu (120 000-35 000 a.Chr.) Palaeolithic (120.000-35.000 B.C.) and are to be [i se g`sesc la Calvaria (Cluj-M`n`[tur), found in the Calvaria fortification (in the T`ietura Turcului [i în cartierul Cordo[. district of Manastur), in the street called Descoperirile arheologice atest` o populare Taietura Turcului and in the Cordos district. dens` [i o via]` neîntrerupt` începând din Archaeological discoveries attest to the fact that neolitic (6 500-2 700 a. Chr.), continuând cu this territory had a numerous population that epoca bronzului [i cu prima vârst` a fierului. uninterruptedly lived here, starting in the Bogatele vestigii descoperite în vatra Neolithic Age (6.500-2.700 B.C.) and going on 9 Harta Transilvaniei (Abraham Ortelius, 1566) Map of Transylvania (Abraham Ortelius, 1566) ora[ului (zona central`, cartierele into the Bronze Age and the First Iron Age. The Grigorescu [i M`n`[tur), ca [i cele din numerous vestiges discovered in the precincts împrejurimi (Gura Baciului) se afl` în of the city (the central area, the Grigorescu and patrimoniul Muzeului Na]ional de Istorie a Manastur districts) as well as those discovered Transilvaniei din Cluj-Napoca. in the surroundings (Gura Baciului) are now to În epoca dacic`, pe teritoriul be found at the National Museum of municipiului s-a dezvoltat o important` Transylvania’s History in Cluj-Napoca. a[ezare autohton`, iar numele dacic al In the Dacian age an important indigenous acestei localit`]i, Napoca (sau Napuca) va fi settlement developed in the territory of the p`strat [i în timpul st`pânirii romane. Prima present-day city and the Dacian name of this men]ionare a a[ez`rii romane Napoca se place, Napoca (or Napuca), will be preserved at g`se[te pe un milliarium (born` kilometric` the time of the Roman rule too. The first 10 Clujul la 1617 roman` din anii 107-108 a. Chr.). Localitatea mention of the Roman settlement of Napoca is Gravur` de Georg Houfnagel dup` va fi un important centru civil, to be found on a milliarium (a Roman milestone pictura lui Egidius Van der Rhye. me[te[ug`resc [i administrativ primind în dating back to 108-107 B.C.). The above- Cluj in 1617 124 p. Chr. titlul de municipium [i apoi, la mentioned settlement will be an important An engraving by Georg Houfnagel after sfâr[itul secolului al II-lea p. Chr., va fi civil, handicraft and administrative centre a painting by Egidius Van der Rhye. ridicat` la rangul de colonia. S`p`turile which was given the title of a municipium in arheologice au dezvelit chiar în centrul A.D. 124 and then, in the late second century, it ora[ului urme ale vechiului ora[ roman: will be raised to the rank of a colonia. edificii publice, construc]ii din piatr` cu Archaeological excavations revealed traces of sisteme de înc`lzire, inscrip]ii, un atelier the old Roman city in the very centre of Cluj- pentru turnarea fibulelor, tezaure monetare, Napoca: public buildings, stone houses ceramic`, arme etc. În împrejurimi au fost equipped with heating systems, inscriptions, a 11 workshop for moulding fibulae, coin treasures, ceramics, weapons etc. In the surrounding area research work was carried out, and rural settlements and villae rusticae (agricultural farms) were discovered at Dezmir, Apahida, Floresti and Chinteni. After the Romans left the province of Dacia at the time of Emperor Aurelian (A.D. 271), Napoca visibly turned rural. Roman traditions can especially be seen in the funerary rites. The vestiges of the Dacian-Roman population were found at Manastur-Gradini and at Floresti. The time of the migrations (the 4th-9th centuries AD), which was characterized by deep- going turmoil, left traces consisting in treasures of precious metals (at Apahida and Someseni they found Ostrogothic vestiges and at Cordos, vestiges left behind by the Gepidae). The tombs in the necropolis at Someseni belong to a Slavic population that lived together with the native Dacian-Roman one. The fortifications at Cluj- Manastur and Dabaca date back to the final period of the Romanians’ ethno-genesis. They are attributed to the Romanian population organized in cnezats and voivodats such as Gelu’s voivodat, who is supposed to have ruled over the aforementioned fortifications too. The beginnings of the mediaeval Cluj are connected to the fortification in the Manastur district (Calvaria, the 9th century) and the civil settlement in the centre of the city, which partially covered the ruins of the Roman city. The first documentary mentions are to be found in 1173, when Thomas Comes Clusiensis, 12 Pagina anterioar`: cercetate [i identificate a[ez`ri rurale [i Biserica Calvaria, detaliu villae rusticae (ferme agricole) la Dezmir, Previous page: Apahida, Flore[ti [i Chinteni. Calvaria Church, detail Dup` abandonarea provinciei Dacia, în timpul împ`ratului Aurelian (271 p. Chr.), Napoca a suferit un proces vizibil de ruralizare, persisten]a tradi]iilor romane putând fi urm`rit` mai ales în ritul funerar. Vestigiile popula]iei daco-romane s-au g`sit la M`n`[tur-Gr`dini [i în localitatea Flore[ti. Fr`mântata perioad` a migra]iilor (secolele IV-IX p. Chr.) a l`sat urme constând în tezaure din metal pre]ios (la Apahida [i Some[eni, vestigii ostrogote, iar la Cordo[, gepide). Mormintele din necropola de la Some[eni apar]in unei popula]ii slave care a convie]uit cu cea autohton`, daco-roman`. Din perioada final` a etnogenezei românilor dateaz` fortifica]iile de la Cluj-M`n`[tur [i D`bâca. Ele sunt atribuite popula]iei române[ti organizat` în cnezate [i voievodate, cum a fost [i voievodatul lui Gelu, despre care se presupune c` avea în st`pânire [i fortifica]iile men]ionate. Începuturile Clujului medieval sunt legate de fortifica]ia de la Cluj-M`n`[tur (Calvaria, secolul al IX-lea) [i a[ezarea civil` din centrul ora[ului, suprapus` par]ial peste ruinele ora[ului roman. Primele men]iuni documentare le avem începând cu 1173, când este atestat Thomas Vitraliu de la biserica Sfântul Mihail Comes Clusiensis, comite de Cluj, iar în Stained glass in the St. Michael Church 1213 este men]ionat` documentar [i cetatea 13 Cluj (castrum Cluj). Numele a[ez`rii deriv` Count of Cluj, is attested, and in 1213 the din latinescul clausa-clusa (loc închis). citadel of Cluj is mentioned in a document Dup` n`v`lirea t`tarilor în 1241, în aceste under the name of castrum Cluj. The name of locuri s-au a[ezat „oaspe]ii sa[i”, primind o this settlement derives from the Latin word serie de privilegii. Ca r`splat` a credin]ei lor, clausa-clusa meaning an enclosed place. After la 19 august 1316, a[ezarea rural` a fost the Tartar invasion in 1241 the “Saxon guests” ridicat` la rangul de ora[ civitas prin settled here and were given a number of privilegiul acordat de regele Carol Robert de privileges. As a reward for their loyalty, on Anjou. August 19, 1316 the rural settlement was raised Popula]ia ora[ului a fost la început to the rank of civitas through the privilege preponderent german` [i toate dreg`toriile granted by King Charles Robert of Anjou.
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